The Archives

Evidence

Very likely

Strong evidence, short of proof. 739 of the 3046 claims in the Archives. All claims, with filters.

  1. Kidd held authority against French shipping.
    Letter of marquePrivateering commission and letter of marque against the French, c. December 1695 (Calendar of State Papers Colonial)On: Captain Kidd; Was Captain Kidd a Pirate?; The French Passes
  2. Quedagh Merchant carried French protection papers.
    Captured documentsFrench pass for the Quedagh Merchant, signed Francois Martin, 14 January 1698 at Hugli, printed in the House of Commons Journal XIII.21 (Jameson 1923)On: Captain Kidd; Was Captain Kidd a Pirate?; Quedagh Merchant; The French Passes
  3. The government possessed French passes before Kidd's trial.
    Parliamentary and custody recordsKidd's arraignment statement that Lord Bellomont had seized his papers (printed 1701 trial record); the passes were later printed in the Commons Journal XIII.21 and survive as copies at The National Archives, CO 5/860 No. 64 ii (Rouparelle, undated) and No. 64 iii (Cara or Quedagh Merchant, 14 Jan 1698), enclosed with Bellomont's letter and digitised in the TNA image libraryOn: Captain Kidd; Captain Kidd: Political Fall Guy; Trial of William Kidd; The French Passes
  4. The first rope broke and Kidd was hanged a second time.
    Secondary accountsWidely and consistently reported in later accounts; not present in the 1701 trial pamphletOn: Captain Kidd; William Kidd
  5. The forename Robert appears for Kidd in the 1695 royal commission, an attested documentary alias.
    Legal documentRoyal commission of 26 January 1695/6, two independent period transcriptions; the original manuscript is not yet examinedOn: William Kidd
  6. Two French passes, for the Rouparelle and the Quedagh (Cara) Merchant, survive in print, and their absence from the trial was central to Kidd's defence.
    Parliamentary printHouse of Commons Journal XIII.21, transcribed in Jameson (1923); rediscovered among Board of Trade papers in 1910. The passes survive at The National Archives as CO 5/860, Nos. 64 ii (Rouparelle) and 64 iii (Quedagh Merchant), enclosures to Bellomont's letter.On: Captain Kidd; Trial of William Kidd; The French Passes
  7. The captured hull, Kidd's renamed prize, was located off Catalina Island, Dominican Republic, in 2007; it is a prize hull, not the Adventure Galley.
    ArchaeologyIndiana University underwater investigation of the Quedagh Merchant / Cara Merchant wreckOn: Quedagh Merchant
  8. The indictment dates the taking of the smaller Moorish ship, not the Ganj-i-Sawai, to 28 September 1695, forty leagues from Surat.
    Trial indictmentPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): 'on the 28th of September, 1695. in a Place 40 Leagues distant from Surrat'; this indictment date belongs to the smaller Moorish prize, not the Ganj-i-SawaiOn: Henry Every
  9. Every's company captured the Ganj-i-Sawai near Surat in early to mid September 1695; the printed trial gives no day-date for the taking.
    Trial record and secondary chronologyPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): 'ten Leagues from the Cape St. Iohns near Surat', no day-date; the commonly cited 7 September 1695 is secondary. The print's silence on the day-date is confirmedOn: Henry Every; Ganj-i-Sawai; Fancy
  10. Sexual violence, torture and forced suicides aboard the captured Indian ships are attested by two independent and mutually hostile sources: the Mughal historian Khafi Khan and the East India Company governor Sir John Gayer.
    Mughal chronicle and company letterKhafi Khan, Muntakhab-ul-Lubab, trans. Elliot and Dowson vol. 7, pp. 350-351; Sir John Gayer's Bombay letter of 12 October 1695 (Jameson doc 60). The English printed trial confines itself to property crime and records only that several men were killed. No source gives reliable numbersOn: Henry Every; Ganj-i-Sawai
  11. Six men were condemned; five were hanged at Execution Dock on 25 November 1696 (Forseith, May, Bishop, Lewis and Sparkes), and Joseph Dawson, who had pleaded guilty, was reprieved.
    Trial recordPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): 'Edward Foreseth and the rest were Executed, on Wednesday, November the 25th 1696, at Execution-Dock'. The six condemnations and the 25 November execution are Confirmed; the Dawson reprieve is Probable.On: Trials of Every's Crew; Henry Every
  12. The crew were tried at Admiralty sessions held in the Old Bailey building, a separate jurisdiction from the regular Old Bailey Proceedings, so the trial is not found in Old Bailey Online.
    Trial record and jurisdiction recordsPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217), title stating Admiralty Sessions; High Court of Admiralty series HCA 1; the Proceedings cover only City of London and Middlesex sessionsOn: Trials of Every's Crew; The Tryals of Joseph Dawson and Others (1696)
  13. The preferred documentary form of the name is 'Henry Every', with 'Avery' a common contemporary and modern variant; 'John Avery' is an erroneous literary form from the 1709 pamphlet.
    Documentary and secondaryContemporary spellings and the 1709 van Broeck pamphlet as the origin of the 'John Avery' errorOn: Henry Every
  14. 'Teach' is a later print standardisation, not the pirate's own or his associates' usual spelling.
    Period print and early secondary sourceThe Boston News-Letter (1718) called him 'Capt. Teach'; Johnson, General History, Vol. 1 (1724) fixed the form in popular memoryOn: Edward Thache (Blackbeard)
  15. His nationality was English / British, whether he was born in Bristol or in the British colony of Jamaica.
    Interpretation of period recordSecure independent of the birthplace dispute, since both candidate origins lie within British territoryOn: Edward Thache (Blackbeard)
  16. Thache operated as a consort of Benjamin Hornigold from late 1716, taking his own command by 1717.
    Deposition and colonial reportTimberlake deposition, 17 December 1716, placing Thache with Hornigold's company; Capt. Matthew Musson's report of 5 July 1717 lists 'Thatch' among the captains based at New ProvidenceOn: Edward Thache (Blackbeard); Benjamin Hornigold
  17. No period source in evidence records Thache killing or seriously harming a captive before the Ocracoke battle; the sadistic-murderer image is largely later legend.
    Interpretation of period recordThe Bostock, Wyer, Wragg and French-crew captives were all released alive; Konstam, 'until Teach's final battle, he had not so much as killed a single man'; David Moore concurs; that is the editorial line hereOn: Edward Thache (Blackbeard)
  18. The French slave ship La Concorde was captured near St Vincent on 28 November 1717 by Thache's two sloops of twelve and eight guns and about 250 men.
    French archival depositions (research report)Depositions of Capt. Pierre Dosset and Lt Francois Ernaud, Nantes Serie B 4578, worked through in Jacques Ducoin's research report for the QAR project; 28 November new style equals about 17 November old style, one eventOn: Queen Anne's Revenge
  19. At capture La Concorde carried 455 enslaved Africans of the 516 embarked on the Guinea coast, with sixteen of her crew already dead and many sick from the Middle Passage.
    French archival depositions (research report)Ducoin research report and QAR narrative from the Dosset and Ernaud depositionsOn: Queen Anne's Revenge
  20. The wreck 31CR314 at Beaufort Inlet was identified by North Carolina as Queen Anne's Revenge in 2011 on cumulative rather than single-artefact evidence.
    Archaeology (site)Discovered 21 November 1996 by Intersal (discovery Confirmed), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004, formally identified 29 August 2011; a reasoned determination supported by a 1705 bell, a blunderbuss barrel, cannon and anchors, not a signed proofOn: Queen Anne's Revenge
  21. Virginia's reward act offering a hundred pounds for Blackbeard passed on 24 November 1718, two days after he was already dead at Ocracoke.
    Secondary (institutional)Colonial Williamsburg on the Act to Encourage the Apprehending and Destroying of Pyrates; the lag shows the news had not reached WilliamsburgOn: The Ocracoke Fight
  22. Rackham's company stole the sloop William, about twelve tons, owner John Ham, out of Nassau harbour on 22 August 1720, with Anne Bonny and Mary Read aboard.
    Proclamation (via contemporary reprint)Woodes Rogers' proclamation, reprinted in the Boston Gazette 10-17 October 1720; known from later carriers; the original issue is not in evidenceOn: John Rackham; Anne Bonny; Mary Read; The Trials of Rackham's Company
  23. The proclamation named the company pirates, including "Ann Fulford alias Bonny" and Mary Read (no alias); the Boston Gazette reprint of 10-17 October 1720 is the earliest datable naming of the two women.
    Proclamation (via contemporary reprint)Boston Gazette 10-17 October 1720; the original issue is not in evidenceOn: John Rackham; Anne Bonny; Mary Read
  24. The 1721 indictments charge four takings: seven fishing boats off Harbour Island (about 3 September), two merchant sloops off Hispaniola (about 1 October), Thomas Spenlow's schooner off Porto Maria Bay (19 October), and Thomas Dillon's sloop the Mary off Dry Harbour Bay (20 October).
    Trial recordThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam (1721), men's Articles I-IV and the women's Articles I-IVOn: The Trials of Rackham's Company; John Rackham; The Tryals of Captain John Rackam (1721)
  25. Barnet's sloop took the William off western Jamaica near Negril Point in late October 1720. Governor Lawes' letter of 13 November 1720 suggests a capture around 30 October; the frequently cited 22 October is the date the Negril men are charged with going over to Rackham, not a capture date, and the print does not date the seizure.
    Correspondence and trial recordLawes to London, 13 November 1720, CSP Colonial vol 32 item 288; The Tryals (1721) marked p32On: The Trials of Rackham's Company; John Rackham; Anne Bonny; Mary Read
  26. Anne Bonny was not among those executed and her fate after the 1720 reprieve is undocumented; Johnson himself wrote only that she was not executed and that he could not say what became of her.
    Correspondence, trial record and narrativeLawes, 28 December 1720 (women unnamed among the executed); Johnson, General History, Vol. 1 (1724)On: Anne Bonny
  27. Mary Read died in custody and was buried on 28 April 1721; the St Catherine parish register records the burial, and the original leaf annotates the entry "pirate". The cause of death is undocumented (Johnson reports a fever; typhus is a modern gloss).
    Parish register (reported)St Catherine burial register, Spanish Town, 28 April 1721On: Mary Read
  28. No period evidence distinguishes Read's conduct from Bonny's; the trial individuates no act to Read. The duel she is said to have fought and the courtroom speech attributed to her are Johnson-only and absent from the trial print.
    Trial record and narrativeThe Tryals (1721), joint testimony; Johnson, General History, Vol. 1 (1724)On: Mary Read
  29. He operated as a pirate captain under the name Bartholomew Roberts, commanding the Royal Fortune, c. 1719 to 1722.
    Period print and eyewitness memoirThe 1723 trial pamphlet and Ogle's dispatch (which name him Bartholomew or Bartho. Roberts throughout), Johnson's General History, Vol. 1 (1724) and John Atkins's Voyage to Guinea (1735)On: Bartholomew Roberts
  30. His nationality was Welsh.
    Scholarly referenceDictionary of Welsh Biography, corroborated by Johnson and popular histories; period documentary proof is thin and rests on the DWB, local tradition and JohnsonOn: Bartholomew Roberts
  31. Thomas Anstis deserted Roberts in April 1721 and raided independently in the Good Fortune.
    Primary calendarCalendar of State Papers Colonial vol 32 (entry 758) places the Good Fortune under Anstis by June 1721, corroborating JohnsonOn: Bartholomew Roberts
  32. No surviving parish or baptismal record exists for him; the birthplace and 1682 date are secondary assertions, since the Little Newcastle registers begin only in 1783.
    Original register (absence) and secondary literatureThe surviving Little Newcastle books begin at christenings 1783; his asserted 1682 birth predates them by about a centuryOn: Bartholomew Roberts
  33. The Swallow's captains' log (ADM 51/954) and pay book (ADM 33/308) survive at The National Archives but are not digitised; no ADM 36 muster book survives for the 1718 to 1723 voyage.
    Archive catalogueTNA Discovery catalogue; the Swallow master's log has a gap over the battle date, so the Weymouth masters' log (ADM 52/316) is the continuous record across 10 February 1722On: HMS Swallow
  34. The figure of about 272 prisoners taken is a reconstruction; the pamphlet prints no single 'taken' total.
    Eyewitness memoir and reconstructionAtkins, read in full, gives about 200 Englishmen plus 60 or 70 enslaved Africans across the three ships; the aggregate 272 is not a printed figureOn: The Cape Coast Trial and Executions, 1722
  35. The printed account is distinct in class from the manuscript proceedings in TNA HCA 1/99, which are not digitised and whose catalogue names only 'Africa, 1722'.
    Archive catalogueTNA Discovery record C3218789; the case identity is strong inference, not a catalogue statement, and the piece is consultable only on-site at KewOn: A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (1723)
  36. The institution of sworn written articles, elected officers and whole-company votes is documented independently of Johnson by sworn depositions across four Vice-Admiralty courts.
    Editorial line over trial depositionsThe 1723 trial record's own indictment describes Roberts's company as 'wickedly united, and Articled together'. The institution is deposition-carried; only the verbatim article text is Johnson-only.On: Bartholomew Roberts and the Pirate War; A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (1723)
  37. Aboard Anglo-American pirate ships of c.1690-1726 executive power was divided between an elected captain (command in chase and battle) and an elected quartermaster (civil, economic and disciplinary authority the rest of the time), with revocable sovereignty in the company.
    Trial records and firsthand narrativeThe divided authority is carried by the 1723 Cape Coast and 1721 Jamaica trials, Snelgrave 1734 and the 1696 Every trial, so it does not rest on Johnson aloneOn: Quartermasters and Divided Authority
  38. A firsthand captive describes the divided authority directly: the quartermaster has 'the general Inspection of all Affairs, and often controuls the Captain's Orders', and is first to board.
    Firsthand narrativeWilliam Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea (1734), captivity narrative; non-Johnson, held Highly ProbableOn: Quartermasters and Divided Authority
  39. Golden Age pirate companies elected their captains by a majority of the whole company: Bellamy 'was chosen by a great Majority their Captain' after Hornigold refused to plunder English vessels.
    Sworn examinationJohn Brown's examination, 6 May 1717 (The Trials of Eight Persons, Boston 1718; OTA transcription of TCP N01688). Held Highly Probable: the vote-versus-mutiny mechanism and the month are disputedOn: Crew Voting and Councils
  40. Rogers's landing force stormed Puna and Guayaquil in April 1709 and ransomed Guayaquil, demanding 50,000 pieces of eight, agreeing 30,000 and receiving about 25,500 in cash with some plate. His own account and the modern biography attribute the fever that followed to a fever already raging in the town.
    Printed book and secondary carriersA Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712); the Bristol venture pamphlet; Cordingly biographyOn: Woodes Rogers; Duke
  41. George II reappointed Rogers governor by a commission of 22 October 1728; he reached Nassau on 25 August 1729, convened the first Bahamas Assembly on 29 September 1729, and died at Nassau on 15 July 1732. The Gentleman's Magazine gives 16 July.
    Secondary carriersCordingly biography and institutional carriers; no contemporary death noticeOn: Woodes Rogers
  42. Johnson (1724) writes of "the Name of a Commonwealth" and "the Commonwealth of Pyrates", records the New Providence men debating "Treating with the Government upon the Foot of a Commonwealth", and calls the pirate town a "Colony of Rogues"; no period source calls Nassau a republic.
    Period narrative and modern historiographyColin Woodard, The Republic of Pirates (2007) for the fixed phrase; Johnson, General History (1724) for the period 'Commonwealth' languageOn: Nassau / New Providence
  43. The period cartography of Nassau sits in The National Archives series CO 700 (Bahamas), catalogued in full but mostly undigitised. CO 700/BAHAMAS2 (Seller and Price, about 1700) and CO 700/BAHAMAS3 (Thornton, about 1700) bracket the pirate era, and CO 700/BAHAMAS4 is the manuscript 'Draught of the Outworks of the Fort Capt. Phenney has been building, 28th January 1725/1726', confirmed not digitised.
    Archive catalogueTNA Discovery JSON API, CO 700/BAHAMAS2/3/4On: Nassau / New Providence
  44. A pirate pardon was the Crown's remission, by royal proclamation under the prerogative of mercy and not by Act of Parliament, of the capital penalty for piracy, for pirates who surrendered to a designated officer within a fixed window for piracies committed before a fixed cut-off. Contemporaries, including Governor Woodes Rogers, called it the "Act of Grace".
    Definition on primary anchorsThe two proclamations (London Gazette 5573, 5706); 'Act of Grace' attested by Rogers, CSP Colonial vol 30, 31 October 1718On: Pirate Pardons
  45. Of the four mass hangings of 1717 to 1723 in the executions census, Boston (six), Nassau (eight), Cape Coast Castle (fifty-two) and Newport (twenty-six), Cape Coast Castle's was the largest, and at Newport on 19 July 1723 Charles Harris, commander of Low's consort, hanged with his company.
    Printed recordsThe 1723 Cape Coast trial record (52 executed); the Nassau trial of December 1718 (eight hanged); the Boston trials of the Whydah survivors (six hanged, 1717); Tryals of Thirty-Six Persons for Piracy (Newport, 1723) and Cotton Mather, Useful Remarks (1723), for the twenty-six at NewportOn: The End of the Golden Age
  46. The "Golden Age of Piracy" is a retrospective label, not a period term. The earliest systematic use yet found is a chapter title: John Fiske headed Chapter XVI of Old Virginia and Her Neighbours (1897) "The Golden Age of Pirates" (the wording is "of Pirates", not "of Piracy"). An earlier casual use is attributed to the journalist George Powell in 1894. The pirates themselves never used the phrase.
    Secondary worksJohn Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbours (1897), chapter XVI title; earlier use attributed to George Powell, 1894On: The End of the Golden Age; The End of the Golden Age
  47. The fixed phrase "Republic of Pirates" is a modern historiographical coinage popularised by Colin Woodard's 2007 book; it is not a period self-description. Republican and commonwealth language is nonetheless period-attested: Johnson (1724) applies "Commonwealth" to pirates and records the New Providence men debating "Treating with the Government upon the Foot of a Commonwealth". Period sources also called Nassau a "nest of pirates" and a "Colony of Rogues"; the pirates styled themselves the "Flying Gang".
    Historiography and period sourcesColin Woodard, The Republic of Pirates (2007) for the modern phrase; Charles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates (1724) for the period "Commonwealth" languageOn: The End of the Golden Age; Nassau / New Providence
  48. The principal period cartographic record of the place survives in The National Archives series CO 700 (Bahamas): CO 700/BAHAMAS 2 (Seller and Price, Bahamas and Windward Passage, about 1700), CO 700/BAHAMAS 3 (John Thornton, A new Chart of the Bahama Islands and the Windward Passage, about 1700), and CO 700/BAHAMAS 4 (a draught of the outworks of the fort Captain Phenney had been building, 28 January 1725/1726). These are not yet digitised.
    Cartographic record (undigitised)The National Archives, CO 700/BAHAMAS 2, 3 and 4On: The End of the Golden Age; Nassau / New Providence
  49. The executions census of the suppression runs from Boston (November 1717, six of Bellamy's crew) through Nassau (December 1718, eight hanged), Charleston (1718, Bonnet and crew), Cape Coast Castle (spring 1722, fifty-two of Roberts's crew, the largest single event), Newport, Rhode Island (19 July 1723, twenty-six of Low's Ranger crew, the count fixed by the printed Tryals and Mather's sermon) to Boston (12 July 1726, William Fly and associates).
    Composite of printed trial recordsThe surviving printed trial records for Boston 1717, Nassau 1718, Cape Coast Castle 1722, Newport 1723 and Boston 1726On: The End of the Golden Age; The End of the Golden Age
  50. Fiske's golden age was the seventeenth century, his chapter opening "The business of piracy has never thriven so greatly as in the seventeenth century", an era broader than the modern Atlantic frame the phrase now carries.
    Secondary workJohn Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbours (1897), chapter XVIOn: The End of the Golden Age; The End of the Golden Age
  51. Woodes Rogers died at Nassau on 15 July 1732, aged about fifty-three; The Gentleman's Magazine reported the death as 16 July. The Archive prints 15 July 1732, the closer colonial witness, and records the London variant.
    Colonial notice and London reportColonial notice of Rogers' death (15 July 1732); The Gentleman's Magazine (16 July report)On: The End of the Golden Age; Woodes Rogers
  52. A contemporary report from Nevis records that in 1666, during the Anglo-French war, the French from Saint Kitts landed 300 men on Anguilla and the inhabitants fired their own houses and took to the woods. Anguilla was among the islands Lord Willoughby set out from Barbados on 23 May 1667 to resettle, and by 1668 it held 200 or 300 English, mostly people who had fled there during the war, making tobacco under Captain Abraham Howell as governor within the Leeward Islands government.
    Colonial state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5, 1661-1668, ed. W Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), read on British History Online: no. 1212, Francis Sampson to his brother John Sampson, Nevis, 6 June 1666, p. 387 [Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 97], "The French from St. Kitt's landed 300 men on Anguilla, where the inhabitants fired their own houses and took to the woods"; no. 1524, Major Scott's relation, 12 July 1667 [Col. Papers, Vol. XXI., No. 74], for Willoughby's departure on 23 May "for resettling Antigua, Montserrat, Saba, and Anguilla"; no. 1788, Governor Wm. Lord Willoughby to the Lords of the Council, [9 July] 1668 [Col. Entry Bk., No. V., pp. 115-121], "Far leeward of St. Kitts lies Anguilla, on which are 200 or 300 English, mostly fled thither during the war... Capt. Abraham Howell is Governor"; and no. 1901, notes in the handwriting of Williamson, 1668 [Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 103], "Anguilla : Far to leeward of St. Christopher's; 200 or 300 English fled thither in time of war; not worth keeping; make tobacco; inhabitants poor and would remove to Antigua; Governor, Abr. Howell"On: Anguilla
  53. The sloop Bonetta of Antigua, Abijah Savage commander, was overhauled and plundered between St Thomas and St Croix on 9 November 1716 by two pirate sloops, Samuel Bellamy commanding the Mary Anne and Louis de Boure the Postillion, each of 8 guns and 80 to 90 men, Bellamy declaring himself to be an Englishman born in London; the identification of de Boure with Olivier Levasseur, called La Buse, is not verified and is not asserted.
    State paper via calendarDeposition of Abijah Savage, enclosure to Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Antigua, 14 December 1716, CSP Colonial vol 29 entry 425 (C.O. 152, 11. Nos. 45, 45 i.-vi.)On: Antigua; Samuel Bellamy
  54. The identification of 31CR314 as the Queen Anne's Revenge is widely accepted and is the working position of the state agency, but no name board, bell inscription or document ties the hull to the ship and the case rests on a preponderance of circumstantial evidence, the state's own 2007 survey summary describing the site as tentatively identified; the inlet is moreover a wreck field in which six other submerged sites are recorded, and the sloop Adventure has never been found.
    Peer-reviewed archaeology and state survey reportMark U. Wilde-Ramsing and Charles R. Ewen, Beyond Reasonable Doubt: A Case for Queen Anne's Revenge, Historical Archaeology 46; Richard W. Lawrence, Archaeological Investigations at Beaufort Inlet, QAR-R-07-02On: Beaufort Inlet (Topsail Inlet)
  55. The taking of Cartagena in April and May 1697 was an operation of the French Crown under Bernard Desjean, baron de Pointis, with a contingent of Saint Domingue filibusters serving as auxiliaries under Jean-Baptiste Ducasse: commissioned war, not piracy. Pointis's own printed relation has the squadron anchor two leagues from the city on the thirteenth, come to anchor off Bocachica by the morning of the fifteenth with the whole fleet at anchor at noon and the landing signalled that afternoon, and the fort of Bocachica in French hands by the sixteenth, the governor retiring the next day. Pointis puts the fort's garrison at "about Three hundred Men, whereof Two hundred and Ten remain'd fit for Service", which is not the figure of 139 carried in reference accounts. The city capitulated in the first days of May; Pointis required the governor to march out on the sixth and entered at the head of his troops the same day, and the governor, whom he styles the Count de los Rios, marched out alive at the head of a garrison he reckoned at about 2,800 listed men, so that the reference statement that Diego de los Rios died defending the city in 1698 cannot stand.
    Commander's printed relationAn Account of the Taking of Carthagena by the French in the Year 1697, Containing all the Particulars of that Expedition, By Monsieur De Pointis, Commander in Chief (London, printed for Sam. Buckley, 1698), read in the copy digitised by the Internet Archive from the British Library (Early English Books item bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_an-account-of-the-taking_pointis-jean-bernard-de_1698). For the garrison: "The Enemies Garrifon did confift of about Three hundred Men, whereof Two hnndred and Ten remain'd fit for Service; the reft were either kill'd or wonnded in the Bombardment, Cannonading, and Attack." For the surrender: "at length I acquainted him, That he muft pofitively march out upon the Sixth, and that on the fame Day I would enter at the Head of the Troops; which was accordingly executed. The Count Uegrez de los Rios, follow'd with his Garrifon, being lifted Men, to the number of about 2800, march'd out through a Lane of our Soldiers." Pointis is the commanding officer and an interested witness; the day of the capitulation itself, as distinct from the march out and entry on the sixth, and the identification of Sancho Jimeno de Orozco as the defender of Bocachica are not settled by this text. The text was read in a digitised scan; the long s and other letterforms are imperfectly rendered by the scan's optical text, and the quotations above reproduce that reading rather than a fresh transcription of the original type.On: Cartagena
  56. Pointis plundered Cartagena under his own regulation from 6 May 1697, and his squadron left Bocachica at the beginning of the following month. At the end of May the filibusters, enraged at the smallness of the share allotted them, resolved to go back and plunder the city a second time; Pointis records the resolution, their frigates standing back into the port, and Ducasse's failure to stop them, and calls the act a breach of an authentic capitulation, so that the second sack carried no royal warrant. On the value of the plunder no single number can be stated: Pointis's own relation gives what could not escape him as "near upon Eight or Nine Millions", records that Ducasse reckoned two of the eight millions to belong to the buccaneers, and says the signed estimate left Ducasse and the filibusters only about 40,000 crowns. The totals of ten to twenty million livres printed in reference accounts are not his figures, every figure in the affair comes from an interested party, and nothing reliable is established for the second sack.
    Commander's printed relationAn Account of the Taking of Carthagena by the French in the Year 1697... By Monsieur De Pointis, Commander in Chief (London, printed for Sam. Buckley, 1698), read in the copy digitised by the Internet Archive from the British Library. On the second sack: "Upon the laft of the Month of May... the Buccarters being enrag'd at the fmall pare I gave them of the Baoty, had propos'd to boar and plunder the Srepter; but that afterwards they were come to the Refolution, to return and plunder Carthagena", and "what appears in fum of this Action, is a Capitulation... broken by the King's Army". On the money: "the Honour which his Majefty's Arms acquir'd in this occafion, befides near upon Eight or Nine Millions that could not efcape us"; "by his Calculation, Two of the Eight Millians belong'd to him"; "his and the Buccaniers Shares, amounted only to about 40000 Crowns". Pointis had a direct financial motive to understate the total and the filibusters the opposite motive, so no figure here is independent; the two million livres said to have been carried to Louis XIV is not in this text. The text was read in a digitised scan; the long s and other letterforms are imperfectly rendered by the scan's optical text, and the quotations above reproduce that reading rather than a fresh transcription of the original type.On: Cartagena
  57. The island's recorded names run from the Montaukett Manchonake, Manchonach or Manchonat, whose gloss as the place where many died is a tradition of uncertain philological standing rather than a settled translation, through Lion Gardiner's Isle of Wight, the name used in the English patents, to Gardiner's Island, the working form in colonial correspondence and the form used in 1699; the founding deed of 3 May 1639 is contested in its particulars, naming the grantor as Yovawan, sachem of Pommanocc, with his wife the Aswaw sachem, for ten coats of trading cloth, while popular retellings add or substitute a black dog, powder, shot, blankets and rum and give the sachem as Wyandanch or Poggaticut.
    Indian deed and family papers in a nineteenth century printing, with a colonial narrativeIndian deed of Gardiner's Island, dated "the third day of the moneth, called, by the English, May in the yeare by them of their Lord written one thousand six hundred thirty and nyne", copied from the original draft by Thomas Lechford, lawyer in Boston, in Thomas Lechford's Note Book (Cambridge, 1885), p. 207, and printed with Lion Gardiner's own memorandum and a letter of J. Hammond Trumbull of 15 August 1883 in Curtiss C. Gardiner, Lion Gardiner and his Descendants (St Louis, 1890), read in the Internet Archive copy (archive.org/details/liongardinerhisd00gard). The deed: "Knowe all men by these presents, that we Yovawan Sachem of Pommanocc and Aswaw Sachem his wife ffor ten coates of trading cloath to us before the making hereof payd and delivered by Lion Gardiner... doe hereby for us and our heires & successors grant, bargaine & sell unto the said Lion Gardiner all that our Island called Manchonat". Lion Gardiner's memorandum: "then I went to an island of my owne which I had bought and purchased of the Indians, called by them Manchonake, by us the Isle of Weight". The editor: the Indian name is "written : Monchonac, Monchonack, Manchonac, Manchonat, Manchonack, Manchonake", the island "called by them Manchonac, signifying, by tradition, 'a place where many had died'"; and of the black dog, gun, powder, shot, rum and Dutch blankets, "a tradition not well founded"; Gardiner afterwards "procured a grant of the same island, called by the English Isle of Wight, from an agent of Earl of Stirling". Trumbull: "The uniform tradition of the purchase from Waiandance is, as you will see, unfounded", Yovawan being perhaps "the elder brother of Waiandance, who was called by the English, Poggatacut". For the working form of 1699, the Narrative of John Gardiner sworn at Boston in July 1699, Public Record Office C.O. 5:860, no. 64 XXI, printed as document 79 in J. F. Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (1923), headed "The Narrative of John Gardner of Gardners-Island, alias Isle of Wight".On: Gardiners Island
  58. The Court of Admiralty at St Jago de la Vega condemned John Rackham and ten others on 16 and 17 November 1720; Rackham, George Fetherston the master, Richard Corner the quartermaster, John Davies and John Howell were executed at Gallows Point at the town of Port Royal on Friday 18 November, four more at the town of Kingston the next day and two on the Monday following, and the bodies of Rackham, Fetherston and Corner were afterwards carried to three separate places, Plumb Point, Bush Key and Gun Key, and hung on gibbets in chains for a publick Example, and to terrify others from such like evil Practices. The popular account of a single small cay, which has produced the modern name Rackham's Cay, and the claim that Rackham was beheaded, appear nowhere in the trial print.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, 1721; the single cay and the beheading are recorded only in later writers, and are noted in order to mark them against the printOn: Jamaica
  59. Twenty-six men were hanged at Newport on 19 July 1723 on gallows erected between the high and low water marks at Gravelly Point, at the harbour end of Long Wharf, the number being fixed by the colony's own printed Tryals and by the title page of Cotton Mather's sermon Useful Remarks; the description of this as the largest mass execution of pirates in colonial North America comes from neither print and is carried here as disputed, since twenty-nine of Stede Bonnet's crew were hanged at White Point near Charles Town on 8 November 1718, and what the Rhode Island record supports is only that no earlier piracy execution is recorded in that colony.
    Trial pamphlet, period sermon and institutional historyTryals of Thirty-Six Persons for Piracy, Newport 1723; Cotton Mather, Useful Remarks. An Essay upon Remarkables in the Way of Wicked Men, 1723; That Awful Spectacle, Newport Historical Society; The Pirate Executions of 1718, Charleston Time Machine, Charleston County Public LibraryOn: Newport
  60. On 10 June 1723 HMS Greyhound, Captain Peter Solgard, engaged the vessels of Charles Harris and Edward Low off Long Island and took Harris's sloop Ranger while Low escaped after dark near Block Island, and on 25 July 1723 the Common Council of the City of New York gave Solgard the freedom of the city in an engraved gold box at the instance of the city's merchants; the Newport account puts the executions of twenty-six of the captured men at 19 July 1723.
    Secondary account of the Newport trialsTwenty-Six Pirates Hanged at Newport in 1723, Online Review of Rhode Island HistoryOn: New York
  61. Three separate jurisdictions sat in the same rooms and must not be conflated: the commission of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery for the City of London, gaol delivery for the county of Middlesex, and the Admiralty sessions, a distinct commission of oyer and terminer issued for offences committed on the high seas under the Offences at Sea Act 1536 (28 Hen. 8 c. 15), which required piracy to be tried by common law forms on an indictment and before a jury because the civilian Admiralty court could not try it to a capital conclusion by its own procedure; the printed reports of the two great Golden Age trials name this building as the venue of those Admiralty sessions on their title pages.
    Trial pamphlets, state records and statuteThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October 1696 (printed for John Everingham, 1696; Library of Congress LCCN 19011844, EEBO TCP A63217), and The Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd... at the Admiralty-Sessions, held by His Majesty's Commission at the Old-Baily, on Thursday the 8th. and Friday the 9th. of May, 1701 (printed for J. Nutt, 1701; Library of Congress LCCN 18011064), for the venue as stated on the title pages (Confirmed); The National Archives, High Court of Admiralty: Oyer and Terminer Records, HCA 1, 1535 to 1834, and Old Bailey Sessions Papers, PCOM 1, for the Admiralty sessions as a separate commission called by oyer and terminer in London (Confirmed); Offences at Sea Act 1536, 28 Hen. 8 c. 15, for the statutory basis (Confirmed)On: The Old Bailey
  62. The venture was constituted by a single indenture, the Articles of Agreement of 10 October 1695, made between Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont, of the one part and Robert Livingston and Captain William Kidd of the other.
    Primary indentureArticles of Agreement between the Earl of Bellomont, Robert Levingston and Captain William Kidd, 10 October 1695, printed in full in Dalton, The Real Captain Kidd (1911), Appendix A item 2On: The Kidd Privateering Venture Formed (1695)
  63. The King's grant of pirates' goods recites that the pirate-hunting commission passed under the Great Seal on 26 January in the seventh year of the reign, naming Thomas Too, John Ireland, Tho Wake and William Maze as the quarry; the separate letter of marque against the French is dated 11 December 1695, the date of the declaration for letters of marque catalogued as HCA 26/3/58, which the Archive follows.
    Primary letters patentCopy of the King's Grant of Pirates' Goods, in Dalton, Appendix A item 1, for the recital; its conversion to 1696 new style is an inference and is Probable. The letter of marque date from the declaration for letters of marque, The National Archives, HCA 26/3/58, folio 59, dated 11 December 1695, as carried on the Archive's source recordsOn: The Kidd Privateering Venture Formed (1695)
  64. The Adventure Galley was ready to sail from the Thames at the end of February 1695/6 and sailed from Plymouth on 23 April 1696, William Kidd carrying a royal commission under the Great Seal dated 26 January in the seventh year of William III that empowered him to seize four named pirates, Thomas Too, John Ireland, Thomas Wake and William Mace alias Maze, together with all other pirates, freebooters and sea rovers wherever found.
    Royal commission recited in a grant under the Great Seal, with the captain's own narrativeRoyal grant of pirates' goods to the Earl of Bellamont and others, reciting Kidd's commission, printed in C. N. Dalton, The Real Captain Kidd: A Vindication (London, 1911), Appendix A: "We did, by our Commission under our Great Seal of England, bearing Date the 26th Day of January, in the Seventh Year of our Reign... give and grant full Power and Authority to Captain William Kidd, Commander of the Ship Adventure Galley... to apprehend, seize and take into Custody, the said Thomas Too, John Ireland, Tho Wake, and William Maze, and all other Pirates, Free-booters, and Sea Rovers, of what Nation soever". The Earl of Bellamont's sailing orders to Kidd, London, 25 February 1695/6, same appendix, open "You being now ready to sail". Narrative of William Kidd, 7 July 1699, Public Record Office C.O. 5:860, no. 64 XXV, printed in J. F. Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (Washington, 1923), doc. 76: "on the 23d Day of the said month of April he sailed from Plymouth on his intended Voyage". The separate letter of marque against French shipping was not read and is not relied on here.On: Kidd Departs England (1696)
  65. Five shipmates gave evidence on the murder indictment: Joseph Palmer and the surgeon Robert Bradinham for the Crown, Bradinham stating that he was not present when the blow was struck, and Abel Owens the cook, Richard Barlicorn, Kidd's servant, and Hugh Parrot for the defence, all three of them prisoners indicted for piracy at the same sessions; only Palmer and Owens saw the blow, and Owens contradicted the prisoner who had called him, testifying that Kidd held the bucket by the strap and struck with it rather than throwing it.
    Trial pamphletThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701), the examinations of Palmer, Bradinham, Owens, Barlicorn and Parrot; consulted through Brooks, Trial of Captain Kidd (1930). Confirmed as to the roles of the five witnesses and the evidence they gave, not as to the underlying facts; Barlicorn is described as Kidd's servant or apprentice, and the Chief Baron told the jury he was the prisoner's servant.On: The Killing of William Moore (1697)
  66. On hearing that a man had offered thirty pounds for a sloop to Gardiners Island, Bellomont sent a messenger overland with an order in the King's name, dated Boston 8 July 1699, requiring Gardiner to bring in everything Kidd or his crew had lodged with him; Gardiner delivered the parcels on 17 July, a committee of two gentlemen of the Council, two merchants and the Deputy Collector found in Kidd's lodgings, made up in two sea beds, a bag of gold dust and ingots worth about a thousand pounds and a bag of silver, and their account of 25 July 1699, signed by Samuel Sewall, Nathaniel Byfield, Jeremiah Dummer, Lawrence Hammond and Andrew Belcher, records gold at 1,111 ounces troy, silver at 2,353 ounces, jewels at 17 ounces, with 57 bags of sugar, 41 bales of merchandise and 17 pieces of canvas, Bellomont hoping the whole would amount to about fourteen thousand pounds once the bales were opened.
    State paper and transcript of the inventoryBellomont to John Gardiner, Boston, 8 July 1699, and the account of treasure taken at Boston, 25 July 1699, transcribed in Ralph D. Paine, The Book of Buried Treasure (1911); calendared as enclosures 680.VII and 680.XIX to Calendar of State Papers Colonial, volume 17, item 680On: Kidd Arrested at Boston (1699)
  67. Six of Every's men, Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis and John Sparkes, stood at Admiralty sessions in the Old Bailey building in the autumn of 1696; the first jury acquitted on the charge arising from the Ganj-i-Sawai, a second trial on a charge tied to the seizure of the Charles the Second secured convictions, and five of the condemned were hanged at Execution Dock on 25 November 1696, Joseph Dawson being reprieved on the reading the Archive's trial record holds Probable, the print's 'and the rest' not naming the man spared.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for Several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the Grand Pirate, Admiralty Sessions at the Old Baily, 1696; with Golden Age of Piracy, Pirate Round: Capture of the Ganj-i-Sawai, for the first acquittal; the count of the hanged carried as disputedOn: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  68. The pirate sloop William, commanded by John "Calico Jack" Rackham, was taken off Negril Point on the leeward coast of Jamaica by an armed sloop under Captain Jonathan Barnet in late October 1720; the 1721 printed Tryals date the act charged to "the 22d Day of October" and place it "about one League from Negril-Point", later writers index the action under 20 October, and Governor Nicholas Lawes's contemporary letter points towards a capture around 30 October, so the capture is certain and the day is not.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates... St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721 (National Library of Jamaica; TNA Discovery C14075679); Governor Nicholas Lawes's contemporary correspondence as carried on the Archive's record of the Rackham trialsOn: The Capture of John Rackham (1720)
  69. The court that tried Rackham's company sat at the town of St Jago de la Vega in Jamaica in November 1720 before Sir Nicholas Lawes, the island's Captain-General, Governor in Chief, Chancellor and Vice-Admiral, as President, under the King's commission for the trying of pirates founded on the Act of 11 and 12 William III. Jonathan Barnet's authority for the capture is not stated in the trial record: the one witness to the taking, James Spatchears of Port Royal, deposed that Barnet was sailing in company with Captain Bonnevie towards Negril Point at the west end of Jamaica, bound on a trading voyage to the south keys of Cuba, when he gave chase, and no commission from Woodes Rogers or from Jamaica is mentioned anywhere in the pamphlet. The statement that Rogers hired Barnet rests on modern accounts alone.
    Printed trialThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), the National Library of Jamaica copy read in the Internet Archive (archive.org/details/the-tryals-of-captain-john-rackham). The court: "A COURT of ADMIRALTY, HELD BEFORE HIS EXCELLENCY Sir Nicholas Lawes, Kt. His Majesty's Captain-General, & Governor in Chief in and over this His Majesty's Island of Jamaica, and other the Territories thereon depending in America, Chancellor and Vice-Admiral of the same, PRESIDENT", the commissioners being those "Named and Appointed in His Majesty's Commission for the Trying of Pirates; By Vertue of an Act of Parliament made at Westminster, in the Eleventh and Twelth Years of the Reign of King William III". The taking, from the deposition of James Spatchears of Port Royal, mariner: "one Captain Bonnevie, and one... Jonathan Barnet, sailing in Company towards Negril-point, at the West-end of Jamaica, (bound on a Trading Voyage to the South-Keys on the Island of Cuba)", and "Captain Barnet gave Chase to the Sloop which so fired a Gun, and about Ten a Clock at Night came up with her, and hailed her".On: The Capture of John Rackham (1720)
  70. Mary Read and Anne Bonny were tried at St Jago de la Vega in Jamaica on 28 November 1720 and sentenced to death, whereupon both informed the court that they were quick with child and prayed a stay; the court respited execution and ordered an inspection, and the trial pamphlet records no execution of either woman. What became of them afterwards is not established by the trial record: the reported death of Mary Read in prison in April 1721 and the burial entry in the parish of Saint Catherine of 28 April 1721 rest on sources not examined here, and the accounts of Anne Bonny's release and long life afterwards rest on tradition rather than on documents.
    Printed trialThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), the National Library of Jamaica copy read in the Internet Archive (archive.org/details/the-tryals-of-captain-john-rackham). Title page: "THE TRYALS of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, alias Bonn, on Monday the 28th Day of the said Month of November, at St. Jago de la Vega aforesaid"; the articles were "Exhibited at an High Court of Admiralty, held at the Town of St. Jago de la Vega in the said Island, the Twenty eighth Day of November". After sentence: "After Judgment was pronounced, as aforesaid, both the Prisoners inform'd the Court, that they were both quick with Child, and prayed that Execution of the Sentence might be stayed. Whereupon the Court ordered, that Execution of the said Sentence should be respited, and that an Inspection should be made." The pamphlet then adjourns the court to 19 December and records nothing further of either woman.On: The Capture of John Rackham (1720)
  71. Benjamin Hornigold accepted the pardon and was employed by Governor Woodes Rogers against the pirates who had not surrendered, first being sent from Nassau in a sloop to view Charles Vane at Green Turtle Key and afterwards, with Captain Cockram, taking thirteen of the men who had run away with vessels fitted out of the port. Edward Thache, called Blackbeard, and Stede Bonnet both surrendered to the Governor of North Carolina under the King's proclamation and both went back to piracy: Thache was killed at Ocracoke Inlet on 22 November 1718, and Bonnet was taken at the Cape Fear River by Colonel William Rhett, who weighed on 30 September 1718 and brought him into Charles Town on 3 October, whence he escaped on 24 October, was retaken on Sullivan's Island and brought back on 6 November, and was tried on 10 November and sentenced to be hanged by the neck till he was dead.
    Colonial state papers and a period narrativeGovernor Woodes Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 31 October 1718, C.O. 23, 1, no. 10, calendared as Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718, no. 737, read on British History Online: "I got a sloop fitted under the command of Capt. Hornygold to send and view them", and "Capt. Hornygold having proved honest, and disobliged his old friends by seazing this vessel"; Governor Rogers to Mr Secretary Craggs, Nassau, 24 December 1718, C.O. 23, 13, ff. 20 to 24v, same volume, no. 807: "I equipped a sloop with sufficient men and arms under ye command of Capt. Hornigold and Cockram who had themselves been pirates, but accepted of H.M. Act of Grace... apprehending them to the number of 13"; Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 22 December 1718, C.O. 5, 1318, no. 61, same volume, no. 800, for Thache's surrender and later piracies, for Bonnet, "who was one of Tach's associates and surrendered with him, was gone out again in a sloop", and for the action at Ouacock Inlet "on the 22nd of last month" in which "Tach with nine of his crew were killed"; A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), attributed to Charles Johnson, read in the Project Gutenberg text, for Thache's surrender to "Charles Eden, Esq; the Governor above mentioned" and for Bonnet: "Colonel Rhet weigh'd the 30th of September, from Cape Fear River, and arrived at Charles-Town the 3d of October", "on the 24th of October, the Major and Hariot made their Escape", his retaking and return "the next Morning, being November the 6th", his trial on the 10th and the sentence "that you, the said Stede Bonnet, shall go from hence to the Place from whence you came, and from thence to the Place of Execution, where you shall be hanged by the Neck till you are dead"On: The Act of Grace, the King's Pardon (1717 to 1718)
  72. For roughly a week in late May 1718 a pirate flotilla under Edward Thache, called Blackbeard, lay across the sea approaches to Charles Town, then the principal port of the proprietary colony of South Carolina.
    Institutional project historyQueen Anne's Revenge Project (North Carolina DNCR), "On This Day, Charleston was Besieged", qaronline.orgOn: Blackbeard's Blockade of Charles Town (1718)
  73. The only contemporary statement that a majority chose Bellamy is the examination of John Brown, taken at Boston on 6 May 1717, which gives the cause as Hornigold's refusal to take and plunder English vessels and has Bellamy "chosen by a great Majority their Captain & Hornygold departed with 26 hands in a prize Sloop"; Brown does not use the word vote and no other contemporary document describes an election.
    Trial pamphletThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy (Boston, 1718), examination of John Brown, 6 May 1717On: Hornigold Voted Out (1716)
  74. Thomas Anstis, commanding the brigantine Good Fortune, deserted Bartholomew Roberts's squadron on the night of 18 April 1721, leaving Roberts to continue to Guinea with a single vessel while the brigantine returned to the West Indies.
    Period narrative and state paperA General History of the Pyrates (1724), chapter X, Of Captain Anstis, and His Crew, and chapter IX, Of Captain Bartho. Roberts, and His Crew, attributed to Captain Charles Johnson; Petition of the ship's companies of the Morning Star and Good Fortune, 14 June 1722, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 33, 1722-1723, C.O. 323, 8. Nos. 32, 32.iOn: Anstis Splits from Roberts (1721)
  75. At about one o'clock in the morning of 27 May 1726 William Fly, boatswain of the Bristol snow Elizabeth, led a rising in which Captain John Green and the mate Thomas Jenkins were wounded and thrown overboard and drowned, the helmsman Morrice Cundon deposing that Fly threatened to blow his brains out, that Green pleaded not to be thrown overboard, and that Jenkins was cut down the shoulder with a broad axe and called from the water for a rope while the ship's doctor lay in irons.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonsThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Evans 2819, with the examinations of 29 June 1726; Benjamin Colman, It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God (Boston, 1726), Evans 2737; The Vial Poured Out Upon the Sea (Boston, T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726), attributed to Cotton Mather, Evans 2779On: The Mutiny and Execution of William Fly (1726)
  76. Fly was overpowered aboard his own vessel on Browns Bank on 23 June 1726 by forced men led by William Atkinson, late commander of the brigantine Boneta, who had first advised sending six of the pirates away in the prize schooner James, then decoyed Fly forward to the windlass by reporting sails ahead, secured the arms on the quarter deck, and had Samuel Walker and James Benbrooke lay hold of him; the accounts differ over whether the carpenter Thomas Streaton was a fourth confederate and over exactly what part Atkinson himself took in the seizure.
    Trial pamphlet, execution sermon and period narrativeThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, &c. (Boston, 1726), Evans 2819, including Atkinson's declaration of 28 June 1726 and Benbrooke's examination; Benjamin Colman, It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God (Boston, 1726); Captain Charles Johnson, The History of the Pyrates, volume II, chapter Of Captain William Fly, And his Crew, for the outline onlyOn: The Mutiny and Execution of William Fly (1726)
  77. The commission of 15 May 1696 named eight salaried working commissioners, the Earl of Bridgwater, the Earl of Tankerville, Sir Philip Meadows, William Blathwayt, John Pollexfen, John Locke, Abraham Hill and John Methuen, alongside great officers of state sitting ex officio, whom the commission as calendared gives as six, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord President, the First Lords of the Treasury and of the Admiralty, the Principal Secretary of State and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and whom Sainty's list gives as seven, adding the Lord Privy Seal. Five were a quorum and the ex officio members were to be called in only when their particular attendance was requisite, so that the business fell to the salaried commissioners, whose number was fixed in principle at eight and whose salaries were fixed at a thousand pounds each at the Exchequer. Locke sat through the reconstitutions of 6 July 1697 and 9 June 1699 and is absent from the commission of 11 July 1700, in which Matthew Prior appears; the reason for his going is not given in the documents read here. Beneath the commissioners there was a permanent establishment of secretary, clerks and office keepers from 1696.
    Calendared commission and a scholarly list of office-holdersCommission of 15 May 1696, calendared as no. 1 in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol 15, 1696-1697, ed. J. W. Fortescue (London, 1904), pp. 1-8, British History Online, from Board of Trade, Journal, 9, pp. 1-6: "Commission appointing John, Earl of Bridgewater, Ford, Earl of Tankerville, Sir Philip Meadows, knight, William Blathwayt, John Pollexfen, John Locke, Abraham Hill, and John Methven, together with the Lord Chancellor, the Lord President, the First Lords of the Treasury and Admiralty, the Principal Secretary of State and the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the time being, to be Commissioners for promoting the trade of the Kingdom and for inspecting and improving the Plantations. Any three or more of them are to consider methods of employing the poor; any five of them are to be a quorum. The ex officio members are to be called in only when their particular attendance is requisite." J. C. Sainty, ed., Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 3, Officials of the Boards of Trade 1660-1870 (London, 1974), 'Council of trade and plantations 1696-1782', British History Online: it "was composed of various unsalaried ex officio Commissioners who were not expected to attend the Board regularly and a certain number of paid Commissioners to whom the conduct of business was entrusted"; "Originally the ex officio Commissioners consisted of the holders of the offices of Lord Chancellor or Lord Keeper, Lord President of the Council, Lord Privy Seal, Lord Treasurer or First Lord of the Treasury, Lord Admiral or First Lord of the Admiralty, Secretary of State and Chancellor of the Exchequer"; "The number of paid Commissioners was fixed in principle at eight"; the salaries "were fixed at" a thousand pounds each "payable at the Exchequer"; and the lists of appointments dated 15 May 1696 (C 66/3386), 6 July 1697 (C 66/3397), 9 June 1699 (C 66/3413) and 11 July 1700 (C 66/3416), the last omitting Locke and adding "Prior, M." The same article carries sections for Secretary 1696-1782, Clerks 1696-1782 and Office Keepers 1696-1782.On: The Board of Trade
  78. The Company was governed in London by a Governor and twenty-four elected members of the company called the Committees, who together with the Governor had the direction of the voyages, the provision of the shipping and merchandise and the sale of what was returned; the charter of 1661 provided in addition for one of the company to be Deputy to the Governor, and for a new Governor to be chosen annually between the tenth and the last day of April. Overseas the western Indian establishment of the 1690s ran through a President and Council at Surat under a General and Council at Bombay; the names of its office-holders are not given in the documents used here.
    Royal charters and Company correspondenceCharter of Queen Elizabeth of 31 December 1600 and Charter of Charles II of 3 April 1661, printed in Charters Relating to the East India Company from 1600 to 1761, read in the Internet Archive copy: "there shall be from henceforth One of the same Company, to be elected and appointed... which shall be called the Governor of the said Company, and that there shall be from henceforth Twenty-four of the said Company, to be elected and appointed... which shall be called the Committees of the said Company, who together with the Governor of the said Company, for the Time being, shall have the Direction of the Voyages of and for the said Company, and the Provision of the Shipping and Merchandizes thereunto belonging; and also the sale of all Merchandizes" (charter of 1661, repeating the charter of 1600); the 1661 charter also provides for one of the company "to be Deputy to the said Governor" and carries the marginal rubrics "Deputy Governor to be elected and sworn" and "Company to choose a new Governor annually between the 10th and last Day of April". For the Indian establishment, Abstract of East India Company letters from Bombay of 12 October 1695, London, Privy Council, Unbound Papers, 1:46, printed as document 60 in J. F. Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (1923): the letters come from "the Generall and Councill for the English Affairs residing att Bombay", and the ship sent "for Surrat" was met by "the President, according to Orders", who "fell to unlading her".On: The East India Company
  79. Henry Every's company took two of the Mogul's ships in the approaches to Surat in the late summer of 1695: first a ship of between two and three hundred tons carrying six guns, out of which they took about fifty or sixty thousand pounds in silver and gold, and then the great ship the English called the Gunsway, of about forty guns and, as her people said, eight hundred men, which yielded after a fight of three hours. The plundered ships came in to Surat on 11 and 13 September 1695. The date of the capture itself is not fixed by these papers, one of the Old Bailey indictments laying a taking on 28 September 1695 forty leagues from Surat and another laying the taking of the Gunsway ten leagues from Cape St John near Surat without a date; and the value is not recoverable, the crew's own reckoning being about a thousand pounds a man among a hundred and eighty sharers, and the first indictment laying the plunder at a hundred thousand pieces of eight and a hundred thousand chequins.
    Depositions, Company correspondence and a printed trialExamination of John Dann of Rochester, mariner, taken 3 August 1696, Public Record Office C.O. 323:2, no. 25 IV, printed as document 63 in J. F. Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (1923): they "mett with one of the Moores ships, betweene 2 and 300 tons, with 6 Guns, which they tooke", and "tooke about 50 or 60,000 l. in that ship in Silver and gold"; then "they espied another ship... she had about 40 Guns mounted and as they said 800 men. Shee stood a fight of 3 houres and then yeilded", and the plunder made "each mans share with what they had taken before about 1000 l. a man, there being 180 that had their Dividents". Abstract of East India Company letters from Bombay of 12 October 1695, Jameson document 60: "on the 11th Ditto, One of Abdull Gofores Ships arriving, their people sent the Governour word, that they were plundered by an English Vessell", and "the 13th in the Morning, the Gunsway, one of the Kings Ships, arrived from Judda and Mocho". The Tryals of Joseph Dawson and five others (London, 1696), read in the Internet Archive copy of the Early English Books text (archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-tryals-of-joseph-daw_1696): the grand jury's bill is for taking a ship "called the Gansway" with "100000 Pieces of Eight, and 100000 Chequins, upon the High Seas, ten Leagues from the Cape St. Johns near Surat", and a later indictment is for a piracy on a Moorish ship "on the 28th of September, 1695" in a place forty leagues distant from Surat. No document read here gives 7 September 1695, the name Fateh Muhammed, or a valuation of about 325,000 or about 600,000 pounds.On: The East India Company
  80. In reprisal for Every's capture of the Mogul's ships the governor of Surat set a strong guard on the English factory, put the Company's people in irons, shut them up and stopped their letters until the Mogul's pleasure should be known; the Company's Bombay council, hearing that letters had gone to the Siddy, who lay near them with an army, made what preparation it could for its own defence, so that an apprehended armed threat to Bombay is in the record and not only in the reference accounts; and the council undertook to send one or two ships the next season to convoy the Mogul's Mocha and Jiddah fleet. Whether the reopening of trade was made conditional on the capture and punishment of the pirates, and whether the Company was ultimately made to accept liability for the losses, is not established by the papers read here.
    Company correspondence and petitionAbstract of East India Company letters from Bombay of 12 October 1695, London, Privy Council, Unbound Papers, 1:46, printed as document 60 in J. F. Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (1923): "upon this the Governour sent a very strong Guard to the Factory and clapt all our People in Irons, shut them up in a room, planked up all their windows, kept strict Watches about them, that no one should have pen, ink, or paper to write, stopped all the passages, that no Letters might pass to Us"; "being informed also, that Severall Letters are gone to the Siddy (who is very near Us with an Army) from Court and Surat, wee are making what preparation Wee can for our Own defence, nott knowing what this Extream ferment may produce"; and "have promised that if Our Shipping arrives according to Expectation, that wee will send one or two next Season to Mocho and Judda to convoy their Fleet". Petition of the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies to the Lords Justices, endorsed as read 16 July 1696, Jameson document 58: "the Factoryes of the said Company at Surrat had guards set upon their Houses by the Governour of the place till such time The Mogulls pleasure was known".On: The East India Company
  81. Six of Every's men, Joseph Dawson, Edward Foreseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis and John Sparkes, were tried at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey in October 1696 before the commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Admiral, on an indictment for piratically taking the Mogul's ship called the Gansway; the jury, against the expectation of the court, brought all six in not guilty. They were at once committed on a new warrant for other piracies, re-indicted, and convicted, Dawson pleading guilty and the other five being found guilty on indictments for piracies upon Indian, Danish and English shipping, and five of them were executed at Execution Dock on Wednesday 25 November 1696, Dawson being reprieved. Every himself was never taken: the grand jury found its bill against him as one "not yet taken". The printed trial does not report a reprieve for Joseph Dawson.
    Printed trialThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), read in the Internet Archive copy of the Early English Books text (archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-tryals-of-joseph-daw_1696). Sessions of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery for the jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey, October 1696, in the eighth year of King William the Third (the day of the month damaged in this copy), before the Admiralty commissioners, Sir Charles Hedges as judge of the High Court of Admiralty, and Lord Chief Justice Holt among others. The grand jury returned "finding Bills vera against Henry Every not yet taken, Joseph Dawson, Edw. Foreseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewes, and John Sparkes, Prisoners"; "the Jury, contrary to the expectation of the Court, brought in all the Prisoners Not Guilty, whereupon the Sessions was Adjourned to Saturday the 31th of October following, and the Prisoners were committed upon a new Warrant for several other Piracies"; on the new indictments "Joseph Dawson pleaded Guilty; the other five pleaded nor Guilty" and were found guilty; the court then adjourned "to Friday next the 6th of Novemb." for two further indictments; sentence was passed on all six "for the same detestable Crimes committed upon the Ships and Goods of Indians, of Danes, and your own Fellow-Subjects"; and "According to this Sentence, Edward Foreseth and the rest were Executed, on Wednesday, November the 25th 1696, at Execution-Dock, that being the usual Place for the Execution of Pirates."On: The East India Company
  82. The Offences at Sea Act 1536 (28 Hen. 8 c. 15) gave piracy trials to commissioners with a common-law jury but required that trial be held in England, and the Piracy Act 1698 (11 Will. 3 c. 7) removed that requirement by empowering the Crown to commission courts of admiralty overseas.
    StatutePiracy Act 1698 (11 Will. 3 c. 7), statute text at legislation.gov.ukOn: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  83. A naval party killed Edward Teach, known as Blackbeard, at Ocracoke Inlet on the North Carolina coast on 22 November 1718, Teach and nine of his crew being killed in a close fight; the 1724 account adds that he fell after five and twenty wounds, five of them by shot, and that his head was severed and carried back to Virginia hanging at the bowsprit end.
    Governor's despatch and a period narrativeLieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Virginia, 22 December 1718, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, 1717-1718, no. 800, pp. 430-431 (C.O. 5, 1318, no. 61): "they came up with Tach at Ouacock Inlett on the 22nd of last month" and "Tach with nine of his crew were killed, and three white men and six negros were taken alive but all much wounded". A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724): "till he received five and twenty Wounds, and five of them by Shot", "The Lieutenant caused Black-beard's Head to be severed from his Body, and hung up at the Bolt-sprit End", and "sailed back to the Men of War in James River, in Virginia, with Black-beard's Head still hanging at the Bolt-sprit End". Spotswood does not mention the wounds or the head.On: The Royal Navy
  84. The Ocracoke expedition was organised by Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, acting with the captains of HMS Pearl and HMS Lyme rather than on Admiralty direction: the captains had no orders to hire sloops, so Spotswood hired two of them at his own charge and put pilots aboard, and because the men of war could not enter the shallow channels the fifty five men the captains furnished went in under the first lieutenant of the Pearl, named in the 1724 account as Robert Maynard, one of the two sloops being the Ranger.
    Governor's despatch and a period narrativeLieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Virginia, 22 December 1718, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, 1717-1718, no. 800, pp. 430-431 (C.O. 5, 1318, no. 61): "It was found impracticable for the men of war to go into the shallow and difficult channells of that country, and the Captains were unwilling to be at the charge of hyring sloops wch. they had no orders to do, and must therefore have paid out of their own pocketts, but as they readily consented to furnish men, I undertook the other part of supplying at my own charge sloops and pilots. Accordingly I hyred two sloops and put pilotes on board, and the Captains of H.M. ships having put 55 men on board under the command of the first Lieutenant of the Pearle and an officer from the Lyme". A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724): "the Command of them given to Mr. Robert Maynard, first Lieutenant of the Pearl" and "Mr. Maynard's other Sloop, which was called the Ranger".On: The Royal Navy
  85. The Adventure Galley was launched at Castle's yard at Deptford about 4 December 1695, a private Thames yard and not the Crown establishment, on the authority of Kidd's own narrative; under articles of 10 October 1695 a ship was to be bought for the voyage, Kidd was to have the command and he and Robert Livingston were to pay a fifth part of her cost, so she cannot have been bought in August 1696 for 8,000 pounds, as is sometimes stated.
    The captain's own narrative and the owners' articles of agreementNarrative of William Kidd, 7 July 1699, Public Record Office C.O. 5:860, no. 64 XXV, printed in J. F. Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (Washington, 1923), doc. 76: "That the said Adventure Gally was launched in Castle's Yard at Deptford about the 4th day of December 1695". Articles of Agreement between the Earl of Bellamont, Robert Livingston and Captain William Kidd, 10 October 1695, printed in C. N. Dalton, The Real Captain Kidd: A Vindication (London, 1911), Appendix A: "a good and sufficient Ship to the Liking of the said Captain Kidd, shall be forthwith bought, whereof the said Captain Kidd, is to have the Command", and "the said other Fifth Part of the charges of the said Ship to be paid by the said Robert Levingston and William Kidd". No total cost is stated in the articles.On: Private Shipyards and Victuallers
  86. Blackbeard was killed on 22 November 1718 from two sloops which Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, hired and supplied with pilots at his own charge, the captains of HMS Pearl and HMS Lyme furnishing fifty five men, because it was found impracticable for the men of war to go into the shallow and difficult channels of that coast; the 1724 account adds that the hired sloops were furnished with ammunition and small arms but had no guns mounted.
    Governor's despatch and a period narrativeLieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Virginia, 22 December 1718, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, 1717-1718, no. 800, pp. 430-431 (C.O. 5, 1318, no. 61): "It was found impracticable for the men of war to go into the shallow and difficult channells of that country... I undertook the other part of supplying at my own charge sloops and pilots. Accordingly I hyred two sloops and put pilotes on board, and the Captains of H.M. ships having put 55 men on board", and "they came up with Tach at Ouacock Inlett on the 22nd of last month". A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724): "The Sloops were well mann'd and furnished with Ammunition and small Arms, but had no Guns mounted".On: Private Shipyards and Victuallers
  87. Atkins sailed from Spithead on 5 February 1720/1 in company with the Swallow and the Weymouth, victualled and stored at Portsmouth for a double voyage down the coast of Guinea, for meeting, if possible, with the pirates who were then infesting those parts and destroying English trade and factories, and with the Royal African Company's governors embarked under convoy. About 200 Englishmen and 60 or 70 enslaved black men were found in the three pirate ships taken, together with a large quantity of gold dust reckoned at eight or ten thousand pounds. The ships came home to Spithead on 8 April and were paid off at Woolwich on 11 May 1723. Heavy mortality stripped them of officers, and about May 1722 Atkins was appointed purser of the Weymouth because, as he put it, everybody was dead almost that could do it.
    Period narrativeJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, printed for Caesar Ward and Richard Chandler, 1735), read in the Project Gutenberg transcription of the 1735 edition, ebook 72102: "We took in eight Months Provisions each, at Portsmouth... for meeting, if possible, with the Pyrates; who did then very much infest those Parts, and destroy our Trade and Factories... For this Purpose we set sail from Spithead February 5th, 1720/1"; "We found in the three Ships about 200 Englishmen, 60 or 70 stout Negro Slaves, great plenty of trading Goods, and, what more attracted the Eye, a large quantity of Gold Dust, by computation, 8 or 10000l."; "About this time I was appointed Purser to the Weymouth... every body being dead almost, that could do it"; and, of the return, "arrived at Spithead, April 8th, whence we were ordered to Woolwich, and paid off May 11th, 1723"On: Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies (1735)
  88. The attribution of the work to Daniel Defoe, advanced most forcefully by the American scholar John Robert Moore from the 1930s onward and widely adopted so that many mid-century reprints carry Defoe's name on the title page, was decisively challenged by P. N. Furbank and W. R. Owens in The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe (Yale University Press, 1988), who showed that Moore's method of attribution was unsound and that there is no positive evidence connecting Defoe to the book; it should not be repeated as fact.
    Modern scholarshipP. N. Furbank and W. R. Owens, "The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe" (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), ISBN 0300041195, Internet Archive item canonisationofda0000furb, archive.org/details/canonisationofda0000furb, for the dismantling of Moore's method and the absence of positive evidence for Defoe (Confirmed)On: A General History of the Pyrates (1724)
  89. The court's criminal jurisdiction over piracy rested on an Offences at Sea Act of 1536 (28 Henry VIII c. 15), which allowed crimes committed at sea to be tried by procedures resembling the common law rather than the civil law that governed the court's other business, under commissions of oyer and terminer, the evidence being gathered chiefly through examinations and depositions of suspects and witnesses.
    Secondary study of court procedureGlobal Maritime History, Through the eyes of the court: researching maritime history through a critical understanding of High Court of Admiralty Criminal ProcedureOn: The High Court of Admiralty Records (TNA HCA)
  90. William Kidd was tried at the Admiralty Sessions held under commission at the Old Bailey on 8 and 9 May 1701 and hanged at Execution Dock on 23 May 1701, alongside Darby Mullins of his company and possibly two more, the number being open between one and three.
    Printed trial derived from the recordsThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, for Murther and Piracy... at the Admiralty-Sessions, held by His Majesty's Commission at the Old-Baily... the 8th and 9th of May, 1701, London, 1701, Library of Congress LCCN 18011064On: The High Court of Admiralty Records (TNA HCA)
  91. George Lowther's company drew up, signed and swore their articles upon the Bible in 1721 aboard the vessel they renamed the Delivery, while John Phillips's company of 1723 swore "upon a Hatchet for want of a Bible", their set being the only one the compiler claims to give verbatim.
    Period narrativeA general history of the pyrates, London, printed for and sold by T. Warner, 1724, Internet Archive generalhistoryof00defo (SRC009-001)On: Pirate Articles and Crew Agreements
  92. A manuscript crew agreement between Captain William Kidd, commander of the Adventure Galley, and his quartermaster John Walker, dated 10 September 1696 and including a list of the company, survives at The National Archives as CO 5/931, while the backers' articles of agreement between Bellomont, Livingston and Kidd are dated 10 October 1695.
    State paper and manuscript catalogue recordTNA CO 5/931, Articles of agreement between Captain William Kidd, Commander of the Adventure Galley, and John Walker, Quartermaster to the said ship, regarding conditions of service. Includes a list of the company (SRC009-006); Sir Cornelius Neale Dalton, The Real Captain Kidd: A Vindication, London, 1911, Appendix A (SRC009-005)On: Pirate Articles and Crew Agreements
  93. The technical record of Blackbeard's flagship is French and archaeological: the Queen Anne's Revenge Shipwreck Project gives La Concorde as a vessel of 200 tons with sixteen cannon, owned by the Nantes merchant Rene Montaudoin, sailing on 24 March 1717 on her third slaving voyage, on which sixty-one enslaved people and sixteen crew died, leaving 455 aboard at her capture, and gives figures for the disposal at Bequia, 157 Africans retained by Blackbeard and 455 put ashore, that do not reconcile with that survivor count and are carried as unresolved; it states that the date and place of her construction are unclear; the 1718 depositions of Captain Pierre Dosset and his lieutenant are at the Archives Departementales de Loire-Atlantique, Serie B 4578, but the project's own publications cite them incompatibly, one placing both officers at folios 56v to 57v and naming the lieutenant Francois Ernaut, the other placing the lieutenant's deposition of 17 April 1718 at folios 56v to 57 and Dosset's of 13 October 1718 at folios 90v to 91 and naming him Pierre Ernaud.
    Project reports and archival citationsMark U. Wilde-Ramsing, "Historical Background for the Queen Anne's Revenge Shipwreck", QAR-R-09-02, Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh, 2009, for the voyage figures and for both officers at folios 56v to 57v with the lieutenant named Francois Ernaut; Queen Anne's Revenge Shipwreck Project reports and publications list, file version 27 September 2023, for the two depositions listed separately at folios 56v to 57 and 90v to 91 with the lieutenant named Pierre Ernaud; Queen Anne's Revenge Shipwreck Project, "The Ship's Journey", for the tonnage, armament, ownership, departure date and the stated uncertainty about her construction (Confirmed as the content of each source). The folios and the lieutenant's name remain Unverified, the two publications conflicting and neither having been checked against the current inventory at NantesOn: Ship Plans, Surveys and Fitting Accounts
  94. The Beaufort Inlet wreck, site 31CR314 in North Carolina, was located on 21 November 1996 by Intersal, Inc. operating under permit from the state, and is identified by North Carolina as Queen Anne's Revenge, lost in 1718, a determination made in 2011 on cumulative rather than single-artefact evidence and carried as Highly Probable on the Archive's record of the ship.
    Modern archaeology, project websiteBlackbeard's Shipwreck Discovered, Queen Anne's Revenge Project, NC Office of State Archaeology, qaronline.org (SRC015-001)On: Modern Archaeological Reports
  95. North Carolina shipwreck site 31CR314 was located near Beaufort Inlet on 21 November 1996 by a search team from Intersal, Inc. operating under state permit; as of 2015 the project reported 24 cannon raised and over 400,000 artefacts raised in all, the wreck and its contents are owned by the State of North Carolina, and the collection was kept intact in part through a 1998 agreement under which Intersal forewent its entitlement to coins and precious metals, while the identification of the site as Queen Anne's Revenge rests on cumulative circumstantial evidence, is accepted by the excavating agency and has been contested in print.
    Agency narrative page, agency fact sheet and peer-reviewed articleQueen Anne's Revenge Shipwreck Project, "Blackbeard's Shipwreck Discovered", for the discovery of 21 November 1996 and the figures of 24 cannon as of 2015 and over 400,000 artefacts (Confirmed); North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, "Queen Anne's Revenge Fact Sheet", for state ownership and the 1998 Intersal agreement (Confirmed); Mark U. Wilde-Ramsing and Charles R. Ewen, "Beyond Reasonable Doubt: A Case for Queen Anne's Revenge", Historical Archaeology 46, number 2, 2012, pages 110 to 133, for the identification argument and the published scepticism it answers. The identification itself is Disputed as to certainty and is carried here as the excavators' argued conclusionOn: Museum Objects and Material Culture
  96. The bodies of a few notorious offenders were cut down after hanging and hung in chains in an iron gibbet at a conspicuous point as a public deterrent, a selective and exemplary fate rather than the ordinary end of a hanged pirate. After the Jamaica trial of November 1720 John Rackam, George Fetherston and Richard Corner were afterwards taken down and hanged up in chains, one at Plumb Point, one at Bush Key and the other at Gun Key; and the six men sentenced at Cape Corso Castle in April 1722 were, after hanging, to be taken down and their bodies hanged in chains, the warrant directing the bodies to be removed in chains to the gibbets already erected on the adjacent hillocks. Captain William Kidd was hanged at Execution Dock on 23 May 1701.
    Printed history of the pirates and printed trialA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), attributed to Charles Johnson: "Rackam, Feverston and Corner, were afterwards taken down and hang'd up in Chains, one at Plumb Point, one at Bush Key, and the other at Gun Key"; and the Cape Corso Castle sentence and warrant of 2 April 1722, "After this, ye, and each of you shall be taken down, and your Bodies hanged in Chains", with the note "The Bodies remove in Chains, to the Gibbets already erected on the adjacent Hillocks". For Kidd, the title page of The Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, printed for J. Nutt, 1701), "was accordingly Executed at Execution-Dock the 23d" of May 1701, read in the Internet Archive copy of the eighteenth-century collections scanOn: Death: Battle, Disease and the Gallows
  97. The prizes described in the contemporary record are mostly mundane bulk goods, not treasure. Masters deposing at Antigua in the winter of 1718 to 1719 describe pirates carrying off water and provisions and two of a crew; about thirty barrels of beef, as much flour and wine extorted from St Thomas; a Guinea ship taken with 250 enslaved people aboard and a ship from Madeira with provisions; and a crew standing south for the latitude of Barbados to get "bread or flower and a better ship". The General History of 1724 gives the same picture, a sloop of Barbados "laden with Rum, Sugar and Negroes" and a ship of Ipswich "laden with Logwood". Coin, plate and gold dust appear in the same record, but no count has been made here that would establish which kind of cargo was in the majority.
    Depositions in state papers and near-contemporary printDepositions enclosed with Governor Walter Hamilton's letter, calendared as nos. 797 i to vi in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718 (December 1718, 11 to 19; pp. 404 to 424), C.O. 152, 12. Nos. 136, 136 i. to vi., read at British History Online: John Brown of the John and Thomas of Rhode Island, Antigua 12 March 1718/19 ("they had thereupon from St. Thomas about 30 barrels of beef as much flower with wine"); John Bois, carpenter of the Wade frigate, Antigua 24 February 1718/19 ("They designed to go to the latitude of Barbados to get bread or flower and a better ship"); Jonathan Bull of the Christiana of Boston, Antigua 17 January 1718/19 ("they took a vessel bound to Barbados from Guinea with 250 negroes, and some small time after another ship from Madera bound for Barbados with provisions"); and Hamilton's own report that a pirate crew "plundered and took away almost all his water and provisions, and took away two of his men". And A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), for Stede Bonnet off South Carolina in August 1717 taking a sloop "laden with Rum, Sugar and Negroes", and Charles Vane taking a ship of Ipswich "laden with Logwood". The word "most" in the earlier form of this claim is not established by any document read here and has been removed.On: Prizes, Cargoes and Fencing
  98. A prize was commonly taken by threat rather than battle and was then rummaged. Robert Leonard, master of the snow Eagle of New York, deposed at Antigua in February 1719 that the pirate commander "beat him with his cutlass for not bringing to at first shot", and that the pirates threatened to sink his vessel and throw him overboard with a double-headed shot about his neck "if he concealed where his money was". Pirates took what they needed as well as what they could sell: water, provisions and men were carried off, a crew looked out for "a better ship", and another meant to fit out a captured Guinea ship as their man of war. Skilled men were taken and pressed to sign: witnesses at the trial of Bartholomew Roberts's crew describe a surgeon taken and the articles "about to be imposed on him", and the articles printed in the General History provide for the company's musicians. Bulk cargo that did not suit could be thrown over the side or the ship simply returned: Vane set his prisoners to heave a lading of logwood overboard, then changed his mind, "so Coggershall had his Ship again, and he was suffered to pursue his Voyage home".
    Depositions in state papers and near-contemporary printDeposition of Robert Leonard, commander of the snow Eagle of New York, Antigua, 24 February 1718/19, and the accompanying depositions of John Brown, John Bois and Jonathan Bull, calendared as nos. 797 i to vi in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718 (pp. 404 to 424), C.O. 152, 12. Nos. 136, 136 i. to vi., read at British History Online. And A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724): the articles of Roberts's company, article XI, "The Musicians to have Rest on the Sabbath Day, but the other six Days and Nights, none without special Favour"; the evidence of Jo. Wingfield at the trial of Roberts's crew, that "when one Hamilton, a Surgeon, was taken by them, and the Articles about to be imposed on him, he opposed, and prevented it"; and the account of Charles Vane and the logwood ship of Ipswich, "but when they had more than half cleared the Ship, the Whim changed, and then they would not have her; so Coggershall had his Ship again, and he was suffered to pursue his Voyage home". The word "usually" is a generalisation no single document establishes and has been dropped.On: Prizes, Cargoes and Fencing
  99. La Concorde, a Nantes slave ship owned by Rene Montaudoin, left Nantes on 24 March 1717, took on 516 captive Africans at Whydah on 8 July, lost 61 of them and 16 of her crew to disease on the crossing, and was captured about a hundred miles from Martinique in November 1717 by Blackbeard, who put her French crew ashore at Bequia with the surviving Africans, save for a party the project literature reports him retaining in figures that do not reconcile with the 455 survivors, and refitted the ship as the Queen Anne's Revenge.
    Modern archaeology and project historyQueen Anne's Revenge Project (North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources / Friends of Queen Anne's Revenge), "The Pirate Ship's Journey", qaronline.org, accessed 2026On: The Slave-Trade Nexus
  100. The slave-trading interest, its West African shipping harried by Roberts and other pirate companies, pressed for naval action, and the great pirate trial of 1722 sat at Cape Coast Castle, the Royal African Company's fort, before a bench of three Royal Navy officers and four Company men.
    Modern scholarship"The Slave Trading Lobby and Piracy in West Africa", in Suppressing Piracy in the Early Eighteenth Century, Cambridge University Press, abstract onlyOn: The Slave-Trade Nexus
  101. The Royal Navy's standing contribution was the station ship. The list published with the pardon proclamation of 1717 names the ships kept at Jamaica, Barbados, the Leeward Islands, Virginia, New York and New England, and directs that they join upon occasion for annoying the pirates and for the security of the trade, so that convoy protection and the suppression of pirates were a single standing charge on the same vessels. Suppression nonetheless rested heavily on local initiative and on hired civilian vessels: in 1718 the captains of the men of war on the Virginia station would not bear the charge of hiring sloops, having no orders for it, and Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood hired two sloops and put pilots aboard at his own charge while the men of war supplied only the men.
    Official gazette and colonial state papersThe London Gazette, issue 5573, for Saturday 14 to Tuesday 17 September 1717, front page, read from the scanned issue: "A List of His Majesty's Ships and Vessels employed, and to be employed, at the British Governments and Plantations in the West-Indies", entering ships under Jamaica, Barbados, Leeward Islands, Virginia, New York and New England, with the direction that "Those at Jamaica, Barbadoes, and the Leeward Islands, are to join upon Occasion, for annoying the Pirates, and the Security of the Trade: And those at New-England, Virginia, and New-York, are to do the like"; Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Virginia, 22 December 1718, C.O. 5, 1318, no. 61, calendared as Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718, no. 800, read on British History Online: "It was found impracticable for the men of war to go into the shallow and difficult channells of that country, and the Captains were unwilling to be at the charge of hyring sloops wch. they had no orders to do, and must therefore have paid out of their own pocketts, but as they readily consented to furnish men, I undertook the other part of supplying at my own charge sloops and pilots"On: Naval Suppression and Its Tactics
  102. Fifty-two of Roberts's men were hanged after the Cabo Corso Castle trials of 1722. The figure is tabulated in the printed history of 1724, which gives the account of the whole as acquitted 74, executed 52, respited 2, to servitude 20, to the Marshalsea 17, killed in the Ranger 10, killed in the Fortune 3, died in the passage to Cape Corso 15, died afterwards in the castle 4, and 70 black men in both ships, a total of 276. The fifty-four given in some accounts is the number condemned, two of whom, George Wilson and Thomas Oughterlaney, were respited from execution until the King's pleasure should be known. Twenty men who petitioned the court had their sentence changed from death to seven years' servitude with the Royal African Company.
    Period narrative and a printed trialA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), attributed to Charles Johnson, read in the Project Gutenberg text: "two others, viz. George Wilson and Thomas Oughterlaney, were respited from Execution, till his Majesty's Pleasure should be known... the Account of the whole stands thus, Acquitted, 74. Executed, 52. Respited, 2. To Servitude, 20. To the Marshalsea, 17. Kill'd in the Ranger, 10. Kill'd in the Fortune, 3. Dy'd in the Passage to Cape Corso, 15. Dy'd afterwards in the Castle, 4. Negroes in both Ships, 70. Total, 276", and for the petition granting "seven Years Servitude, at any of the Royal African Company's Settlements in Africa"; the respites corroborated in A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of All the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle (London, 1723), read from the Internet Archive scan, where sentence on Wilson is "referr'd to the King's Pleasure"On: Naval Suppression and Its Tactics
  103. Colonial assemblies and governors offered cash rewards for named pirates. The Virginia Assembly, in a session begun at the Capitol in Williamsburgh on 11 November 1718, passed an Act to encourage the apprehending and destroying of pyrates, and Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood published its scale by proclamation at Williamsburgh on 24 November 1718: for Edward Teach, commonly called Captain Teach or Blackbeard, one hundred pounds; for every other commander of a pirate ship, sloop or vessel, forty pounds; for every lieutenant, master, quarter-master, boatswain or carpenter, twenty pounds; for every other inferior officer, sixteen pounds; and for every private man taken on board, ten pounds. The rewards ran for a year from 14 November 1718, within stated bounds of latitude and distance, and were payable out of the public money in the hands of the Treasurer of the colony.
    Proclamation printed in a period narrative, with colonial state papersProclamation by Alexander Spotswood, "Publishing the Rewards given for apprehending, or killing, Pyrates", given at the Council-Chamber at Williamsburgh, 24 November 1718, printed in full in A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), attributed to Charles Johnson, which states "The original Proclamation being in our Hands", read in the Project Gutenberg text: "for Edward Teach, commonly call'd Captain Teach, or Black-Beard, one hundred Pounds, for every other Commander of a Pyrate Ship, Sloop, or Vessel, forty Pounds; for every Lieutenant, Master, or Quarter-Master, Boatswain, or Carpenter, twenty Pounds; for every other inferior Officer, sixteen Pounds, and for every private Man taken on Board such Ship, Sloop, or Vessel, ten Pounds", to be received "out of the publick Money, in the Hands of the Treasurer of this Colony"; corroborated by Lieutenant Governor Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 22 December 1718, C.O. 5, 1318, no. 61, calendared as Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718, no. 800, read on British History Online: "I proposed to our late Assembly and prevailed with them to pass an Act giving rewards for apprehending and destroying of pyrates, by which there is to be paid particularly for Tach 100l., and half the rewards promised by H.M. Proclamation, for every one of his, or any other crew of pyrates taken on this coast, to be paid out of the publick money now in the hands of the countrey's Treasurer"On: Naval Suppression and Its Tactics
  104. William Atkinson, taken off the bar of Cape Hatteras on 3 June 1726, was the one prisoner William Fly's company detained, to pilot them on the coast of New England on pain of having his brains blown out; he deliberately missed Martha's Vineyard, advised on 23 June that a prize be sent away with six of the pirates aboard so that only four remained, then directed the seizure of the vessel, and was tried at Boston on 4 July 1726 and acquitted.
    Trial pamphletThe printed Boston trial record of the William Fly company, 1726On: Navigation and Seamanship
  105. William Dampier described shipworm accurately in driftwood taken up in the Pacific in 1700, the modernised transcription reading that it "was much worm-eaten and had in it some live worms above an inch long, and about the bigness of a goose-quill, and having their heads crusted over with a thin shell", and he rated the anchorage of Babao in Timor by the animal, writing that "The greatest inconveniency in it is the multitude of worms."
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland, first published 1709, Project Gutenberg ebook 15685, modernised transcription searched in fullOn: Shipworm and Environmental Damage
  106. The surviving golden-age record of women in male clothing at sea documents situational dress, worn for chase and attack by women whose sex was known to their company, and contains no case of sustained concealment resting on a period document.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, printed by Robert Baldwin, Jamaica, 1721, depositions of Dorothy Thomas, John Besneck and Peter CornelianOn: Gender Disguise and Identity at Sea
  107. Captain Mathew Musson's report, read at the Board of Trade on 5 July 1717 and surviving as a calendar abstract, states that at Harbour Island he "found about 30 families, with severall pirates, which frequently are comeing and goeing to purchase provissons for the piratts vessells at Providence", and that two ships of ninety tons whose sailors said they belonged to Boston sold provisions to the same market.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716 to 1717), July 1717, entry 635, Captain Mathew Musson to the Council of Trade and Plantations (The National Archives C.O. 5, 1265, no. 73)On: Pirate Ports and Informal Economies
  108. The General History of 1724 reports the sworn oath as the constitutive act of a pirate company, stating of George Lowther's men in 1721 that their articles were "drawn up, signed and sworn to upon the Bible", of Bartholomew Roberts's company that new comers were "initiated by an Oath taken on a Bible, reserv'd for that Purpose only", and of John Phillips's men in 1723 that they "all swore to 'em upon a Hatchet for want of a Bible"; the same compiler states that he cannot tell how Roberts could think an oath obligatory where defiance had been given to the laws of God and man, and offers the members' mutual interest as the explanation instead.
    Period printed book of contested reliabilityA General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates, attributed to Captain Charles Johnson, London, 1724, the Roberts, Lowther and Phillips chaptersOn: Religion and Providence at Sea
  109. Across the five proceedings 258 persons were tried and 100 acquitted by the register's tabulation, an earlier count giving 259.
    Trial pamphlets, period narrative and arithmetic performed on themA General History of the Pyrates, second edition, London 1724, the Cape Coast disposal column and the Charles Town lists; Tryals of Thirty-Six Persons for Piracy, Newport 1723, Evans-TCP N29929; The Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy, Boston 1718, Evans-TCP N01688; The Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, Boston 1726, for the Boston figures of that yearOn: Trials, Evidence and Defence Rights
  110. Philip Ashton, taken at Port Roseway in June 1722, recorded being asked at cocked pistol whether he was married, pressed with drink and the promise of riches, threatened with "I'll shoot you thro' the Head" if he would not sign the articles, and finally entered in the pirates' book "tho' against our Consent".
    Period captivity narrativeAshton's Memorial, the narrative of Philip Ashton recorded by the Reverend John Barnard (Boston, 1725), read in the 1976 Peabody Museum facsimileOn: Violence and Coercion
  111. The Adventure Galley was launched at Deptford about 4 December 1695.
    State paper and secondary monographKidd's Narrative of the Voyage, 7 July 1699, TNA CO 5/860 no. 64, printed in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (1923), document 76; C. N. Dalton, The Real Captain Kidd (1911)On: Adventure Galley
  112. The venture was privately financed and state-authorised, owned by a syndicate that included Robert Livingston, Lord Bellomont, Sir Edward Russell (later Earl of Orford), Sir John Somers, the Duke of Shrewsbury and the Earl of Romney, with the Crown reserving one-tenth of the profits and Kidd himself a part-owner.
    Edition of state papersEditorial headnote to the Case of William Kidd in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (1923), which names the owners, and a deposition printed there in which Kidd names Bellomont, Orford and Somers as ownersOn: Adventure Galley
  113. Articles of agreement between Kidd and his quartermaster John Walker, dated 10 September 1696 and accompanied by a list of the ship's company, survive in The National Archives.
    Archive catalogueThe National Archives, Kew, catalogue entry for CO 5/931, articles of agreement between Captain William Kidd and John Walker, quartermaster, 10 September 1696, with a list of the company; known here from the catalogue entry, the document itself not yet consultedOn: Adventure Galley
  114. At St Mary's in 1698 about 97 of Kidd's men deserted to Robert Culliford's Mocha frigate, carrying off the galley's guns and stores.
    State paper and examinationKidd's Narrative of the Voyage, 7 July 1699, TNA CO 5/860 no. 64, printed in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (1923), document 76; Examination of Edward Buckmaster before Lieutenant-Governor John Nanfan, 6 June 1699, TNA CO 5/1042 no. 40 XI, printed in Jameson as document 73On: Adventure Galley
  115. The crew examinations of William Jenkins of Bow and Hugh Parrott of Plymouth state that the company ran the leaky galley ashore at St Mary's, stripped her and set her on fire to recover the ironwork.
    Crew examinations printed in a secondary monographC. N. Dalton, The Real Captain Kidd (1911), appendix printing the examinations of William Jenkins of Bow and Hugh Parrott of PlymouthOn: Adventure Galley
  116. No confirmed wreck of the Adventure Galley has been found; the May 2015 announcement by Barry Clifford of the wreck and a fifty-kilogramme silver ingot off Ile Sainte-Marie was rejected by a 2015 UNESCO scientific mission led by Michel L'Hour, which found the ingot to be about 95 per cent lead and the site to be rubble from old port construction.
    Modern reportingThe History Blog, Captain Kidd treasure neither treasure nor Kidd's (2015), and AFP via Phys.org, Dispute deepens over Madagascar's pirate shipwreck (July 2015), both reporting the UNESCO mission; the mission's own report not consultedOn: Adventure Galley
  117. Governor Sir Thomas Modyford wrote that he had only reproved Mansfield for doing it without orders after the taking of Providence, and dared not go further than rebukes lest he drive the privateers from their allegiance.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147 and no. 1216, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord ArlingtonOn: Jamaica
  118. Sir Nicholas Lawes wrote to the alcaldes of Trinidado on Cuba on 26 January 1721-2 complaining of depredations and robberies by men who pretended to hold commissions from them, and demanding restitution of all the enslaved Africans that Brown and Winter had lately taken off from the north side of the island.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (1724), Introduction, printing Sir Nicolas Laws's letter to the alcaldes of Trinidado, 26 January 1721-2On: Jamaica
  119. Morgan's Panama expedition sailed from Port Royal on 14 August 1670 with eleven vessels and six hundred men, and gathered strength afterwards.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7 (1669-1674), item 504, Henry Morgan's relation of the expedition, printed calendar page 201.On: Port Royal
  120. Dampier's narrative places the Cape of Good Hope at the utmost bounds of the continent of Africa towards the south, in 34 degrees 30 minutes south latitude and a very temperate climate.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 52926-52928)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  121. Dampier's narrative names the high flat-topped mountain over the road the Table Land and places a spacious harbour on the west side of the Cape a little to the northward, with a low flat island off it that a ship may leave on either hand.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 53079-53082)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  122. Woodes Rogers's journal records his ships coming abreast of the Cape by noon and seeing the Table-Land, and hard flaws of wind off the high land on the 28th until they came within sight of the Liona Head and Rump, two hills over the Cape Toun.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19567-19572)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  123. Rogers's letter to the owners, printed in his journal, dates the ships' arrival at the Cape of Good Hope 29 December 1710.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19654-19655)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  124. Dampier came to the Cape aboard the Defence, homeward from Bencoulen under Captain Heath, according to the summary of contents at the head of the chapter.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 52108-52111)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  125. Dampier's narrative records that the night before his ship entered the harbour, about the beginning of April, they fired a gun every hour to give notice that they were in distress.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 52759-52762)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  126. Dampier's narrative records that a Dutch captain came aboard, saw the ship too weak to trim her sails and turn into the harbour, and sent ashore for a hundred lusty men, who brought the ship to an anchor.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 52762-52771)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  127. Dampier's narrative records that the sick were sent ashore at once to quarters provided for them, while those able to work stayed aboard and had good fat mutton or fresh beef sent aboard every day.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 52914-52918)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  128. Dampier's narrative records that he went ashore with the tattooed man he calls his painted Prince and remained at the Cape about six weeks, until the ship sailed.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 52918-52920)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  129. Rogers's journal records the ships mooring and getting down yards and topmasts against the hard flaws off the Table-Land, sixteen sick men sent ashore, and the time to 18 January spent watering and refitting.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19583-19587)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  130. Dampier's narrative describes a strong Dutch fort by the sea side against the harbour, where the Governor lives, and two or three hundred paces west of it a small Dutch town of about fifty or sixty houses.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 53306-53310)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  131. Dampier's narrative records that the Dutch East India Company had a large house and a stately garden walled in with a high stone wall on the back side of the town, towards the mountains.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 53327-53330)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  132. Dampier's narrative records that a great number of enslaved people, whom he calls Negro Slaves brought from other parts of the world, were continually weeding, pruning and trimming the Company's garden.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 53354-53358)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  133. Dampier's narrative records that the extraordinary high taxes the Company laid on liquor made it very dear, that none could be had but at the tavern or by stealth, and that only three houses in the town sold strong liquor.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 53448-53453)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  134. Dampier states that the people he calls the Hodmadods are so called by a corruption of the name by which they call to one another, in their dances or on any occasion.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), CHAP XX, Of the Natural Inhabitants of the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 536-540 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 53511-53515)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  135. Dampier's narrative records that the country was pretty well settled with farms, Dutch families and French refugees for twenty or thirty leagues up, but that there were few farms near the harbour.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter describing the arrival at the Cape of Good Hope and the description of the Cape, printed pp. 528-534 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 53142-53146)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  136. Rogers's journal records a rummage for bale goods to dispose of ashore, made by leave of the Governor, and a store house in which Captain Courtney and the owners' agent took weekly turns during the sale.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19739-19742)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  137. Rogers's journal records in one entry that he took in more water and provisions, sent more goods ashore to the storehouse, and disposed of twelve enslaved people at the Cape.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19749-19750)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  138. Rogers's journal records that the Duke had been very leaky all the way from Batavia and that he moved in council to go to a place he calls Sardinia Bay to careen her.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19699-19703)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  139. Rogers's journal records that the carpenters' survey found nothing could be done from within board and that only careening would answer, that Captain Dover and the majority would not consent, and that the ship lay as bad as ever.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19707-19711)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  140. Rogers's letter to the owners states that twelve sail of Dutch ships from Batavia were expected at the Cape every hour, with six more from Ceylon, and that the English had resolved in council to accompany that fleet to Holland unless they had an account of peace.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19661-19665)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  141. Rogers's journal records the Batavia fleet coming in about noon, eleven sail, the fort saluting the flag with twenty one guns, and all the English ships saluting except his own, which was upon the heel.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19713-19717)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  142. Rogers's journal records that he pressed for one privateer to run home alone while the other kept with the prize and the Dutch, and that the majority was against anything but going home with the Dutch fleet altogether.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), the journal at the Cape of Good Hope, printed pp. 301-305 (library file rogers1712_djvu.txt, lines 19632-19635)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  143. The 1696 trial print's account of Every's voyage has the Fancy go from Annibo about the Cape, and at Madagascar water the ship and get provisions and cows to salt up.
    Trial printThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1360-1362On: The Cape of Good Hope
  144. Every's company burnt a town called Meat in 1695 because its people would not trade with them, and then went up the Red Sea as far as they could.
    Trial printThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), The evidence of John Dann at the trial of 31 October 1696 (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1197-1198)On: The Red Sea
  145. The prize taken before the Gunsway was of about 250 tons, was taken with small resistance, and yielded gold and silver to the value of 30 or 40,000 pounds with other merchandise.
    Trial printThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the abstract of the trial of Friday 6 November 1696 (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 2396-2398).On: The Red Sea
  146. John Atkins describes Cape Corso on the Gold Coast as the principal fort and factory of the English Company, to which its ships constantly resorted.
    Period printed descriptionJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies, in His Majesty's Ships the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), the section headed Cabo Corso.On: The Royal African Company
  147. Atkins found at Cape Corso Castle the Governor, styled Director General, two merchants, a secretary, a chaplain, a surgeon, factors, writers, artificers and a company of soldiers.
    Period printed descriptionJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies, in His Majesty's Ships the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), the dated coasting notes at 16 June.On: The Royal African Company
  148. Atkins says that Dixcove, Succonda and Anamaboo, though called factories, each held only two or three men sent down from Cape Corso, who took a commission on their trade over and above their salary.
    Period printed descriptionJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies, in His Majesty's Ships the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), the dated coasting notes at 14 to 16 June.On: The Royal African Company
  149. Atkins describes large vaults in the area of the quadrangle at Cape Corso Castle, with an iron grate at the surface to let in light and air, where the enslaved were chained until a demand came, all marked with a burning iron upon the right breast, D. Y., for the Duke of York.
    Period printed descriptionJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies, in His Majesty's Ships the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), the section headed Cabo Corso.On: The Royal African Company
  150. Atkins says the Swallow and the Weymouth were stored for a double voyage down the coast of Guinea to meet with the pirates, who did then very much infest those parts and destroy the English trade and factories.
    Period printed descriptionJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies, in His Majesty's Ships the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), the opening of the voyage narrative.On: The Royal African Company
  151. Roberts's company took the Royal African Company frigate Onslow at Sestos on the Guinea coast at the beginning of August 1721, continued to her the name of the Royal Fortune and mounted her with forty guns.
    Period narrative and trial printA General History of the Pyrates (1724), the Roberts chapter, with the trial proceedings of Roberts's crew at Cape Coast Castle, March to April 1722.On: The Royal African Company
  152. The court that tried the men taken in the Ranger and the Royal Fortune was opened at Cape Coast Castle on 28 March 1722 under Captain Mungo Heardman as President, Ogle being disqualified from sitting as the captor.
    Trial printA Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), with the report of Captain Chaloner Ogle printed in it.On: The Royal African Company
  153. Atkins says he was six weeks attending the trials of the pirates at Cape Coast Castle and was treated very civilly.
    Period printed descriptionJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies, in His Majesty's Ships the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), the section headed Cabo Corso.On: The Royal African Company
  154. The court of admiralty at Cape Coast Castle resolved that the condemned men who petitioned it should have leave to interchange indentures with the Captain General of the Gold Coast, for the Royal African Company, for seven years' servitude at any of the Company's settlements in Africa.
    Period narrative reprinting court documentsA General History of the Pyrates (1724), the Cape Corso Castle trial appendix, the petition of 20 April 1722 and the resolution upon it.On: The Royal African Company
  155. Johnson's tally of the whole at Cape Coast Castle gives twenty men to servitude, seventy-four acquitted and fifty-two executed.
    Period narrative reprinting court documentsA General History of the Pyrates (1724), the Cape Corso Castle trial appendix, the account of the whole.On: The Royal African Company
  156. The proclamation directed surrender to one of the King's Principal Secretaries of State in Great Britain or Ireland, or to any governor or deputy governor of the plantations beyond the seas.
    Royal proclamationA General History of the Pyrates (1724), the proclamation of 5 September 1717 printed in the introductionOn: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  157. The reprint of the proclamation in the General History of the Pyrates gives one hundred pounds at the head of the reward scale and reads commander of any private ship or vessel, disagreeing with the official print.
    Period printed reprint of a state paperA General History of the Pyrates (1724), the proclamation of 5 September 1717 printed in the introductionOn: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  158. Dampier's narrative names the island of Tortugas by Hispaniola and says that it was formerly called French Tortugas.
    Period narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (1697), the chapter on Salt Tortuga and its salt ponds, printed p. 55 to p. 56 (library file dampier_new_voyage_1697.txt, lines 6788-6790)On: Tortuga
  159. Exquemelin set sail from Havre de Grace on 2 May 1666 in a ship called the St John, in French service, arrived at the island of Tortuga, and records that there they unladed the goods belonging to the Company of the West-Indies before the ship was sent on with some of her passengers.
    Period narrativeAlexandre Olivier Exquemelin, The History of the Bucaniers of America, in four parts (1695 English printing), chapter I, the outward voyage and the arrival (library file exquemelin_history_1695.txt, lines 535 and 770-774)On: Tortuga
  160. Exquemelin records that the factors of the Company on Tortuga found they could not recover either moneys or returns from the people of the island.
    Period narrativeAlexandre Olivier Exquemelin, The History of the Bucaniers of America, in four parts (1695 English printing), Part I, chapter II, the Company's dealings with the planters (library file exquemelin_history_1695.txt, lines 1275-1278)On: Tortuga
  161. Exquemelin records that the Company recalled its factors from Tortuga with orders to sell everything it owned in the plantation, the servants belonging to the Company being sold some for twenty and others for thirty pieces of eight, along with all its other merchandise and property.
    Period narrativeAlexandre Olivier Exquemelin, The History of the Bucaniers of America, in four parts (1695 English printing), Part I, chapter II, the Company's withdrawal (library file exquemelin_history_1695.txt, lines 1283-1287)On: Tortuga
  162. Exquemelin writes that on that occasion he was himself sold, being a servant under the Company in whose service he had come out of France, and that he fell into the hands of the man he calls the most cruel tyrant.
    Period narrativeAlexandre Olivier Exquemelin, The History of the Bucaniers of America, in four parts (1695 English printing), Part I, chapter II, the author's sale (library file exquemelin_history_1695.txt, lines 1291-1293)On: Tortuga
  163. Exquemelin writes that his master on Tortuga used him with all the hard usages imaginable, including hunger by which he thought he would perish, and would let him buy his freedom only at three hundred pieces of eight.
    Period narrativeAlexandre Olivier Exquemelin, The History of the Bucaniers of America, in four parts (1695 English printing), Part I, chapter II, the author in servitude (library file exquemelin_history_1695.txt, lines 1296-1299)On: Tortuga
  164. On coming into Carlisle Bay, Richard Ligon found twenty-two good ships riding at anchor with boats plying to and fro under sail and oar, carrying goods from place to place as quick and numerous as he had seen below the bridge at London.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), read in the Internet Archive copy (library file ligon1657.txt), lines 1756-1759On: Barbados
  165. Ligon records that within a month of his arrival the inhabitants of the island and the shipping alike were so visited by the plague, or a disease as killing, that the living were hardly able to bury the dead.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), read in the Internet Archive copy (library file ligon1657.txt), lines 1761-1766On: Barbados
  166. Ligon places the town at the most inward part of Carlisle Bay and says it is called the Bridge, from a long bridge made at first over a little nook of the sea that was rather a bog than sea.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), read in the Internet Archive copy (library file ligon1657.txt), lines 2009-2012On: Barbados
  167. Ligon judged the siting of the town a mistake, the ground within the land lying lower than the sea banks so that the spring tides flowed over and remained, making a great part of that flat a bog or morass to which he attributed much of the sickness.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), read in the Internet Archive copy (library file ligon1657.txt), lines 2020-2028On: Barbados
  168. Ligon reckons that about a hundred sail of ships visit the island yearly and are fed while they lie in the harbours on the native victuals grown there.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), read in the Internet Archive copy (library file ligon1657.txt), lines 3073-3077On: Barbados
  169. Ligon lists the commodities the ships brought to the island as servants and slaves, both men and women, horses, cattle, asses and camels, utensils for boiling sugar, and all manner of working tools.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), read in the Internet Archive copy (library file ligon1657.txt), lines 3082-3084On: Barbados
  170. Ligon describes a plantation of five hundred acres with a dwelling house, an ingenio, boiling house, filling room, cisterns, still house and curing house, stables, a smith's forge and rooms for provisions, carrying ninety-six Negroes, three Indian women with their children and twenty-eight Christians.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), read in the Internet Archive copy (library file ligon1657.txt), lines 1820-1826On: Barbados
  171. Ligon writes that for eight months of the year the weather is very hot, yet not so scalding but that servants, both Christians and slaves, labour and travail ten hours in a day.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), read in the Internet Archive copy (library file ligon1657.txt), lines 2134-2137On: Barbados
  172. Writing of a cross set up on the island, Ligon reproaches the planters who, rather than lose the hold they have of the enslaved as slaves, will deny them the benefit and blessing of being Christians.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), read in the Internet Archive copy (library file ligon1657.txt), lines 6061-6065On: Barbados
  173. The heading of the Charles Town proceedings, as the General History prints it, has a Court of Vice-Admiralty held on 28 October 1718 and continued by adjournments to Wednesday 12 November before Nicholas Trott, for the trial of the pirates taken in a sloop formerly called the Revenge but afterwards the Royal James.
    Period narrative reprinting the trial proceedingsCharles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew (Project Gutenberg ebook 40580)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  174. Six of Every's men were condemned, Joseph Dawson upon his own confession on four indictments and five others found guilty on three, and the print records that Edward Forseith and the rest were executed on Wednesday 25 November 1696 at Execution Dock, without saying whether Dawson was among them; the reading carried here is that five hanged and Dawson was reprieved.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the judgment and the closing note that follows it.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  175. The warrant for that execution is dated 2 April 1722 over the hand of Mungo Heardman and directed to Joseph Gordyn, provost marshal, with a further line ordering the bodies removed in chains to the gibbets already erected on the adjacent hillocks.
    Period narrative printing the court's warrantA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), Volume I, chapter IX, Of Captain Bartho. Roberts, the warrant for execution following the sentence at Cape Corso Castle.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  176. In the printed lists of Roberts's crew tried at Cape Coast Castle a star before a name marks a man condemned and a cross a man referred for trial to the Marshalsea, all the rest being acquitted.
    Period narrative printing the court's listsA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), Volume I, chapter IX, Of Captain Bartho. Roberts, the note following the tryals of Roberts's crew.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  177. Richard Ligon states that less than fourteen thousand pounds sterling will not settle a man in a sugar work, on a plantation of five hundred acres with a proportionable stock of servants, slaves, horses, camels, cattle and assinigoes, an ingenio and all other housing belonging to it.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), the passage of advice to intending plantersOn: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  178. Ligon states that at the time of his arrival the sugars made on Barbados were bare muscovadoes, few of them merchantable, so moist and full of molasses and so ill cured that they were hardly worth bringing home for England.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), the account of the beginnings of sugar-makingOn: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  179. Ligon divides the island into three sorts of men, masters, servants and slaves, and states that the slaves and their posterity are subject to their masters for ever and are kept and preserved with greater care than the servants.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), the account of the number and nature of the inhabitantsOn: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  180. Ligon states that the servants are their masters' for five years only according to the law of the island, and that for that time the servants have the worse lives, being put to very hard labour, ill lodging and a very slight diet.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), the account of the number and nature of the inhabitantsOn: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  181. Ligon states that he had seen an overseer beat a servant with a cane about the head until the blood followed, for a fault not worth the speaking of.
    Period printed descriptionRichard Ligon, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes (London, 1657), the account of the usage of the servantsOn: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  182. The abstract of the trial of 6 November 1696 makes the first prize about 250 tons, taken with small resistance, with gold and silver taken out of her to the value of thirty or forty thousand pounds.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the abstract of the trial of Friday 6 November 1696 (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 2396-2398)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  183. The abstract of the trial of 6 November 1696 states that about a week after the taking the company shared all the prizes they had taken, some having a thousand pounds, some eight hundred, some seven hundred and some five hundred, every man in the ship his share as they thought he deserved.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the abstract of the trial of Friday 6 November 1696 (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 2399-2401)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  184. The London Gazette of 21 to 24 September 1717 printed, under a Bermudas dateline of 30 July, letters received from Boston in New England advising that on 27 April last there was a pirate ship of sixteen guns.
    Period printed newspaperThe London Gazette, issue 5575, from Saturday September 21 to Tuesday September 24, 1717, the Bermudas letter of 30 July (library file gaz_5575.txt, lines 4-8)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  185. The same Gazette report gives the pirate ship's name as the Widow and states that Bellamy had taken her in March last from Captain Prince of Bristol as he was turning up to the Bahama Islands bound home from Jamaica.
    Period printed newspaperThe London Gazette, issue 5575, from Saturday September 21 to Tuesday September 24, 1717, the Bermudas letter of 30 July (library file gaz_5575.txt, lines 30-34)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  186. Woodes Rogers records that on going from the Texel to Amsterdam the ships carried no gold out, on consideration that it might be prejudicial to the insurance made on the ships if they took any value out and an accident should afterwards happen.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World, 1712, the journal at the TexelOn: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  187. Land crabs were numerous on Anguilla and some very large, and they were excellent good meat and a main support of the inhabitants of those islands, who ranged about a crabbing and took them after a shower of rain.
    Period printed descriptionLionel Wafer, A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America (London, 1699), the chapter on the animals of the country, at the side-note Land-Crab'sOn: Anguilla
  188. A news-sheet enclosed in Lieutenant Governor Bennett's letter from Bermuda of 31 March 1720 makes the party put ashore on Anguilla five white men and one black, of whom two were then in gaol at Antigua and the rest were sent for.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32, 1720-1721, item 33.i, a newspaper enclosed in Lt. Governor Bennett to Mr. Popple, Bermuda, 31 March 1720, pp. 18-19On: Anguilla
  189. West's account of the earlier law, given to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 20 June 1720, is that the statute 28 Henry VIII c. 15 sent murders and robberies committed by pirates on the high seas, or where the Admiral pretended jurisdiction, to be tried in such counties within the realm as the King's commission limited, in like manner as if the offences had been done at land.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32, item 117, 20 June 1720, Mr. West to the Council of Trade and Plantations, which paraphrases the statute rather than quoting it; the Act of 28 Henry VIII is not read behind him.On: Execution Dock
  190. West's account of the same statute is that a man convicted suffered death without benefit of clergy and forfeited his lands and goods, as in cases of felonies and murders done at land.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32, item 117, 20 June 1720, Mr. West to the Council of Trade and Plantations, which paraphrases the statute rather than quoting it; the Act of 28 Henry VIII is not read behind him.On: Execution Dock
  191. The English publisher of the buccaneer narratives states that an account he printed had been received from the hands of some of the buccaneers themselves at Wapping, and that he and others thought it fit to publish at that time.
    Period printed prefaceAlexandre Olivier Exquemelin, Bucaniers of America (London, 1684), the publisher's preface to the reader.On: Execution Dock
  192. Six of Henry Every's men were condemned in 1696 and Edward Forseith and the rest were executed on Wednesday 25 November 1696 at Execution Dock; the sentence as printed does not say whether Joseph Dawson, who had confessed, was among those executed, and the reading carried elsewhere is that five hanged and Dawson was reprieved.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the judgment and the closing note after it; the reprieve of Dawson follows the reading carried on this Archive's record of the trials.On: Execution Dock
  193. Two of Kidd's crew, William Jenkins of Bow and Hugh Parrott of Plymouth, stated in their examinations that the remaining company ran the leaky Adventure galley on shore at St. Mary's, stripped her of her furniture and set her on fire to get her ironwork.
    Modern scholarship printing the examinationsCornelius Neale Dalton, The Real Captain Kidd: A Vindication (London, 1911), the appendix printing the examinations of William Jenkins and Hugh Parrott (library file gutenberg-54444.txt, lines 3538-3540)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  194. The coast at Whydah runs in a straight line, with no gulfs or bays, is wooded the whole way, and the surf breaks rough along the beach everywhere.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 6219)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  195. Whydah was a very dangerous coast to land at, having two bars before it and great seas, and a canoe carrying goods ashore there from a merchant ship overset in the attempt.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 1206)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  196. The dangerous double bar on the coast at Whydah was sometimes made impassable for a fortnight together by the alteration of the winds, and only the canoemen of the country knew how to paddle through it.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 4147)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  197. The French, the Dutch and the English each kept a house, or mud fort, about three miles from the sea at Whydah, with tents at the beach for receiving and securing their cargoes as they came from the ship.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 4143)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  198. Whydah was the greatest trading place on the coast of Guinea, selling off as many enslaved people as all the rest of that coast together, with forty or fifty sail of French, English, Portuguese and Dutch ships freighting from it every year.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 4127)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  199. The captives sold at Whydah were brought down from a populous country inland, full of towns, whose people dared not sell or buy anything without licence and paid a custom both ways, and they were sold to the Europeans naked.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 2680)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  200. The king of Whydah laid three impositions on the ships in the road: the refusal of all goods, the value of twenty slaves from every ship, small or great, as a duty, and the forcing of his own captives on the traders at an advanced price.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 4138)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  201. Whydah was governed by an absolute king who lived at a town called Sabbee, six miles from the sea, in a large bamboo palace of a mile or two round.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 2652)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  202. White people were seldom or never admitted to the king of Whydah's presence except at the times they paid their customs, which were very considerable from the Europeans, who drove there the greatest slave trade of any on the whole continent.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 2672)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  203. Atkins writes that the squadron decided to follow the pirates to Whydah as the best place on the coast for plunder, and that they missed them there by twenty-four hours but fixed the limits of their navigation by following quickly to Cape Lopez.
    Period printed description of the coastJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth (London, 1735), by John Atkins, Surgeon in the Royal Navy (library file gut72102_atkins_voyage_to_guinea.txt, line 4583)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  204. The ship the pirates carried away from Whydah Road was French built and had formerly been a privateer of St Malo; they fitted her for their own service as the Ranger and quitted an older consort of twenty-four guns to man her.
    Officer's report printed with a trial accountA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of All the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), Captain Chaloner Ogle's report (library file ogle-tryals-1723.txt, lines 96-100)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  205. Smith's instructions required him to make plans, draughts and prospects of the Royal African Company's forts and settlements.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed pp. 1-2, library lines 187-218On: Bunce Island
  206. Smith's instructions required him at Sierra Leone River to survey Tasso Island, Bence Island and the Company's fort there as he had surveyed the river and fort at Gambia.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed p. 3, library lines 248-257On: Bunce Island
  207. Smith recorded regular soundings of eight to ten fathoms close under the high hills of the Sierra Leone River, while the accompanying ship's outer track varied sharply.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed p. 38, library lines 1436-1464On: Bunce Island
  208. At Frenchman's Bay Captain Crocker gave Smith a short account of the Company's affairs at Bence Island, then under the direction of Marmaduke Panwell.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed p. 39, library lines 1474-1486On: Bunce Island
  209. On 6 November 1726 Smith went to Bence Island and described a regular fortification mounting twenty-two heavy cannon, with a lower battery of eleven more; the island was the governor's residence.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed p. 40, library lines 1510-1532On: Bunce Island
  210. Smith began his survey on 7 November and wrote that he met none of the opposition he had encountered at Gambia.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed p. 41, library lines 1541-1554On: Bunce Island
  211. Smith states that the Company held two islands in the river: Tasso, where enslaved Company labourers maintained a plantation, and Bence, where the fort stood.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed pp. 44-45, library lines 1698-1723On: Bunce Island
  212. Smith reached Cape Coast Road on 18 February 1727, found several ships there and remained on Company business until 23 March, calling it the English place of greatest consequence on the Guinea coast.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed p. 121, library lines 4362-4381On: Cape Coast Castle
  213. Smith described the Cape Coast parade as a quadrangle twenty feet above the rock, open towards the sea, with a platform of thirteen heavy cannon.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed pp. 122-123, library lines 4406-4428On: Cape Coast Castle
  214. Smith described Cape Coast town as large and populous and wrote that fishing was its inhabitants' chief peacetime employment.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed p. 123, library lines 4419-4440On: Cape Coast Castle
  215. Smith states that Cape Coast Castle had at times been governed by a Captain-General of all English Gold Coast settlements and at other times by three governors.
    Period primary source or printed calendarSmith, A New Voyage to Guinea (1744), printed pp. 125-126, library lines 4504-4524On: Cape Coast Castle
  216. Atkins called Cape Corso the African Company's chief fort and listed a Director General, merchants, secretary, chaplain, surgeon, factors, writers, artisans and soldiers within it, with accommodation for enslaved people.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAtkins, A Voyage to Guinea (1735), chronology of the African voyage, library lines 6194-6204On: Cape Coast Castle
  217. The printed proceedings title the court as an Admiralty court held at Cabo Corso Castle on 28 March 1722 to try pirates taken in the Royal Fortune and Ranger.
    Period primary source or printed calendarThe Tryals of the Pyrates (1723), court heading, library lines 225-233On: Cape Coast Castle
  218. The printed court journal records that the commission was read, the president and members were sworn, and the Ranger prisoners were brought before the court.
    Period primary source or printed calendarThe Tryals of the Pyrates (1723), opening of the court, library lines 230-239On: Cape Coast Castle
  219. Atkins describes Cape Lopez as a safe and pleasant bay, with anchorage in twenty fathoms and both the cape and watering place about a mile and a half distant.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAtkins, A Voyage to Guinea (1735), Cape Lopez, library lines 4703-4710On: Cape Lopez
  220. Atkins advises an approaching ship to bring the cape south-south-west to avoid Frenchman's Bank, which charts placed about a league and a half north-north-east of the cape.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAtkins, A Voyage to Guinea (1735), Cape Lopez, library lines 4711-4718On: Cape Lopez
  221. Atkins described the cape as low and steep but wooded, with savannahs behind it, and the bay as stocked with fish; provisions and local trade goods were available there.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAtkins, A Voyage to Guinea (1735), Cape Lopez, library lines 4719-4731On: Cape Lopez
  222. Atkins wrote that wood was exchanged for an old Guinea sheet and that water was free and easy to reach, though it came from a standing pool and tasted worse than spring water.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAtkins, A Voyage to Guinea (1735), Cape Lopez, library lines 4732-4739On: Cape Lopez
  223. Ogle's printed journal says that at daylight on 5 February he saw Cape Lopez about three leagues away and three ships at anchor under it, which he believed to be the pirates.
    Period primary source or printed calendarThe Tryals of the Pyrates (1723), Ogle's journal, library lines 111-119On: Cape Lopez
  224. Ogle records that the pursuing ship came within gunshot, flew English colours and a black flag, exchanged fire with the Swallow, and struck after an hour and a half.
    Period primary source or printed calendarThe Tryals of the Pyrates (1723), Ogle's journal, library lines 114-130On: Cape Lopez
  225. Ogle's journal states that Roberts was killed and that the captured Royal Fortune mounted forty guns and carried 152 men, twenty-five of them Black.
    Period primary source or printed calendarThe Tryals of the Pyrates (1723), Ogle's journal, library lines 143-151On: Cape Lopez
  226. Atkins's chronology says the Swallow returned to Cape Lopez and found the remaining consorts easy in the bay; they cut their cable, raised the black flag, fought while running and struck when the broadside reached them.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAtkins, A Voyage to Guinea (1735), chronology under 10 February, library lines 6331-6341On: Cape Lopez
  227. Atkins records that the warships left Cape Lopez with prizes and prisoners for Cape Corso, where the general and chief merchants held a commission to try them.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAtkins, A Voyage to Guinea (1735), chronology under 18 February, library lines 6345-6352On: Cape Lopez
  228. Section I permits British subjects to trade without restraint between Sally in South Barbary and the Cape of Good Hope, except as the Act itself provides.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), preamble and section I, library lines 10-12On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  229. Section II makes British subjects trading between Cape Blanco and the Cape of Good Hope a corporate body named the Company of Merchants trading to Africa, with perpetual succession and a common seal.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section II, library lines 14-16On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  230. Section III provides that the Royal African Company's forts, settlements and factories would vest in the new Company after a further Act divested the old company, and were to serve the protection and defence of trade.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section III, library line 17On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  231. Section IV forbids the Company to trade to or from Africa in a corporate or joint capacity, to hold joint or transferable stock, or to borrow on its common seal.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section IV, library line 18On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  232. Section V places management in an annually chosen committee of nine meeting in London, with five members sufficient to act.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section V, library line 20On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  233. Section VI admits the first freemen on payment of forty shillings and provides for the London members to choose three people for the first committee.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section VI, library line 21On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  234. Section VII provides for annual election of a nine-person committee and assigns three of its places to the Company's freemen admitted in London.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section VII, library line 22On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  235. Section XIX bars a person from serving as a committee member for more than three successive years and prevents trading partners from serving together.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section XIX, library line 35On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  236. Section XX allows the committee to buy and insure goods and stores, send them to Africa, and apply them solely to the forts and their staff.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section XX, library line 36On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  237. Section XXIII requires the committee to give the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations at least annual accounts of money, orders, instructions and other transactions.
    Period primary source or printed calendarAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section XXIII, library line 39On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  238. Section V empowers the committee to govern, preserve and improve the forts and factories and to appoint and remove their civil and military officers.
    Period primary sourceAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section V, library line 20On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  239. Section VII assigns three annual committee places to freemen admitted at Bristol.
    Period primary sourceAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section VII, library line 22On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  240. Section VII assigns three annual committee places to freemen admitted at Liverpool.
    Period primary sourceAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section VII, library line 22On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  241. Section XX forbids the committee to carry enslaved people or other goods from Africa or otherwise conduct trade to or from Africa.
    Period primary sourceAn Act for extending and improving the trade to Africa (1750), section XX, library line 36On: The Company of Merchants Trading to Africa
  242. Baldridge is styled "Captain" in the sources but was a shore-based settler, trader, supplier and receiver at St Mary's rather than a pirate ship-captain, although Samuel Perkins said he had "turned Pirate about 13 years agoe".
    Sworn depositions and modern scholarly editionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68); Deposition of Samuel Perkins, relating to pirates in the East Indies (C.O. 323:2, no. 131; Jameson (1923) doc 65); editorial notes to documents 65, 68 and 73 in Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative DocumentsOn: Adam Baldridge
  243. Baldridge founded his post at St Mary's in 1690 and 1691 by making war on the Malagasy of the island, in his own words having "went to War with them", returning with cattle "and some slaves" before building his house.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; printed in Jameson (1923) as document 68; also N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 518-526)On: Adam Baldridge
  244. Baldridge's own dated narrative supplies an unusually firm chronology of the St Mary's post from 17 July 1690 to his departure in 1697, keyed to the arrival of named ships with dates, tonnages, guns and cargoes.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; printed in Jameson (1923) as document 68; also N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 518-526)On: Adam Baldridge
  245. Baldridge maintained a fort at St Mary's whose armament the sources report differently: he names about eleven guns received, "five great Guns for a fortification" from Raynor and six more from Coats, while Perkins reports "a platforme of a Fort with 22 Guns" and Henry Watson "seven or eight guns".
    Sworn depositions and calendared state papersDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68); Deposition of Samuel Perkins (C.O. 323:2, no. 131; Jameson (1923) doc 65); Narrative of Henry Watson, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697 to 1698), entry 224 (14 Feb 1698), pp. 107-108On: Adam Baldridge
  246. At least three vessels owned by Frederick Philipse of New York reached Baldridge at St Mary's, the Charles in 1693, the Katherine in 1695 and Cornelius Jacobs's ship in 1697, and Henry Watson's narrative names Baldridge and Lawrence Johnston as "factors for one Frederick Phillips", receiving consigned cargoes and returning slaves, coin and goods.
    Calendared state papers and sworn depositionNarrative of Henry Watson, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697 to 1698), entry 224 (14 Feb 1698), pp. 107-108; Deposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68)On: Adam Baldridge
  247. Baldridge's post left St Mary's in 1697 amid the Malagasy rising, in which about 30 white men were killed while he was absent trading, and he thereafter returned to America.
    Sworn depositionsDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68); Deposition of Samuel Perkins, relating to pirates in the East Indies (C.O. 323:2, no. 131; Jameson (1923) doc 65)On: Adam Baldridge
  248. After his St Mary's years Baldridge settled at New York, where Bellomont at first reckoned him "a sober man and reported wealthy" before being warned of his piracy connection.
    Sworn deposition and modern scholarly editionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68); editorial headnote and footnotes to documents 65, 68 and 73 in Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (Jameson (1923), quoting N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 333, 413, 518-526, 552, 766)On: Adam Baldridge
  249. The deposition is independently corroborated on the supply network by Samuel Perkins's deposition of 25 August 1698 and by Henry Watson's narrative calendared in Calendar of State Papers Colonial volume 16 at entry 224 of 14 February 1698, which names Baldridge and Lawrence Johnston as factors for Frederick Philipse.
    Sworn deposition and calendared state papersDeposition of Samuel Perkins, relating to pirates in the East Indies (C.O. 323:2, no. 131; Jameson (1923) doc 65); Narrative of Henry Watson, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697 to 1698), entry 224 (14 Feb 1698), pp. 107-108On: Adam Baldridge
  250. The factual scaffolding of Baldridge's deposition, its dates, ships and cargoes, is reliable, but its causal framing, that the abusive privateers and not he provoked the rising, is his own defence, contradicted by Kidd, and Jameson calls the document "Baldridge's tale of innocence".
    Sworn deposition and modern scholarly editionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68); editorial headnote and footnotes to documents 65, 68 and 73 in Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative DocumentsOn: Adam Baldridge
  251. Five participants left accounts of the same voyage, Basil Ringrose, Sharp himself, John Cox, William Dampier and Lionel Wafer, a corpus that exists because the company divided at the Isle of Plata in April 1681 and sent its witnesses home by two routes.
    Period narrative and reproduced journalsA New Voyage Round the World; History of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10)On: Bartholomew Sharp
  252. Sharp and his company were English, and Dampier's narrative places Captain Coxon, Sawkins, Sharp and other privateers together at Negril Way, at the west end of Jamaica, before the 1680 expedition set out.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World, the author's account of his first entering the South Seas; History of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10)On: Bartholomew Sharp
  253. Dampier's narrative states that at Juan Fernandez Sharp was, by general consent, "displaced from being Commander; the Company being not satisfied either with his Courage or Behaviour", and that Captain Watling was advanced in his stead.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World, the author's introductory summary of Sharp's expedition, running head 'His Company disagree'On: Bartholomew Sharp
  254. Dampier's narrative puts the party that went ashore on the isthmus near Golden Island on 5 April 1680 at between three and four hundred men.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World, the author's account of his first entering the South SeasOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  255. At Ilo on 28 October 1680 the company landed, seized water, wine, oil and provisions, and destroyed the buildings and plantations when the Spaniards would not ransom them, with Sharp in command.
    Reproduced journals and period narrativeHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), Ringrose and Sharp as reproduced there; A New Voyage Round the WorldOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  256. La Serena, at Coquimbo, was plundered and burnt on 3 December 1680 after a ransom of 95,000 pieces of eight was demanded and not paid, with Sharp in command.
    Reproduced journals and period narrativeHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), Ringrose as reproduced there; A New Voyage Round the WorldOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  257. Dampier's narrative, describing a man coming out to a ship with combustible matter to stick about the rudder, states that Sharp was served such a trick at Coquimbo, and that his ship "had like to have been burnt by it, if by meer accident it had not been discovered".
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World, the narrative of the Spanish fireship at Taboga in the Bay of Panama, 1685On: Bartholomew Sharp
  258. An old Spanish prisoner was shot near Yqueque on 27 January 1681 after displeasing his captors over the strength of Arica, the journal attributing the killing to Watling, who then had the command.
    Reproduced journalsHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), Ringrose as reproduced thereOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  259. A captured friar was shot and cast overboard alive about August 1680, while Sharp commanded the company; Ringrose's manuscript journal carries the episode, Sharp's own Journal does not mention it, and the source does not fix responsibility for the order.
    Reproduced journalsHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), Ringrose's manuscript journal as reproduced thereOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  260. The San Pedro was taken out of Guayaquil in July 1681, with 21,000 pieces of eight in chests and 16,000 in bags besides plate, Sharp being then in command again.
    Reproduced journalsHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), Ringrose and the printed Narrative as reproduced thereOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  261. About 28 July 1681 Sharp's company took the San Rosario after resistance and killed her captain, carried off a great book of Spanish sea charts, the derrotero, and left behind 700 pigs of plate mistaken for tin.
    Reproduced journals and modern scholarshipHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), the printed Narrative as reproduced there; 'As it Was' (Sharp's captured Spanish atlas and William Hack)On: Bartholomew Sharp
  262. The printed Narrative states that the captured book of charts was "presented unto His Majesty on the return of some of the Buccaneers to England, and was translated into English by His Majesty's order".
    Reproduced journalsHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), the printed Narrative as reproduced thereOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  263. The whole two-year South Sea cruise was conducted without any commission, as the buccaneers themselves acknowledged.
    Reproduced journalsHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), Ringrose and his fellow journalists as reproduced thereOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  264. On reaching England in 1682 Sharp and a few others were apprehended and tried for piracy in the South Sea before a Court of Admiralty at the Marshalsea in Southwark, at the instance of the Spanish ambassador, and escaped conviction from the defectiveness of the evidence; three of the crew were tried separately at Jamaica, one of whom was condemned and hanged.
    Reproduced journalsHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), the printed Narrative as reproduced thereOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  265. Sharp was never convicted of piracy: on the one charge that was adjudicated, the taking of the Rosario, he was acquitted, and the remainder of his acts were never brought to proof against him.
    Reproduced journalsHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), the printed Narrative as reproduced thereOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  266. The dates in the buccaneer journals are the writers' own Old Style reckoning and are read as the participants recorded them, without silent conversion.
    Period narrative and reproduced journalsA New Voyage Round the World; History of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10)On: Bartholomew Sharp
  267. Hornigold bears no attested contemporary nickname or epithet: the state papers and Johnson's General History name him only as Hornigold or Hornygold.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 29, July 1716, item 240.i (Deposition of John Vickers); vol 30, October 1718, item 737 (Gov Woodes Rogers to Council of Trade and Plantations, 31 Oct 1718); A General History of the Pyrates (vol 1, Introduction and chapter Of Captain Teach alias Black-beard)On: Benjamin Hornigold
  268. Hornigold's refusal to take and plunder English vessels is the one policy documented for him, and it rests on John Brown's sworn trial deposition rather than on Johnson's narrative alone.
    Trial pamphlet and calendared state papersThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy &c. (Boston, 1718), examination of John Brown; Calendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 30, October 1718, item 737 (Gov Woodes Rogers to Council of Trade and Plantations, 31 Oct 1718)On: Benjamin Hornigold
  269. Ten of the pirates taken by Hornigold and Cockram were tried at Nassau on 9 and 10 December 1718 and eight were hanged on 12 December, George Rounsivell being reprieved under the gallows.
    Calendared state paperGovernor Woodes Rogers to Mr Secretary Craggs, Nassau, 24 December 1718, Calendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 30 item 807On: Benjamin Hornigold
  270. Rogers' letter of 24 December 1718 is the last firm documentary appearance of Hornigold alive, and the 1719 employment protecting Spanish trade often given him is a secondary framing with no document produced for it.
    Calendared state papers with secondary chronologyGovernor Woodes Rogers to Mr Secretary Craggs, Nassau, 24 December 1718, Calendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 30 item 807; Governor Woodes Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 31 October 1718, vol 30 item 737; "The Chronology of Captain Benjamin Hornigold", thepiratehaven.comOn: Benjamin Hornigold
  271. The attested name forms are 'Captain Lewis' and 'Lewis' in Johnson (1728), Johnson's ironic 'this worthy Gentleman' and 'honest Captain Lewis', and the modern 'William Lewis' of later writers; no period forename has been located.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. II, the chapter 'Of Captain Lewis. And his Crew'On: Captain Lewis
  272. Christopher Goffe is fixed in the Massachusetts government records at two points, his surrender at Boston in November 1687 under the royal proclamation against pirates and his commission of August 1691 to cruise in the ship Swan, so that his turn from suspected pirate to commissioned pirate-hunter is documented at both ends while the years between are not.
    Modern scholarship and colonial recordsThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730 (the Goffe passage at pp. 30-32), transcribing Massachusetts Archives, Vol. CXXVII, leaves 10 and 191, and Vol. XXXVII, leaf 117; the manuscripts not directly consultedOn: Christopher Goffe
  273. The name is given as Christopher Goffe throughout the Massachusetts records as Dow and Edmonds transcribe them; "Goff" is a modern form and appears in the place name Goff's Caye, while the variants "Gouge" and "Goffee" carried by popular usage are attested in no source read for this record.
    Modern scholarshipThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630 to 1730 (the Goffe passage at pp. 30 to 32)On: Christopher Goffe
  274. This Christopher Goffe is a different man from William Goffe the regicide, who died in hiding at Hadley about 1679, and from other New England Goffes such as John and Edmund Goffe; the connection is one of surname only.
    Modern scholarshipThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630 to 1730 (the Goffe passage at pp. 30 to 32)On: Christopher Goffe
  275. In November 1687 Goffe appeared at Boston and surrendered himself under the royal Proclamation for Suppressing Pyrates and Privateers, giving a bond to go to England and receive the King's pardon rather than face trial.
    Modern scholarship and colonial recordsThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730 (the Goffe passage at pp. 30-32), transcribing Massachusetts Archives, Vol. CXXVII, leaves 10 and 191; the manuscripts not directly consultedOn: Christopher Goffe
  276. Goffe was never tried or convicted of piracy in any record read for this account; his acts before 1687 are alleged and not adjudicated, and the royal amnesty under which he surrendered closed the matter without a verdict.
    Modern scholarship and colonial recordsThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730 (the Goffe passage at pp. 30-32), transcribing Massachusetts Archives, Vol. CXXVII, leaves 10 and 191; the manuscripts not directly consultedOn: Christopher Goffe
  277. Goffe recovered from his sickness and in August 1691 held a commission from the Massachusetts government to command the ship Swan and to pursue the privateers Thomas Griffin and George Dew off the New England coast.
    Modern scholarship and colonial recordsThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730 (the Goffe passage at pp. 30-32), transcribing Massachusetts Archives, Vol. XXXVII, leaf 117; the manuscript not directly consultedOn: Christopher Goffe
  278. In the same letter Griffin accused the Bostonians of supplying the French at Fort Royal with arms, ammunition and cloth in return for beaver and other goods; the record establishes that the accusation was made and not that it was true.
    Modern scholarshipThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730 (the Goffe passage at pp. 30-32), chapter Dixey Bull and Some Other Pirates, p. 31On: Christopher Goffe
  279. The attested name forms are "Christopher Moody" and "Chris. Moody" for the man hanged with Roberts's crew, "Captain William Moody" and "William Moudy" for the captain of the Rising Sun, and "one Moody", without a forename, in the Charles Town letter.
    Period narrative and calendared state papersA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), the Cape Corso Castle trial documents; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, item 797 and its enclosed depositions; The History of the Pyrates, Vol. II, the Captain Worley chapterOn: Christopher Moody
  280. Hamilton reported that the three vessels had lain several days at anchor off the harbour mouth of St Thomas and were said to have been supplied with provisions from that island, which he thought likely, "for that is a nest that harbours all villains, and vagabonds".
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 797, Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, St Christophers, 19 December 1718On: Christopher Moody
  281. John Brown, late commander of the brigantine John and Thomas of Rhode Island, deposed at Antigua on 12 March 1718/19 that on 5 November he had been taken off the Bay of Carolina by the pirate ship Rising Sun, William Moudy commander, mounted with 36 guns and carrying 130 men, white and black.
    Deposition, calendaredCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 797. i, the deposition of John Brown, Antigua, 12 March 1718/19On: Christopher Moody
  282. Brown deposed that at the end of November the Rising Sun lay two or three days at St Thomas and took three vessels belonging to Martinique, sending the master of each ashore to the governor to demand provisions as ransom on threat of burning his ship.
    Deposition, calendaredCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 797. i, the deposition of John Brown, Antigua, 12 March 1718/19On: Christopher Moody
  283. Robert Leathes of the Upton pink of Belfast deposed at Antigua on 12 March 1718/19 that on 17 January, in latitude 35 north on a voyage from Belfast to South Carolina, he had been taken by a pirate brigantine under Richard Frowd of about four guns and sixty men, "tender to the pirate ship Rising Sun".
    Deposition, calendaredCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 797. v, the deposition of Robert Leathes, Antigua, 12 March 1718/19On: Christopher Moody
  284. The gun counts disagree inside item 797: Hamilton's covering letter gives Moody's ship 24 guns and Frowd's brigantine eight, while the enclosed depositions give the Rising Sun 36 guns and the brigantine about four.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 797, Governor Hamilton's letter against the enclosed depositions of John Brown and Robert LeathesOn: Christopher Moody
  285. Item 797 carries an internal dating tension: Hamilton's covering letter is headed 19 December 1718, the two depositions that name Moody were sworn at Antigua on 12 March 1718/19, and the bundle was endorsed as received on 15 May and read on 9 June 1719, with the Colonial Office manuscript still uncollated.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 797, the entry heading, the endorsement, and the depositions of John Brown and Robert LeathesOn: Christopher Moody
  286. Johnson prints the charge exhibited "against the following Pyrates taken out of the Royal Fortune" and enters Christopher Moody in that list, marked as condemned, as having come in "under Davis" in 1718.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), the trials of Bartholomew Roberts's crew at Cape Corso Castle, the list of prisoners taken out of the Royal FortuneOn: Christopher Moody
  287. Evidence given at Cape Corso Castle against the surgeon Peter Scudamore, who had quarrelled and fought with him at Calabar, describes Moody as "one of the Heads of the Gang".
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), the trial of Peter Scudamore at Cape Corso Castle, the depositions of Harry Glasby, Jo. Wingfield and Nicholas BrattleOn: Christopher Moody
  288. The printed proceedings record that on 31 March 1722 the court remanded six men for sentence: David Sympson, William Magnes, Richard Hardy, Thomas Sutton, Christopher Moody and Valentine Ashplant.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), the trials at Cape Corso Castle, the remand for sentence of 31 MarchOn: Christopher Moody
  289. The sentence ordered the six to be carried to the place of execution without the gates of the castle and there within the flood-marks hanged by the neck until dead, and afterwards taken down and their bodies hanged in chains.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), the trials at Cape Corso Castle, the sentence pronounced after the President's addressOn: Christopher Moody
  290. The warrant for execution, dated 2 April 1722, directed the provost-marshal to hang the condemned men within the flood-marks outside the castle gates at nine the following morning.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), the trials at Cape Corso Castle, the Warrant for Execution addressed to Joseph Gordyn, Provost-MarshalOn: Christopher Moody
  291. Moody was among the first six called to execution, described in the print as "all of them old Standers and notorious Offenders", and when the six were brought up to have their fetters struck off and the halters fitted none of them appeared the least dejected.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), the account of the behaviour of the condemned at Cape Corso CastleOn: Christopher Moody
  292. The six exclaimed against the severity of the court and cursed its members, saying that they were poor rogues "and so hang'd, while others, no less guilty in another Way, escaped".
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), the account of the behaviour of the condemned at Cape Corso CastleOn: Christopher Moody
  293. A ship's surgeon who acted in place of an ordinary asked the condemned men their country and their age, and some of them answered "What was that to him, they suffered the Law, and should give no Account but to God".
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), the account of the behaviour of the condemned at Cape Corso CastleOn: Christopher Moody
  294. Item 797 is the strongest surviving evidence for William Moody as captain of the Rising Sun, and it has not been collated against the Colonial Office manuscript, whose reference is not established.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 797, read in the British History Online transcription of pp. 404-424On: Christopher Moody
  295. The Cassandra's commander, in his own letter dated at Bombay on 16 November 1720 and printed in the first volume of the same work, records that he was attacked at Juanna on the 17th of August, about eight in the morning, when "we discovered two Pyrate Ships standing into the Bay".
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I, the chapter Of Captain England, A LETTER from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720On: Condent
  296. In the same letter the commander names the pirates' leader as Edward England, writing that but for "the chief Captain, Edward England, and some others I knew" the pirates would have cut him and all who would not join them to pieces.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I, the chapter Of Captain England, A LETTER from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720On: Condent
  297. The same volume records that after the action the men went into the Cassandra "under the Command of Taylor".
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I, the chapter Of Captain EnglandOn: Condent
  298. The name appears once outside its own chapter, in the introduction to Johnson's book, where Ed. England is listed among the commanders lying at Providence when the King's pardon reached them, with Hornigold, Teach, Vane, Cocklyn, Sample and Christopher Winter, and where the same passage says of him, in the present tense of the 1724 printing, that England lives now at Madagascar.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (1724), the Introduction, the roll of commanders then at Providence and their several fatesOn: Edward England
  299. Johnson's England chapter gives the grievance behind the killing of Skinner, that after a quarrel he had removed the men aboard a man of war and at the same time refused them their wages.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. V, Of Capt. Edward England, and his Crew), the taking of the Cadogan snowOn: Edward England
  300. Johnson's Davis chapter reports that Davis claimed England had solicited him to sign the pirates' articles, that he answered he would sooner be shot to death, and that England, pleased with his bravery, sent him and the rest of the men back aboard the snow and appointed him captain of her.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew), opening of the chapterOn: Edward England
  301. Johnson sets that run down as a dated list, its first entry the Eagle pink of Cork, Captain Rickets, taken on 25 March with six guns and seventeen men aboard, seven of whom turned pirate.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. V, Of Capt. Edward England, and his Crew), the list of vessels taken between the River Gambia and Cape CorsoOn: Edward England
  302. William Snelgrave, first-hand among the pirates at Sierra Leone in the spring of 1719, names Cocklyn, Le Boose and Davis but does not name England anywhere in his book and attributes no act to him; since Johnson independently places England on the same coast that spring, the silence is not evidence that he was absent from it.
    First-hand captive narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade (1734), the author's being taken by pirates at Sierra LeoneOn: Edward England
  303. The surname Low and the by-name Ned are attested at first hand by Philip Ashton, who records a boat coming from a brigantine with 'the Infamous Ned Low, the Pirate, with about 42 Hands', while the full forename Edward rests on the heading of Johnson's chapter alone, and no other period spelling was found in either print.
    Period narrativesA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. XIII, Of Captain Edward Low, And his Crew) and Ashton's Memorial (An History of the Strange Adventures and Signal Deliverances of Mr. Philip Ashton)On: Edward Low
  304. Philip Ashton gives the two firm calendar points of the cruise from his own experience: he was taken on 15 June 1722 off Cape Sable and he escaped at Roatan on 9 March 1723.
    First-hand captive narrativeAshton's Memorial (An History of the Strange Adventures and Signal Deliverances of Mr. Philip Ashton)On: Edward Low
  305. Low's company surprised and plundered the New England fishing vessels at Port Rossaway in June 1722 and forced men out of them into his own crew, among them Philip Ashton and Nicholas Merritt of the schooner Milton.
    First-hand captive narrativeAshton's Memorial (An History of the Strange Adventures and Signal Deliverances of Mr. Philip Ashton)On: Edward Low
  306. Ashton records that the forced men were put to the pirates' articles under threat of death, and records the threat given to him, 'You D-g you! if you will not Sign our Articles, and go along with me, I'll shoot you thro' the Head'.
    First-hand captive narrativeAshton's Memorial (An History of the Strange Adventures and Signal Deliverances of Mr. Philip Ashton)On: Edward Low
  307. A buccaneer commander known as Mansvelt or Mansfield was active out of Jamaica in the mid-1660s, his existence carried both by Governor Modyford's contemporary Jamaica letters and by Exquemelin's narrative.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 26; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100; The Buccaneers of America (1684 English translation; read via the Project Gutenberg reprint 'The Pirates of Panama, or The Buccaneers of America', ed. G. A. Williams)On: Edward Mansvelt
  308. The whole documentary base for Mansvelt rests on two independent strands: Exquemelin's narrative, a single buccaneer memoir, and Governor Modyford's Jamaica letters in the Calendar of State Papers Colonial, which are contemporary official correspondence.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeThe Buccaneers of America (1684 English translation; read via the Project Gutenberg reprint 'The Pirates of Panama, or The Buccaneers of America', ed. G. A. Williams); Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 26; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100On: Edward Mansvelt
  309. The forename Edward rests on one contemporary official document, Modyford's letter of 8 March 1665/6, which names "Capt. Edward Mansfield their Admiral"; Exquemelin gives no forename, spelling the surname Mansvelt, while Modyford's English letters give Mansfield.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 26; the surname forms also in The Buccaneers of America (1684 English translation; read via the Project Gutenberg reprint 'The Pirates of Panama, or The Buccaneers of America', ed. G. A. Williams)On: Edward Mansvelt
  310. Mansfield was reckoned admiral of the Jamaica privateers by election, Modyford writing that "Our privateers have chosen Capt. Edward Mansfield their Admiral".
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 26On: Edward Mansvelt
  311. The one firm calendar anchor for the cruise is Modyford's report that the privateers chose Mansfield admiral and sailed in the middle of January 1665/6 from the South Keys of Cuba under the Governor's commission, with Curacao as the declared object; the Jamaica letters run on the Old Style year, so that January is 1666 by modern reckoning.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 26; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100On: Edward Mansvelt
  312. The capture of Providence, with the surrender of its forts and Spanish garrison, is fixed to the spring of 1666 by Modyford's letter of 16 June 1666, which reports it as recent; a letter written at Plymouth on 21 August 1666, carrying news brought from Jamaica by Capt. James Alford of the Oporto merchant, places it "about the middle of May last" and counts the force at four privateers. No source read for this record gives a day.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1267: John Clarke to Joseph Williamson, Plymouth, 21 August 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 137On: Edward Mansvelt
  313. Mansvelt's acts fall on the line between commissioned privateering and piracy: he sailed under Modyford's Jamaica commission, Modyford reproved him for taking Providence without orders, and Spain regarded the whole enterprise as piracy.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 26On: Edward Mansvelt
  314. The reputation of Mansvelt as admiral of the buccaneers and Morgan's mentor rests on two unequal footings, Modyford's contemporary "their Admiral" and Exquemelin's narrative of the mentorship and the whole cruise, and the two should not be merged into a single legend.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 26; The Buccaneers of America (1684 English translation; read via the Project Gutenberg reprint 'The Pirates of Panama, or The Buccaneers of America', ed. G. A. Williams)On: Edward Mansvelt
  315. Mansvelt was never tried and no court adjudicated his guilt; he died in 1666 or 1667 before any trial, so no act of his is proven in law.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 26; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100; The Buccaneers of America (1684 English translation; read via the Project Gutenberg reprint 'The Pirates of Panama, or The Buccaneers of America', ed. G. A. Williams)On: Edward Mansvelt
  316. The Calendar of State Papers Colonial entries used here (nos. 1147, 1216, 1263) are nineteenth-century calendar abstracts, not full transcripts; the original manuscripts in Col. Papers, Vol. XX and the Colonial Entry Books should be collated for exact wording and for what the abstracts omit.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1147: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 26; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1263: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to the Duke of AlbemarleOn: Edward Mansvelt
  317. The only forename for Spriggs in a period document is Farrington: the deposition of Roger Stevens, sworn 6 May 1725, names his captor "Farrington Spriggs, a pirate", and the index to the same volume reads "Spriggs, Farrington, pirate", while Johnson names him by surname alone.
    Sworn deposition and calendar indexCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34 (1724-1725), entry 653 i (deposition of Roger Stevens, 6 May 1725), C.O. 23, 1. Nos. 57, 57 i, ii; and vol. 34 Index: S, pp. 556-561On: Francis Spriggs
  318. The cruelties Johnson attributes to Spriggs rest on his narrative alone, while the sworn testimony independently attests only that Spriggs forced men to serve and that he consorted with Philip Lyne.
    Sworn depositions and period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34 (1724-1725), entry 653 with enclosures 653 i and 653 ii; and A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. XVI, Of Captain Spriggs, and his Crew), Gutenberg ebook 40580On: Francis Spriggs
  319. Roger Stevens deposed that in October 1724 he was taken off the Islands of Utile in the Jolly Batchelor of London, bound with logwood from Honduras to Jamaica, "by Farrington Spriggs, a pirate", and forced to serve, and John Ekines deposed to the same capture.
    Sworn depositionsCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34 (1724-1725), entry 653 i (deposition of Roger Stevens, 6 May 1725) and 653 ii (deposition of John Ekines), C.O. 23, 13. ff. 209-224On: Francis Spriggs
  320. Spriggs took the sloop Susannah and put Roger Stevens aboard her "under the command of Philip Lyne", from whom Stevens later escaped; Governor Phenney forwarded the depositions of Stevens and Ekines to the Duke of Newcastle from New Providence on 5 June 1725.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34 (1724-1725), entry 653 (Gov. Phenney to the Duke of Newcastle, New Providence, 5 June 1725) with enclosures 653 i and 653 ii; entry 654On: Francis Spriggs
  321. No birth, origin, nationality, age or physical description of Spriggs is carried by any source read for this record.
    Period narrative and sworn depositionsA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. XVI, Of Captain Spriggs, and his Crew), Gutenberg ebook 40580; and Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34 (1724-1725), entry 653 with enclosuresOn: Francis Spriggs
  322. Exquemelin's book was first published in Dutch at Amsterdam in 1678 and first printed in English in 1684, the l'Olonnais chapters standing also in the English printing of 1695, and its standing as a witness was contested in law when Henry Morgan brought a libel action over its English text in 1685.
    Period narrativeExquemelin, The Pirates of Panama, or The Buccaneers of America (the editorial Introduction), Gutenberg ebook 26690; Exquemelin, The History of the Bucaniers of America, English printing of 1695, Part II, first Lolonois chapterOn: Francois l'Olonnais
  323. Walter Moore's deposition records that Captain George Lowther shot himself and A General History of the Pyrates has the body found by some sloop's men with a pistol burst beside it, neither account being that of an eyewitness, so that the death on Blanco is established while the manner of it rests on report.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeCSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34, No. 102 i, deposition of Walter Moor, master of the sloop Eagle; A General History of the Pyrates, Chap. XII, Of Capt. George Lowther, and his CrewOn: George Lowther
  324. Henry Jennings was an English privateer sailing out of Jamaica whose sloop held a commission from Lord Archibald Hamilton dated 21 November 1715, his existence and surname being attested by the depositions of Captain Balchen of HMS Diamond and of Samuel Page, by the Spanish complaint laid before Hamilton and by the General History of 1724.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History Online; CSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158 i, del Valle to the Marquis de Monteleon, Jamaica, 18 March 1715/16 (C.O. 137, 11. No. 16 i.), read on British History Online; A General History of the Pyrates (the Jennings wreck-raid narrative and the Porto Bello prize), 1724 (Gutenberg ebook 40580)On: Henry Jennings
  325. The forename Henry is attested by the Spanish complaint of Don Juan Francisco del Valle, by the General History and in the New Providence deposition of John Vickers, where the surname is spelt Jenings; his sloop is written Barsheba and Bersheba in the documents and Bathsheba in later writing.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158 i, del Valle to the Marquis de Monteleon, Jamaica, 18 March 1715/16 (C.O. 137, 11. No. 16 i.), read on British History Online; CSP Colonial vol 29 no. 240 i, deposition of John Vickers late of Providence (C.O. 5, 1317. Nos. 45, 45 i.-iii.), read on British History Online; A General History of the Pyrates (the Jennings wreck-raid narrative and the Porto Bello prize), 1724 (Gutenberg ebook 40580)On: Henry Jennings
  326. No birth date, parentage, birthplace or earlier career for Jennings appears in any document read for this record; the documented life begins with the Jamaica commission of November 1715.
    Documented absenceCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History Online; A General History of the Pyrates (the Jennings wreck-raid narrative and the Porto Bello prize), 1724 (Gutenberg ebook 40580)On: Henry Jennings
  327. Samuel Page deposed that the sloops Eagle and Barsheba were commissioned by Lord Archibald Hamilton on 21 November 1715 to go to sea for six months, and Captain Balchen that the two sloops held that commission for suppressing of piracys while their design, as they said themselves, was upon the wrecks: an anti-pirate commission granted in a time of peace with Spain, and not a letter of marque against Spanish shipping.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  328. Don Juan Francisco del Valle, sent by the Governor of Havana to the Governor of Jamaica to complain that ships were fitted out there under pretext of cruising upon pirates, wrote from Jamaica on 18 March 1715/16; his letter is the earliest item in the surviving file on the raid and the document that records the captors' own admitted figure of above 120,000 pieces of eight besides the wrought silver.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158 i, del Valle to the Marquis de Monteleon, Jamaica, 18 March 1715/16 (C.O. 137, 11. No. 16 i.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  329. Page deposed that the sloops returned having robbed the subjects of the King of Spain on the Florida shore of the value of 120,000 pieces of eight, which was divided between those concerned, and one of the two vessels reached Jamaica on 26 January 1716, the firmest date in the sequence.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History Online; CSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158 i, del Valle to the Marquis de Monteleon, Jamaica, 18 March 1715/16 (C.O. 137, 11. No. 16 i.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  330. Two tallies of the plunder stand side by side: the captors' own admitted figure of about 120,000 pieces of eight besides wrought silver, in the Spanish complaint and Page's deposition, and the General History's 350,000 pieces of eight lying on the spot, which describes the hoard at the wreck rather than what was carried off.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158 i, del Valle to the Marquis de Monteleon, Jamaica, 18 March 1715/16 (C.O. 137, 11. No. 16 i.), read on British History Online; CSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History Online; A General History of the Pyrates (the Jennings wreck-raid narrative and the Porto Bello prize), 1724 (Gutenberg ebook 40580)On: Henry Jennings
  331. The governing tension of the case is that a commission for suppressing of piracys was used for a raid that robbed the subjects of the King of Spain in a time of peace: the taking was admitted by the captors, its lawfulness disputed between the Spanish Crown and Jennings's backers.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History Online; CSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158 i, del Valle to the Marquis de Monteleon, Jamaica, 18 March 1715/16 (C.O. 137, 11. No. 16 i.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  332. Jennings was declared a pirate and afterwards pardoned under the Act of Grace, and no trial of him exists because he was never tried; the state-paper trail runs into the inquiry on Lord Archibald Hamilton and not into a prosecution of Jennings, so nothing charged against him was ever proven at law.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History Online; A General History of the Pyrates (the Jennings wreck-raid narrative and the Porto Bello prize), 1724 (Gutenberg ebook 40580)On: Henry Jennings
  333. John Vickers deposed that Jennings took a French ship mounted with 32 guns at the Bay of Hounds and brought her into New Providence as prize about 22 April 1716, France being then at peace; the ship's name is given variously as the St Marie and the Marianne, and the deposition is the only witness to the taking.
    Deposition in calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 240 i, deposition of John Vickers late of Providence (C.O. 5, 1317. Nos. 45, 45 i.-iii.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  334. The documentary backbone for Jennings is two entries of the colonial calendar, no. 158 with enclosures and no. 240 with enclosures, read in the British History Online transcription rather than in the manuscripts at Kew, so that no quotation from them can be treated as manuscript-exact until collated; there is no baptism, no death notice and no trial paper for him at all.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History Online; CSP Colonial vol 29 no. 240 i, deposition of John Vickers late of Providence (C.O. 5, 1317. Nos. 45, 45 i.-iii.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  335. Morgan was born about 1635 in Wales, the year resting on an affidavit he made in Jamaica on 21 November 1671 giving his age as thirty-six.
    Modern scholarshipThe Life of Sir Henry Morgan, deriving the year from Morgan's affidavit made in Jamaica, 21 November 1671On: Henry Morgan
  336. In April 1669 Morgan destroyed the Spanish squadron of Don Alonso del Campo y Espinosa blockading the bar of Maracaibo by means of a disguised fireship, and exacted twenty thousand pieces of eight and five hundred cattle from the city, Exquemelin reproducing Don Alonso's own letter of 24 April 1669.
    Period narrativeThe Pirates of Panama; or, The Buccaneers of America (Broadway edition, ed. George Alfred Williams; reproducing the 1684 English translation of Exquemelin, here abridged for general readers), with The Life of Sir Henry MorganOn: Henry Morgan
  337. Modyford's commission to Morgan is dated 22 July 1670 and the Treaty of Madrid, which made peace with Spain in America, was signed on 18 July 1670, so the difficulty over the Panama expedition was the timing of the authority rather than its absence.
    Colonial documentCommission of Sir Thomas Modyford to Admiral Henry Morgan, and the preceding Order in Council of the Jamaica Council (Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, 1669 to 1674), with the Treaty of Madrid of 18 July 1670, both as reproduced in The Life of Sir Henry MorganOn: Henry Morgan
  338. The date the Panama fleet sailed is unresolved three ways: Morgan's own relation gives 8 December, the departure from Cape Tiburon is dated 6 December in Cruikshank and 16 December 1670 in Exquemelin.
    Calendared state papersA true account and relation [by Henry Morgan] of this my last expedition against the Spaniards, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7 (1669-1674), no. 504, calendar page 202, with The Life of Sir Henry Morgan and the Broadway edition of ExquemelinOn: Henry Morgan
  339. Morgan was sent home to England as a prisoner in the Welcome on 4 April 1672 to answer for the Panama expedition and was never tried, and was afterwards knighted and returned to Jamaica as Lieutenant Governor.
    Modern scholarshipThe Life of Sir Henry Morgan, reproducing the colonial record of the recall, the knighthood and the Lieutenant-GovernorshipOn: Henry Morgan
  340. No court ever adjudicated Morgan's personal guilt for any of the cruelties attributed to him, all of which descend from Exquemelin; the only judgment in the record read here is the civil libel judgment of 1685, which went in his favour.
    Modern biographyThe Life of Sir Henry Morgan (1935), summarising the record and reproducing the London Gazette of 8 June 1685; the book itself was not opened for this recordOn: Henry Morgan
  341. Morgan's will makes his wife, Dame Mary Elizabeth Morgan, his sole executrix, names kin among the Byndloss family and a cousin, Thomas Morgan of Tredegar, and names no children.
    Probate documentThe last will and testament of Sir Henry Morgan, Knight (Jamaica Liber of Wills, 6, folio 8), as reproduced in The Life of Sir Henry MorganOn: Henry Morgan
  342. The colonial documents behind Morgan's dates, including the commission, the Treaty of Madrid, the will, the London Gazette and the Assistance log, were read here in the verbatim reproductions printed in the 1935 Life of Sir Henry Morgan rather than in the originals, and the state papers quoted directly are from a printed calendar in which only the matter inside the editor's quotation marks is verbatim.
    Modern biographyThe Life of Sir Henry Morgan (1935), not opened for this record, with the Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vols. 5 (1661-1668) and 7 (1669-1674), ed. W. Noel SainsburyOn: Henry Morgan
  343. A pirate captain surnamed Davis was active on the Guinea coast in 1719, and the merchant captain William Snelgrave, who met him at Sierra Leone, corroborates his existence at first hand while calling him only Captain Davis.
    First-hand captive narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade (Part III, the author's being taken by pirates)On: Howell Davis
  344. Snelgrave arrived at Sierra Leone on 1 April 1719 and found Davis confederated there with Cocklyn and La Bouse, which is the one firmly datable point in Davis's career.
    First-hand captive narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade (Part III, the author's being taken by pirates)On: Howell Davis
  345. Snelgrave, an eyewitness, describes Davis as a generous man who kept a company of near 150 men in good order and who interceded on Snelgrave's behalf.
    First-hand captive narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade (Part III, the author's being taken by pirates)On: Howell Davis
  346. The confederacy of Davis, Cocklyn and La Bouse took the fort at Sierra Leone and plundered about ten English ships including Snelgrave's Bird Galley, which was taken by Cocklyn's crew rather than by Davis.
    First-hand captive narrative and period narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade (Part III, the author's being taken by pirates); A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew)On: Howell Davis
  347. The three confederate captains appointed Davis their commodore, and Johnson records that Davis ended their quarrel by telling Cocklyn and La Bouse that since they met in love they should part in love, for three of a trade can never agree.
    First-hand captive narrative and period narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade (Part III, the author's being taken by pirates); A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew)On: Howell Davis
  348. Johnson's Davis chapter records a further article of the company, that quarter should be given whenever it was called for, upon pain of death.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew), the taking of the Dutch ship carrying the Governor of AcraOn: Howell Davis
  349. Johnson's own chronology is internally strained: his Roberts chapter has Roberts leaving England in November 1719 and reaching Guinea about February following, yet Davis, who took Roberts at Anamaboe, is placed dead in 1719.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew)On: Howell Davis
  350. Snelgrave's first-hand portrait of a generous commander stands beside Johnson's record of storming forts with men killed, of forced men abandoned, and of a death arising from Davis's own attempt on the Principe women and his ransom plot.
    First-hand captive narrative and period narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave-Trade (Part III, the author's being taken by pirates); A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew)On: Howell Davis
  351. Johnson's Roberts chapter states that the company resolved to revenge Davis's death, he being more than ordinarily respected by the crew for his affability and good nature as well as his conduct and bravery.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew) and Chap. IX, Of Captain Bartho. Roberts, and his CrewOn: Howell Davis
  352. J. F. Jameson's Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (1923) was searched and contains no Howell Davis, Buck, Rover, Gambia Castle or Principe material.
    Modern source editionPrivateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative DocumentsOn: Howell Davis
  353. No contemporary official document naming Davis was located, the pages of the Calendar of State Papers Colonial volume 31 read for July and September 1719 carrying no Davis entry, and the Royal African Company (T 70) and Board of Trade (CO 388) series remaining unsearched.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 31 (1719-1720), pages read: July 1719 (pp173-185) and September 1719 (pp214-228)On: Howell Davis
  354. The whole connected narrative of John Bowen's life comes from a single book, Charles Johnson's History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (1728): the chapter Of Captain Bowen at pages 49 to 64, a short appendix supplying his origin at pages 371 to 372, and the appendix life of Nathaniel North, which alone carries his death.
    Period narrativeThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (containing Of Captain Bowen, pp. 49-64; the appendix Of Captain Bowen, pp. 371-372; and the appendix Life of Captain Nathaniel North, which carries Bowen's death)On: John Bowen
  355. The only name forms located for him are "John Bowen" and "Captain Bowen", both from Johnson, and no variant spelling of the surname and no second forename were found in any source read.
    Period narrativeThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (1728), the chapter Of Captain Bowen, pp. 49-64, and the appendix Of Captain Bowen, pp. 371-372On: John Bowen
  356. The official colonial record of the action that destroyed the pirate ship at Santa Cruz does not name Martel: the calendared abstract of Governor Hamilton's report and the volume index carry no Martel or Martell, and the attachment of the name to that ship rests on Charles Johnson alone.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 29 (1716-1717), No. 484: Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Antigua, and the vol 29 index; A General History of the Pyrates, Vol I, Chap. II 'Of Captain Martel, and his Crew'On: John Martel
  357. A pirate of the surname Martel, spelt Martell in the newspaper, was active in the Caribbean in 1716 and 1717, and the forename John is attested independently in the Boston News-Letter's 'Capt. John Martell' and in Johnson's list of the commanders then at New Providence, which prints 'John Martel'.
    Contemporary newspaper report and period narrativeThe Boston News-Letter, Monday 12 November 1716, p. 2 (Col. John Cranston's account of being taken off Puerto Rico by Capt. John Martell); A General History of the Pyrates, Vol I, Chap. II 'Of Captain Martel, and his Crew' (and the New Providence pirate-list naming John Martel)On: John Martel
  358. Contemporary opinion held Martel to be French: the Boston News-Letter, reporting Col. Cranston's first-hand account, calls him 'a French Pyrate of 135 Men, being most of them French', and that identification is better evidenced than Johnson's contrary guess.
    Contemporary newspaper reportThe Boston News-Letter, Monday 12 November 1716, p. 2 (Col. John Cranston's account of being taken off Puerto Rico by Capt. John Martell)On: John Martel
  359. The one firmly dated event of the 1716 cruise is the taking of Col. John Cranston's ship, bound from Philadelphia to Jamaica, off Puerto Rico about 21 September 1716, after which the company were made prisoners, then exchanged, and Cranston was given a sloop to return home; the report stresses Martel's civility to him.
    Contemporary newspaper reportThe Boston News-Letter, Monday 12 November 1716, p. 2 (Col. John Cranston's account of being taken off Puerto Rico by Capt. John Martell)On: John Martel
  360. Governor Hamilton's contemporary official report confirms the destruction of a pirate ship, a sloop and their prizes at St Croix by HMS Scarborough under Captain Hume in mid-January 1716/17, the burning of the pirate ship, and the escape of about twenty men in a small sloop.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 29 (1716-1717), No. 484: Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, AntiguaOn: John Martel
  361. Martel's company trafficked in enslaved people: forty were taken out of the Greyhound Galley, and more were aboard the flagship at Santa Cruz, and the numbers and their fate differ between Johnson and the official report and are recorded here exactly as each states them.
    Period narrative and calendared state papersA General History of the Pyrates, Vol I, Chap. II 'Of Captain Martel, and his Crew'; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 29 (1716-1717), No. 484: Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, AntiguaOn: John Martel
  362. No source read for this record gives Martel a death: Johnson's chapter leaves him in the woods at Santa Cruz where 'twas probable they might starve, and his New Providence list says instead that Martel's crew was destroyed and he was forced on an uninhabited island, so his fate after the January 1717 action is unrecorded.
    Period narrative and calendared state papersA General History of the Pyrates, Vol I, Chap. II 'Of Captain Martel, and his Crew' (and the New Providence pirate-list naming John Martel); Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 29 (1716-1717), No. 484: Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, AntiguaOn: John Martel
  363. The strongest documentary anchors for Martel are the Boston News-Letter of 12 November 1716, for which no facsimile shelfmark has been established, and the calendared abstract of Governor Hamilton's report; the manuscript enclosures to that report (TNA C.O. 152/11 Nos. 57 i-ix) and the log book of HMS Scarborough have not been consulted and are the priority for further work.
    Calendared state papers and contemporary newspaper reportCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 29 (1716-1717), No. 484: Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Antigua (TNA C.O. 152, 11. Nos. 57, 57 i-ix; and 153, 13. pp. 22-27); The Boston News-Letter, Monday 12 November 1716, p. 2On: John Martel
  364. The trial record's appendix list of ages and birthplaces records him as a mariner, born in London and aged about thirty-eight at his execution, which implies a birth about 1666 on an age the list itself gives as about.
    Printed trial record and modern narrative historyThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704); The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630 to 1730 (Chapter VII, John Quelch and his Crew who were Hanged in Boston and their Gold Distributed)On: John Quelch
  365. The Charles returned to Marblehead about the middle of May 1704, and the Boston News-Letter of 15 to 22 May 1704 noted her arrival with the company's own account of the voyage, saying she was "said to come from New-Spain & have made a good Voyage".
    Period newspaper quoted in modern narrative historyThe Boston News-Letter, 1704 issues reporting the Quelch case (arrival notice 15 to 22 May; report of 25 June; execution report early July); The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630 to 1730 (Chapter VII, John Quelch and his Crew who were Hanged in Boston and their Gold Distributed)On: John Quelch
  366. The owners Colman and Clarke laid a written information of suspicion, dated received 23 May 1704, and arrest proclamations followed from 24 May 1704, first over Lieutenant-Governor Povey's name and then over Governor Dudley's.
    Printed trial record and modern narrative historyThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704); The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630 to 1730 (Chapter VII, John Quelch and his Crew who were Hanged in Boston and their Gold Distributed)On: John Quelch
  367. The attested period forms of the name are "Burgiss", used by Musson in 1717 without a forename, and "Burgess", used by Johnson in 1724; that the two refer to one man is an identification rather than a certainty.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeAmerica and West Indies: July 1717 (Capt. Mathew Musson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, calendar item 635), C.O. 5/1265, No. 73; A General History of the Pyrates (Introduction, on the pirates of Providence and their fates under Woodes Rogers), Gutenberg ebook 40580On: Josiah Burgess
  368. The only period forename for him is an initial: Johnson's roll of the commanders then at Providence, which he prefaces "besides Captain Jennings abovementioned, I think were these", runs through "Ed. England, T. Burgess, Tho. Cocklyn", and some modern writers expand the T. to Thomas.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Introduction, on the pirates of Providence and their fates under Woodes Rogers), Gutenberg ebook 40580On: Josiah Burgess
  369. No period source read supports the modern forename "Josiah", which comes from later compilation and is contradicted by Johnson's initial "T.", and no primary source read gives his birth date, his birthplace, the name of his sloop or any prize he took.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeAmerica and West Indies: July 1717 (Capt. Mathew Musson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, calendar item 635), C.O. 5/1265, No. 73; A General History of the Pyrates (Introduction, on the pirates of Providence and their fates under Woodes Rogers), Gutenberg ebook 40580On: Josiah Burgess
  370. Capt. Mathew Musson's report of 5 July 1717 records Burgess keeping an armed sloop of eight guns and about eighty men and using the harbour at New Providence as a rendezvous, that is, operating as a working pirate captain, but names no capture and no prize.
    Calendared state papersAmerica and West Indies: July 1717 (Capt. Mathew Musson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, calendar item 635), C.O. 5/1265, No. 73On: Josiah Burgess
  371. Burgess was one of five pirate captains Musson named as using New Providence as a rendezvous in 1717, alongside Hornigold, Jennings, White and Thatch; the modern label "flying gang" appears in neither Musson nor Johnson.
    Calendared state papers and modern scholarshipAmerica and West Indies: July 1717 (Capt. Mathew Musson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, calendar item 635), C.O. 5/1265, No. 73; Quelling a Pirate RevoltOn: Josiah Burgess
  372. Nicholas Brown is named in Charles Johnson's A General History of the Pyrates, Volume I of 1724, in the letters between Jamaica and the alcaldes of Trinidado that Johnson prints, and in a memorial calendared for 1723.
    Period narrativeCharles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), Introduction; and Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), item 817: Memorial of Henry White respecting a Spanish sloop out of Baracoa carrying 'one Brown, an English renegado' that took an English slave ship near Hispaniola (pp. 425-429)On: Nicholas Brown
  373. Johnson's General History lists Brown among the pirate commanders at Providence at the time of the proclamation of pardon, with Hornigold, Teach, Martel, Fife, Christopher Winter and Paul Williams, and reports that he and Winter afterwards surrendered to the Spaniards at Cuba, giving neither date nor port.
    Period narrativeCharles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), Introduction, the list of commanders at Providence and the fates that follow itOn: Nicholas Brown
  374. The forename stands in print in 1724, as Nicholas Brown in Johnson's list of commanders and as Nicolas Brown and Nicholas Brown in the two letters to the alcaldes of Trinidado that he reproduces, while the memorial calendared for 1723 names only 'one Brown, an English renegado'.
    Period narrativeCharles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), Introduction; and Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), item 817 (pp. 425-429)On: Nicholas Brown
  375. Sir Nicolas Laws, governor of Jamaica, wrote to the alcaldes of Trinidado on 26 January 1721-2 complaining of robberies by men pretending to hold Spanish commissions, naming Brown and Winter as traitors given protection there, and demanding restitution of the enslaved Africans, sloops and effects they had taken off the north side of Jamaica; Lieutenant Joseph Laws repeated the demand for Commodore Vernon.
    Period narrativeCharles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), Introduction, the letters of Sir Nicolas Laws (26 January 1721-2) and Lieutenant Joseph Laws to the alcaldes of TrinidadoOn: Nicholas Brown
  376. The alcaldes of Trinidado answered that no vessels or captives taken from Jamaica since the cessation of arms were in their port, that such vessels as had been taken were taken for unlawful trading on the Cuban coast, and that the Englishmen demanded were now subjects of the Spanish king, brought voluntarily to the Catholic faith and having received the water of baptism.
    Period narrativeCharles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), Introduction, the answer of the alcaldes of Trinidado, signed Hieronimo de Fuentes and Benette Alfonso del ManzanoOn: Nicholas Brown
  377. The years printed on this correspondence in Johnson's General History do not agree, the lieutenant's letters being dated 8 February 1720 and the alcaldes' answer of the same day 8 February 1722.
    Period narrativeCharles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), Introduction, the datelines of the Trinidado correspondenceOn: Nicholas Brown
  378. Johnson describes a Cuban-commissioned guard de la costa off the capes of Virginia in June 1724 manned with sixty Spaniards, eighteen Frenchmen and eighteen Englishmen, carrying an English captain as well as a Spanish one.
    Period narrativeCharles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), Introduction, the advices from America dated 9 June 1724On: Nicholas Brown
  379. A memorial of Henry White calendared for 1723 reports that a Spanish sloop out of Baracoa carrying 'one Brown, an English renegado' took an English ship bound from Guinea to Jamaica with about three hundred enslaved people aboard, turned the master and most of his men adrift, and carried ship and captives into Baracoa, where they were condemned and sold under a pretended master.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), item 817: Memorial of Henry White respecting a Spanish sloop out of Baracoa carrying 'one Brown, an English renegado' that took an English slave ship near Hispaniola (pp. 425-429)On: Nicholas Brown
  380. Only the taking reported in the 1723 memorial is fixed by an official paper of the period; every other date attached to Brown is approximate, and the death, the reward and the severed head rest on modern accounts whose underlying documents have not been read.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), item 817 (pp. 425-429), read against the modern accounts of Brown's death and the rewardOn: Nicholas Brown
  381. A French pirate known in the period print as Le Bouse, La Bouse and la Bouche was active on the Guinea coast in 1719; William Snelgrave, a first-hand witness, calls him "Le Bouse a Frenchman", and Charles Johnson's General History names him as La Bouse and la Bouche.
    Eyewitness narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave Trade; A General History of the PyratesOn: Olivier Levasseur
  382. Snelgrave's A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea (1734) is the only first-hand source read for this record that names the man, placing "Le Bouse a Frenchman" in the Sierra Leone confederacy on 1 April 1719.
    Eyewitness narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave TradeOn: Olivier Levasseur
  383. The Snelgrave text read for this record prints the name Le Bouse; the Internet Archive scan of the same passage corrupts the word to "Le BooSe", which is a scanning artefact and not a distinct form of the name.
    Eyewitness narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave TradeOn: Olivier Levasseur
  384. Snelgrave arrived at Sierra Leone on 1 April 1719 and found three pirate ships in company that had taken ten English ships, naming "Le Bouse a Frenchman" as commander of the brigantine.
    Eyewitness narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave TradeOn: Olivier Levasseur
  385. As one of the three confederated captains at Sierra Leone in about April 1719 he shared in the plunder of about ten English ships; Snelgrave's own ship was among them, taken by Cocklyn's crew rather than by his.
    Eyewitness narrativeA New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave Trade; A General History of the PyratesOn: Olivier Levasseur
  386. A force fitted out by the government of South Carolina under Governor Robert Johnson met and destroyed Worley's company near Charles Town in about November 1718, and Worley was killed in the action
    Printed trial record; Period narrativeManuscript journal of the South Carolina Court of Vice-Admiralty, 1718 sessions, as read in the Charleston Time Machine essays by Nicholas Butler; A General History of the Pyrates ('Of Captain Worley, and his Crew')On: Richard Worley
  387. Armed resistance to the South Carolina force in a close boarding fight near Charles Town, 1718 (about November); The two sloops (of about eight and six guns) fitted out by Governor Johnson; alleged by South Carolina court record and Charles Johnson
    Printed trial record; Period narrativeManuscript journal of the South Carolina Court of Vice-Admiralty, 1718 sessions, as read in the Charleston Time Machine essays by Nicholas Butler; A General History of the Pyrates ('Of Captain Worley, and his Crew')On: Richard Worley
  388. He was born on 13 December 1654 at Ancrum, near Jedburgh in Roxburghshire, and on his father's banishment the family removed to Rotterdam in 1663, where he grew up fluent in Dutch.
    Genealogies and biographical referenceHudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: Livingston; Robert Livingston, 1st Lord of Livingston Manor, and Alida Schuyler; LIVINGSTONE, ROBERT [SSNE 7132]On: Robert Livingston
  389. He married Alida Schuyler, widow of Nicholas van Rensselaer, at Albany on 9 July 1679; the marriage and the year are secure, the day rests on the genealogies and no church record has been read for it.
    Family genealogyRobert Livingston, 1st Lord of Livingston Manor, and Alida Schuyler; Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: LivingstonOn: Robert Livingston
  390. Governor Dongan granted him the manorial patent that made him first lord of Livingston Manor in July 1686, the day given as either the 22nd or the 26th by different genealogies and the acreage put at anything from about 125,000 to 160,000 acres, and George I confirmed the manor by royal charter in 1715.
    Family genealogyHudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: Livingston; Robert Livingston The Elder (1654-1728) 1st Lord of Livingston ManorOn: Robert Livingston
  391. He was Albany town clerk from 1686 and Secretary for Indian Affairs from 1695 until his death, though the finding aid to his own papers dates the formal secretaryship 1696 to 1710.
    Archive finding aidRobert Livingston papers finding aid, ARMS 1974.018; Robert Livingston the ElderOn: Robert Livingston
  392. Governor Benjamin Fletcher suspended Livingston from his offices in the mid-1690s and he was restored under Bellomont, whose appointment of him to the New York Council the Council of Trade approved on 28 October 1698.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol 16 (1697-1698), no. 945 (TNA Board of Trade, New York, 53, pp. 47-51)On: Robert Livingston
  393. Livingston posted a performance bond for the Kidd venture and kept the articles in his own custody.
    Published primary documentsPrivateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (Case of William Kidd); A secret agreement between pirate hunters, 1696, GLC03107.00239On: Robert Livingston
  394. Livingston was never criminally charged, indicted or tried for any act, piratical or otherwise: every sanction against him was administrative or civil, being suspension from office, removal from the excise, a statutory order to account and a threatened sequestration of his estate.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 19, 1701, September 1701, 22-25 (items 880-881); Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents, documents 77 and 87On: Robert Livingston
  395. Livingston sat in the New York Assembly for Albany from 1709 to 1714 and for Livingston Manor from 1716, was elected Speaker in 1718 and retired from office in 1725; a footnote in Jameson's 1923 collection erroneously gives his dates as 1654 to 1725.
    Archive finding aidRobert Livingston papers, biographical and historical note, ARMS 1974.018; Robert Livingston (biography)On: Robert Livingston
  396. He died on 1 October 1728 at Livingston Manor and was buried in the family vault there, a minority tradition giving April 1725 instead.
    Family genealogyHudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: Livingston; Robert Livingston and the Politics of Colonial New York, 1654-1728 (ISBN 9780807838631)On: Robert Livingston
  397. A substantial part of GLC03107 is Dutch-language family correspondence, including letters between Livingston and Alida Schuyler Livingston, and the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library holding carries a dedicated series of Dutch translations.
    Archive finding aidsLetters and documents of the Livingston-Redmond family of New York (decimalized), GLC03107; Livingston Family Papers in Dutch, 1680-1726 (van der Linde translations)On: Robert Livingston
  398. Samuel Bellamy was English, the English locality being given two ways in the sources, as Devon and as Plymouth.
    Calendared deposition and modern scholarshipDeposition of Abijah Savage at Antigua 30 November 1716, CO 152/11 No. 45 iii, calendared as CSP Colonial vol 29 item 425.iii; The Wreck of the Whydah off Cape Cod, Historical Journal (Winter 2006); Black Sam Bellamy, The Pirate Who Fought Smart (New England Historical Society)On: Samuel Bellamy
  399. Bellamy drowned in the wreck of the Whydah and his body was not identified among those washed ashore, no source recording a positive identification either way.
    Period map annotation and modern scholarshipAnnotation on Cyprian Southack's chart (later in The New England Coasting Pilot); The Wreck of the Whydah off Cape Cod, Historical Journal (Winter 2006)On: Samuel Bellamy
  400. The DNA work on the human remains recovered from the Whydah site has not been published in a peer-reviewed study.
    Archaeological reportingSix skeletons in concretions, recovered and announced 2021, with ongoing DNA analysis; the 2018 DNA test of a leg bone against a Bellamy descendant (WBUR, 25 May 2018); John King remains, an 11-inch fibula in a shoe with silk stocking, tentatively identified 2006; no peer-reviewed study was locatedOn: Samuel Bellamy
  401. The speech beginning "I am a free Prince" belongs to the Bellamy chapter of the second volume of Johnson's history, published in 1728, the first volume of 1724 mentioning Bellamy once in a list of commanders at Providence, and Johnson's text runs on through the clause "an Army of 100,000 Men in the Field; and this my Conscience tells me; but there is no arguing with such sniveling Puppies", which is commonly cut short when the speech is quoted.
    Period narrativeJohnson, The History of the Pyrates, vol. II (Gutenberg ebook 57005), at lines 6180 to 6203; "Black Men Under the Black Flag", in C. R. Pennell, ed., Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader, pp. 195 to 210, which quotes the passage with the conscience clause intactOn: Samuel Bellamy
  402. Johnson's General History reprints the arraignment, which names him "Stede Bonnet, alias Edwards, alias Thomas, late of Barbadoes, Mariner", so that both court aliases are part of the sworn record.
    Period narrative reprinting the trial recordA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew, Project Gutenberg ebook 40580; The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758On: Stede Bonnet
  403. He held the rank of Major and was a Barbados gentleman of estate and education, and in the sentencing speech Johnson reprints, Judge Nicholas Trott addresses him as "a Gentleman that have had the Advantage of a liberal Education, and being generally esteemed a Man of Letters".
    Period narrative reprinting the trial recordA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew, Project Gutenberg ebook 40580; The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758On: Stede Bonnet
  404. The name forms attested in the period record are Stede Bonnet, Major Stede Bonnet, alias Edwards, alias Thomas and Captain Thomas, while the epithet the Gentleman Pirate is modern.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758; A General History of the Pyrates, Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his CrewOn: Stede Bonnet
  405. The heading of the Charles Town proceedings, as Johnson reprints it, describes the vessel as a sloop "formerly called the Revenge, but afterwards the Royal James", renamed while her captain pretended to hold the King's pardon.
    Period narrative reprinting the trial recordA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew, Project Gutenberg ebook 40580; The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758On: Stede Bonnet
  406. In the sentencing speech Johnson reprints, Trott tells Bonnet that he had "pyratically took and rifled no less than thirteen Vessels, since you sail'd from North-Carolina", and might have been convicted of eleven more acts of piracy than the two indicted.
    Period narrative reprinting the trial recordA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew, Project Gutenberg ebook 40580; The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758On: Stede Bonnet
  407. Trott's legal theory, in the speech Johnson reprints, was that because Bonnet held no lawful commission the men killed resisting him were murdered: "the Power of the Sword not being committed into your Hands by any lawful Authority, you were not impowered to use any Force".
    Period narrative reprinting the trial recordA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew, Project Gutenberg ebook 40580On: Stede Bonnet
  408. The chronology of Anstis's independent cruise is anchored by two firmly dated points, the desertion from Bartholomew Roberts on 18 April 1721 and the surprise at Tobago reported by HMS Winchelsea in May 1723, everything between them resting on Charles Johnson's loosely dated narrative.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 333 with enclosure 333.i (round robin petition of the companies of the Morning Star and Good Fortune, 14 June 1722), C.O. 323, 8. Nos. 32, 32.i; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 576 (Governor John Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 1723), C.O. 152, 14; A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew)On: Thomas Anstis
  409. A pirate company commanded from the brigantine Good Fortune, having deserted Bartholomew Roberts, existed and operated in the West Indies between 1721 and 1723, corroborated by the crew's own petition and by Governor Hart's report.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 333 with enclosure 333.i (round robin petition of the companies of the Morning Star and Good Fortune, 14 June 1722), C.O. 323, 8. Nos. 32, 32.i; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 576 (Governor John Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 1723), C.O. 152, 14; A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew)On: Thomas Anstis
  410. Anstis is never named in the colonial state papers read for this record, which attest his ships, his consort and his company but not the man.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 333 with enclosure 333.i (round robin petition of the companies of the Morning Star and Good Fortune, 14 June 1722), C.O. 323, 8. Nos. 32, 32.i; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 576 (Governor John Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 1723), C.O. 152, 14On: Thomas Anstis
  411. The only attested name forms located are Anstis, Tho. Anstis and the forename Thomas, all of them Johnson's, and no alias or alternative spelling has been found.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew)On: Thomas Anstis
  412. No source read for this record supplies Anstis's birthplace, parentage, age, nationality or physical description.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew)On: Thomas Anstis
  413. Anstis separated from Roberts on 18 April 1721 in the Good Fortune brigantine off the Guinea coast and returned to the West Indies, a date given by Johnson and, independently, by the crew's own petition, which says they ran "on, or about the 18th Day of April 1721".
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 333 with enclosure 333.i (round robin petition of the companies of the Morning Star and Good Fortune, 14 June 1722), C.O. 323, 8. Nos. 32, 32.i; A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew)On: Thomas Anstis
  414. The company took the Morning Star, bound from Guinea to Carolina, and kept her, their possession of both the Morning Star and the Good Fortune being attested by the crew's petition.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 333 with enclosure 333.i (round robin petition of the companies of the Morning Star and Good Fortune, 14 June 1722), C.O. 323, 8. Nos. 32, 32.i; A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew)On: Thomas Anstis
  415. Johnson prints the petition as a single document addressed to the King and gives it no date, where the calendared copy is dated 14 June 1722, addressed to Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes and described as signed in the form of two round robins, and the archival wording has not been collated against Johnson's printed text.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 333 with enclosure 333.i (round robin petition of the companies of the Morning Star and Good Fortune, 14 June 1722), C.O. 323, 8. Nos. 32, 32.i; A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew)On: Thomas Anstis
  416. On the arrival of HMS Winchelsea at Tobago about April 1723 the pirates fired their own ship and the Antelope sloop and fled ashore, and Anstis escaped in the Good Fortune brigantine.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 576 (Governor John Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 1723), C.O. 152, 14; A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew)On: Thomas Anstis
  417. Governor Hart's report is the strongest independent corroboration in the surviving material, fixing the Tobago captures by HMS Winchelsea and the trial and executions at Antigua, but it does not name Anstis and reports no death for him.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 576 (Governor John Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 1723), C.O. 152, 14On: Thomas Anstis
  418. Anstis was never brought to trial and no court adjudicated his personal guilt, so no act can be called proven against him, though his company was tried at Antigua and, by Johnson's account, at Curacao.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 576 (Governor John Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 1723), C.O. 152, 14; A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew)On: Thomas Anstis
  419. The primary material for Anstis is thin and unbalanced, one continuous narrative of 1724 and a small number of colonial state papers, with no trial transcript of Anstis himself, no deposition by him and no contemporary newspaper notice located.
    Calendared state papersA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew); Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 333 with enclosure 333.i (round robin petition of the companies of the Morning Star and Good Fortune, 14 June 1722), C.O. 323, 8. Nos. 32, 32.i; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 576 (Governor John Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 1723), C.O. 152, 14On: Thomas Anstis
  420. The victim record of the cruise is almost entirely Johnson's, only the two ships named in the petition and the persons in Governor Hart's trial record being colonially attested, while named victims such as Marston, Ross, Durfey and the woman passenger rest on Johnson alone.
    Calendared state papersA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. X, Of Captain Anstis, and his Crew); Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 333 with enclosure 333.i (round robin petition of the companies of the Morning Star and Good Fortune, 14 June 1722), C.O. 323, 8. Nos. 32, 32.i; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 576 (Governor John Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 1723), C.O. 152, 14On: Thomas Anstis
  421. Green was hanged on 11 April 1705.
    Trial pamphlet and biographical dictionaryThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority); with Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, vol. 23, Green, Thomas (d.1705), pp. 60 to 61On: Thomas Green
  422. The identification of the vessel named in the libel with the Speedy Return is carried by the Dictionary of National Biography and the later record rather than by the printed proceedings.
    Biographical dictionaryDictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, vol. 23, Green, Thomas (d.1705), pp. 60 to 61On: Thomas Green
  423. That witness was the Worcester's cook's mate Antonio Ferdinando, who deposed that he joined the ship at Callicoiloan, and the Dictionary of National Biography holds that he did not join the Worcester until long after the time referred to.
    Trial pamphlet and biographical dictionaryThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority); with Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, vol. 23, Green, Thomas (d.1705), pp. 60 to 61On: Thomas Green
  424. After reprieves and a postponement only Green, Madder and Simpson were hanged, and every other condemned man, including Keigle and Haines whom the doom had named for 4 April, was reprieved.
    Trial pamphlet and biographical dictionaryThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority); with Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, vol. 23, Green, Thomas (d.1705), pp. 60 to 61On: Thomas Green
  425. Accusations that Rhode Island was a nest of pirates that sheltered and financed Red Sea men, of the kind associated with hostile crown witnesses such as Edward Randolph, are allegations by interested parties and are not proof of Thomas Paine's personal guilt; the existence of such a document is distinct from the truth of what it alleges
    Modern scholarshipThat Awful Spectacle: Masking the City-by-the-Sea's Piratical PastOn: Thomas Paine
  426. The one contemporary primary bearing directly on the 1690 events read this session is the Wait Winthrop letter of 11 August 1690, which confirms that pirates lay at Block Island and burnt a house but does not name Paine
    Colonial state paperLetter reporting the pirates lying at Block IslandOn: Thomas Paine
  427. No surname spelling variant, forename variant, nickname or motto attached to Tew was found in the documents read for this record, and "the Rhode Island pirate" is a modern description rather than a period alias.
    Depositions and calendared state papersExamination of John Dann, document 63 in Jameson; Deposition of Adam Baldridge, document 68; Deposition of Samuel Perkins, document 65; Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16; A General History of the Pyrates (the digression on Captain Thomas Tew)On: Thomas Tew
  428. Adam Baldridge, who supplied and traded with the crew at St Mary's, describes the Amity as a sloop of seventy tons, eight guns and sixty men, most of her belonging to Bermuda.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge, printed as document 68 in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II)On: Thomas Tew
  429. Tew's career comprises two distinct Red Sea voyages, a first begun under a Bermuda commission that brought him back to St Mary's in October 1693 and to Rhode Island in 1694, and a second begun at New York under a commission from Governor Benjamin Fletcher, running from 1694 to 1695, on which he was killed.
    Depositions and calendared state papersDeposition of Adam Baldridge, document 68 in Jameson; Examination of John Dann, document 63; Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16; A General History of the Pyrates (the digression on Captain Thomas Tew)On: Thomas Tew
  430. Two independent sources tie Tew to Bermuda: Johnson says the first commission came "from the then Governor of Bermudas", and Baldridge has the sloop belonging mostly to that island.
    Period narrative and sworn depositionA General History of the Pyrates (the digression on Captain Thomas Tew); Deposition of Adam Baldridge, document 68 in JamesonOn: Thomas Tew
  431. Baldridge's journal entries fix three dates for the sloop at St Mary's, in on 19 October 1693, out on 23 December 1693, and in again on 11 December 1695 without Tew, and Johnson supplies no dates at all.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge, printed as document 68 in Jameson (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II)On: Thomas Tew
  432. On the first voyage, before October 1693, the Amity boarded and took a large richly laden Moorish ship in the Red Sea bound from the Indies to Arabia with about three hundred soldiers aboard.
    Period narrative and sworn depositionA General History of the Pyrates (the digression on Captain Thomas Tew), for the detail; Deposition of Adam Baldridge, document 68 in Jameson, for the fact of a Moorish Red Sea prizeOn: Thomas Tew
  433. Bellomont reported that Tew, on his return from the East Indies with great riches, "was received and caressed by Governor Fletcher", "dined and supped often with him, and appeared with him publicly in his coach", and exchanged presents with him including gold watches, and that the commission Fletcher then gave him was "signed by Colonel Fletcher and countersigned by his private secretary, Daniel Honan", while Dann records only that the Amity was fitted out at New York.
    Calendared state papersEarl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697-1698); Examination of John Dann, document 63 in JamesonOn: Thomas Tew
  434. About the middle of 1695 the Amity joined Henry Every's squadron at the entrance to the Red Sea and the captains agreed that Every should command, but during the chase of the Mughal fleet the sloop, on Dann's account, fell astern and never came up with the ships that took the great prizes, so no share in them is recorded to Tew.
    Sworn examinationExamination of John Dann of Rochester, mariner, printed as document 63 in Jameson (C.O. 323:2, no. 25 IV)On: Thomas Tew
  435. Tew was killed on the second voyage in 1695 by a great shot from a Moorish ship, and neither the name of the ship nor the month was found in the documents read for this record.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge, printed as document 68 in Jameson (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II); Editorial notes to Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (footnote 16 to document 63)On: Thomas Tew
  436. The taking of the Charming Mary, Richard Glover master, at Mauratan on Madagascar in December 1695, Glover being given the sloop to carry him and his men home, was the act of the Amity's crew under John Yarland and then Captain Bobbington after Tew's death, not of Tew.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge, printed as document 68 in Jameson (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II)On: Thomas Tew
  437. No court adjudicated Tew's guilt in any source read for this record, and the word proven can attach to none of his acts.
    Sworn deposition and period narrativeDeposition of Adam Baldridge, document 68 in Jameson; A General History of the Pyrates (the digression on Captain Thomas Tew)On: Thomas Tew
  438. The surname Ashplant is securely attested among Bartholomew Roberts's crew tried at Cabo Corso (Cape Coast) Castle in spring 1722; the only forename the record gives is Valentine, printed in both the 1723 trial pamphlet and Johnson's 1724 reproduction
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea; A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates (the Bartholomew Roberts chapter, with the Cabo Corso trial appendix)On: Valentine Ashplant
  439. George Fenn deposed that he had known the prisoner as 'Master of a Brigantine seven Years ago', implying Ashplant had earlier commanded a merchant vessel, about 1715
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of GuineaOn: Valentine Ashplant
  440. The securely dated portion of Ashplant's life is confined to the piratical career and its end, roughly 1719 to 1722; the record fixes his capture, trial and sentence in 1722 firmly, with only a single earlier hint (a brigantine command about 1715)
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea; A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates (the Bartholomew Roberts chapter, with the Cabo Corso trial appendix)On: Valentine Ashplant
  441. Ashplant was captured aboard the consort Ranger when HMS Swallow (Captain Chaloner Ogle) took her under Cape Lopez on 5 February 1722; Roberts's own ship the Royal Fortune was taken and Roberts killed five days later, on 10 February 1722
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea; A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates (the Bartholomew Roberts chapter, with the Cabo Corso trial appendix)On: Valentine Ashplant
  442. Ashplant was arraigned at the Admiralty court held at Cabo Corso Castle from 28 March 1722, pleaded Not Guilty, was found guilty on the King Solomon evidence, and 'said little or nothing in his defence'
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of GuineaOn: Valentine Ashplant
  443. Ashplant was sentenced to be hanged and afterwards hung in chains; the warrant was dated 2 April 1722 and directed execution the following morning, so he was executed on or about 3 April 1722, among the first six of Roberts's crew put to death
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea; A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates (the Bartholomew Roberts chapter, with the Cabo Corso trial appendix)On: Valentine Ashplant
  444. Serving as patroon (coxswain) of the pirates' boat, being 'the forwardest among them', and returning with goods from what they called their prizes, 1720 to 1722; Various prizes of Roberts's company; alleged by Captain Joseph Trahern and Thomas Castle (depositions at the trial)
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of GuineaOn: Valentine Ashplant
  445. His own journal makes the first expedition Portobello and puts the landing near Golden Island, one of the Sambaloes, with between three and four hundred men going ashore.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (London, 1697), the introduction placed before chapter I, and chapter IOn: William Dampier
  446. By the agreement made before the poll off the Isle of Plata the losing party was to content themselves with the launch or longboat and the canoes and return back over the Isthmus or seek their fortune otherwise, and Dampier's party left Sharp and those willing to go with him in the ship twelve leagues north-west of the island, steering for the River of Santa Maria in the Gulf of St Michael about two hundred leagues off.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (London, 1697), the introduction placed before chapter I, and chapter IOn: William Dampier
  447. About the middle of November Dampier's company began work on their ship's bottom and found it eaten with the worm, a month after they had come into the river, their canoes' bottoms eaten like honeycombs and their bark, which was a single bottom, eaten through, and by the beginning of December 1686 the worm-eaten plank was off, new plank on, and the bottom sheathed and tallowed.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (London, 1697), the chapters on the stay in the river of MindanaoOn: William Dampier
  448. Dampier held that the worm bred in the sea and not in the plank, having seen millions of them swimming in the Bay of Panama, where he, Captain Davis and Captain Swan took notice of them often enough that it governed how often they cleaned.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (London, 1697), the chapters on the stay in the river of MindanaoOn: William Dampier
  449. Dampier sailed from the Downs early on Saturday 14 January 1699 in His Majesty's ship the Roebuck, carrying twelve guns on that voyage with fifty men and boys and twenty months' provision.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A Voyage to New Holland (third edition, London, 1729), chapter 1On: William Dampier
  450. He made the island of Ascension on 21 February 1701 and the ship sprang a leak between eight and nine the next morning that the chain-pump could not hold; the men were landed, the sails unbent for tents, great part of his books and papers lost, and in April His Majesty's ships Anglesey, Hastings and Lizard with the Canterbury East Indiaman took the company off.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland (third edition, London, 1729), the chapters on AscensionOn: William Dampier
  451. In the dedication to the volume he made of that voyage Dampier wrote that the Roebuck foundered through perfect age near the island of Ascension, that he suffered extremely in his reputation by the misfortune, and that his enemies could not charge any neglect upon him.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A Voyage to New Holland (third edition, London, 1729), the dedicationOn: William Dampier
  452. Rogers's printed list of the officers of the Duke gives William Dampier as Pilot for the South Seas, who had been already three times there and twice round the world.
    Printed participant narrativeWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (London, 1712), the list of the officers of the DukeOn: William Dampier
  453. Dampier's preface to his New Holland volume calls it his third, the two former volumes of voyages and descriptions having already met with a favourable reception in the world.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A Voyage to New Holland (third edition, London, 1729), the prefaceOn: William Dampier
  454. Mather gives Fly's age at his death as about twenty-seven, and a Boston dispatch printed at London in September 1726 states that all three of the condemned men were born in the West of England.
    Execution sermon with appended narrative, and period newspaper reportCotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726), page 11; and The Political State of Great Britain, vol. XXXII (London, September 1726), Boston dispatch of 16 July 1726On: William Fly
  455. William Fly was boatswain of the snow Elizabeth of Bristol under Captain John Green, which sailed from Jamaica for Guinea in April 1726; only the month of sailing is attested.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726; and Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726)On: William Fly
  456. Mather reports that Fly bade Green say "Lord, Have Mercy on my Soul!" and that Green's hand was cut off with a cooper's broad-axe when he seized the mainsheets to prolong his time.
    Execution sermon with appended narrativeCotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726), A Remarkable Relation, page 2On: William Fly
  457. The reason the mutineers themselves gave for destroying the master and mate was bad usage, Mather recording that it was done "in a way of Revenge, they said, for Bad Usage" and the prisoners telling the court that Green and his mate had been cruel to the men.
    Execution sermon and trial pamphletCotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726); and The Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726On: William Fly
  458. On 23 June 1726 near Brown's Banks Fly took the fishing schooner James and sent her in chase with seven hands aboard, leaving himself, three other pirates and fifteen men taken out of his prizes on the snow.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, sixth article; and Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726), A Remarkable Relation, page 6On: William Fly
  459. Mather's relation dates the sentence of death on the four pirates to 3 July 1726, where the court's own printed record has the Special Court of Admiralty sitting on 4 July.
    Execution sermon and trial pamphletCotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726), page 11; and The Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, title pageOn: William Fly
  460. A Boston dispatch printed at London reports that three of the pirates were executed at Charles Town, William Fly captain, Samuel Cole quartermaster and Henry Greenvil, and that George Condick was reprieved for a year and a day.
    Period newspaper reportThe Political State of Great Britain, vol. XXXII (London, September 1726), Boston dispatch of 16 July 1726On: William Fly
  461. Mather thought Fly "ambitious to have it said, That he died a brave fellow", and records that he kept away from the public assemblies with the other prisoners because he would not have the mob gaze upon him.
    Execution sermon with appended narrativeCotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726), The Execution, page 48On: William Fly
  462. The Boston dispatch printed at London has Fly say he was not afraid to die because "he had wrong no Man", and desire that masters of vessels take warning, pay sailors their wages when due and treat them better, since "their Barbarity to them made so many turn Pyrates".
    Period newspaper reportThe Political State of Great Britain, vol. XXXII (London, September 1726), Boston dispatch of 16 July 1726On: William Fly
  463. A New York report of 20 July 1726, printed at London, has Captain Norris in HMS Lowestoff and Captain Pearce in HMS Tartar putting to sea in quest of the pirate snow reported off Cape May.
    Period newspaper reportThe Political State of Great Britain, vol. XXXII (London, September 1726), New York dispatch of 20 July 1726On: William Fly
  464. A William Howard came into Virginia in 1718 and was prosecuted there for piracy; his existence and his prosecution are attested independently by Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood's letter and by the surviving articles exhibited against him, and both documents attach him to Edward Tach's company.
    Calendared state papers and court indictmentCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30 (Aug. 1717 to Dec. 1718), No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, pp 430-432; Articles (indictment) exhibited against William Howard for piracy and robbery on the high seas, 1718On: William Howard
  465. The forename is given as Wm in the 1718 articles and the surname Howard in both the articles and Spotswood's letter, so the name itself is securely attested.
    Court indictment and calendared state papersArticles (indictment) exhibited against William Howard for piracy and robbery on the high seas, 1718; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800, pp 430-432On: William Howard
  466. Howard's rank as quartermaster rests on Spotswood's description of him as "Tach's Quartermaster"; the 1718 articles do not use the title.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, p 430On: William Howard
  467. Charles Johnson's General History (1724) does not name Howard: its Blackbeard chapter mentions only an unnamed quarter-master, contrary to a common modern assertion.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. III, Of Captain Teach alias Black-beard), Gutenberg ebook 40580On: William Howard
  468. The articles charge three dated acts in 1717: the taking, plundering and sinking of the sloop Betty of Virginia near Cape Charles on 29 September; the taking of the sloop Robert of Philadelphia and the ship Good Instant of Dublin in Delaware Bay on 22 October; and the taking of the French ship Concord of Saint Malo near Saint Vincent in December, robbed of enslaved people, gold dust, money, plate and jewels and afterwards renamed Queen Anne's Revenge.
    Court indictmentArticles (indictment) exhibited against William Howard for piracy and robbery on the high seas, 1718On: William Howard
  469. Howard held as property two enslaved people whom he admitted had been piratically taken, one from a French ship and one from an English brigantine; Spotswood caused them to be seized under royal instructions and Howard sued the officer who made the seizure. The source does not name the two people and counts them among his effects.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, p 430On: William Howard
  470. The Justices of the Peace where Howard resided sent him aboard one of the King's ships as a vagrant seaman, whereupon he had the Justice who signed the warrant and the Captain and Lieutenant of the man of war arrested in actions for damages.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, p 430On: William Howard
  471. One of the chief lawyers in Virginia took Howard's cause, and Spotswood, who described him as a pirate well known to have been very active in plundering vessels on that coast the year before, called the behaviour extraordinary and had a stricter enquiry made into his course of life after he left the colony.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, p 430On: William Howard
  472. Spotswood reported that Howard and the rest of Tach's crew had surrendered and claimed the benefit of the King's Proclamation, but had committed piracies after 5 January for which they were not entitled to the pardon.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, p 430On: William Howard
  473. Howard was convicted of taking and destroying no less than twelve ships and vessels after 5 January 1718, and the twelve are not itemised in the source.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, p 430On: William Howard
  474. Some of the Virginia Council opposed trying Howard by virtue of the commission under the great seal pursuant to the Act of 11 and 12 King William III, a trial without a jury, and Spotswood overcame the objection by producing the King's Instruction directing that manner of trial.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, p 430On: William Howard
  475. Howard was convicted and sentenced to death, and the royal commission for pardoning pirates reached Virginia in time to save him, its mercy extending to all piracies committed before 18 August, so that he was set at liberty without suffering any punishment and was never re-tried.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, pp 430-432On: William Howard
  476. Spotswood asked the Council of Trade and Plantations whether the remission of all forfeitures restored pardoned pirates only to the estates they held before their piracies or gave them property in the effects they had piratically taken.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, p 432On: William Howard
  477. The chronology of the trial rests on Spotswood's letter of 22 December 1718, which places the conviction, death sentence and reprieve in the weeks immediately before it; a secondary account dating the sentence to October 1718 is unsupported by the letter and unresolved.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800: Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 22 December 1718, pp 430-432On: William Howard
  478. Both primary documents are held at one remove: the Calendar entry is a printed abstract of Spotswood's manuscript letter, its Colonial Office reference not established, and the articles were read only in an online transcription of an original in Richmond.
    Calendared state papers and court indictmentCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800, pp 430-432 (printed calendar abstract, ed. Cecil Headlam, 1930); Articles (indictment) exhibited against William Howard for piracy and robbery on the high seas, 1718 (online transcription)On: William Howard
  479. No minute of the court that convicted Howard has been located and no defence account survives, so the manner of trial, the exact date and the pardon cutoff (18 August in Spotswood's letter against 23 July in a secondary account) remain to be settled from record sources.
    Calendared state papers and secondary articleCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 30, No. 800, pp 430-432; When Blackbeard Scourged the Seas (Colonial Williamsburg Journal)On: William Howard
  480. The 1696 indictment names him with his co-defendants as "late of London, Mariners", a formula fixing the jurisdiction of the court over the whole group rather than a statement of any defendant's birthplace or residence.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  481. Set ashore gravely sick at Joanna in the Comoros for refreshment with one Gunning and others, May chose to stay rather than re-embark, lay there seven or eight weeks, and was kept alive by an enslaved English-speaking man of Bethnal Green who had gone out in the ship Rochester and been taken at Guinea, until the Fancy returned and, in Philip Middleton's words, "took in Mr. May again".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  482. May held no command role: he was an ordinary foremast seaman, called "old May" in the testimony, and the Crown never alleged that he commanded, ordered or navigated anything, the case against him resting on presence, words and a share.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  483. The eighty-ton sloop Adventure was taken from David Herriot at Turneff, about ten leagues short of the Bay of Honduras, on or about 4 to 5 April 1718 by Thatch in the Queen Anne's Revenge and the Revenge, and a pirate prize crew was put aboard to man her.
    Deposition and period narrativeThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (in The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and other Pirates, 1719); A General History of the Pyrates (chapter on Edward Teach called Black-beard)On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  484. Herriot's Adventure was of the burden of eighty tons or thereabouts, owned by Matthew Taylor of Devon, John Devine of Leyden and James Robberts of Bristol, and chartered for the Bay of Honduras logwood trade.
    DepositionThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (in The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and other Pirates, 1719)On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  485. The Queen Anne's Revenge and one of the sloops in company were run aground and wrecked at Topsail Inlet about the beginning of June 1718, after which Blackbeard's company dispersed and he kept one sloop; Herriot deposed that it was generally believed Thatch had grounded his vessel on purpose to break up the companies and secure the money for himself.
    Colonial official letter and depositionLieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to Lord Cartwright (a Lord Proprietor of Carolina), pp. 324-327; The Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (in The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and other Pirates, 1719)On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  486. At Ocracoke the Adventure carried eight guns on Spotswood's account, while the Boston News-Letter reports ten guns and a modern account reads nine mounted guns.
    Colonial official letterLieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to Lord Cartwright (a Lord Proprietor of Carolina), pp. 324-327; Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSP Colonial vol. 30, no. 800, 22 December 1718, which has Teach 'on board a sloop wch. carryed 8 guns and very well fitted for fight'On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  487. The master of the Adventure was Hezekiah Hands, the Israel Hands of the printed narrative and the same man under two forenames; he was not present at the Ocracoke fight, was taken later ashore at Bath, tried, and pardoned.
    Colonial court records and period narrativeDepositions and evidences before the Virginia Court of Admiralty against the crew of Edward Thache and against Tobias Knight (incl. Knight's letter of 17 November 1718), pp. 341-345; A General History of the Pyrates (chapter on Edward Teach called Black-beard)On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  488. The Adventure took two French ships near Bermuda about 22 August 1718; Thatch plundered one and brought the other into North Carolina, having put both crews aboard the first, and afterwards gave out that the goods had been found as a wreck.
    Colonial official letters and court recordsLieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Lords Commissioners of Trade, pp. 337-341; Depositions and evidences before the Virginia Court of Admiralty against the crew of Edward Thache and against Tobias Knight, pp. 341-345; Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSP Colonial vol. 30, no. 800, 22 December 1718On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  489. After the fight the Adventure was taken as a prize with Blackbeard's head hung at the bowsprit end, and Maynard sailed to Bath Town for relief and then back to the men of war in the James River in Virginia.
    Period narrative and newspaperA General History of the Pyrates (chapter on Edward Teach called Black-beard); Boston News-Letter account of the death of Blackbeard (dateline Rhode-Island), issue of about early March 1719On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  490. John Dann's examination names "the Amity Sloop, Thomas Tew Comander" and Adam Baldridge's deposition, which once writes "the ship Amity, Captain Thomas Tew Commander", elsewhere calls her "the Sloop Amity"; she is a sloop throughout the primary record.
    Sworn examination and depositionExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63), C.O. 323:2 no. 25 IV; Deposition of Adam Baldridge (Jameson doc 68), C.O. 5:1042 no. 30 IIOn: Amity
  491. Adam Baldridge gives the Amity's burden as about seventy tons.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (Jameson doc 68), C.O. 5:1042 no. 30 IIOn: Amity
  492. Baldridge gives the Amity "8 Guns, 60 men" under Tew, while John Dann's examination of Every's squadron allows the vessels "about 6 Guns each" and says "two of them had 50 men on board"; the two counts are not reconciled.
    Sworn examination and depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (Jameson doc 68), C.O. 5:1042 no. 30 II; Examination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63), C.O. 323:2 no. 25 IVOn: Amity
  493. Baldridge records that the Amity "belonged most of her to Bermudas", and Tew held a part-owner's share in her.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (Jameson doc 68), C.O. 5:1042 no. 30 IIOn: Amity
  494. On the 1693 voyage the Amity took one vessel, described by Baldridge as "a Ship in the Red Seas that did belong to the Moors", the plunder making "the whole share run 1200 l. a man"; the primary record gives the prize no name, and the Fateh Muhammed named for it by later accounts belongs to Henry Every's action of 1695.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (Jameson doc 68), C.O. 5:1042 no. 30 IIOn: Amity
  495. Governor Benjamin Fletcher of New York befriended Tew and granted him a privateering commission, and in his own later defence described him as "not only a man of courage and activity ... a very pleasant man", a document written after the Earl of Bellomont had alleged that Fletcher knew of Tew's piratical habits.
    Calendared colonial documentsPrivateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents, printing N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 447On: Amity
  496. Dann's examination has the Amity "fitted out at New Yorke" in late 1694 or early 1695 for a second Red Sea voyage, and by about June 1695 she was at Liparan in the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb with Henry Every's loose squadron, the captains having agreed that Every should command.
    Sworn examinationExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63), C.O. 323:2 no. 25 IVOn: Amity
  497. In the pursuit of the Mughal fleet the Amity, on Dann's evidence, "fell asterne and never came up to them".
    Sworn examinationExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63), C.O. 323:2 no. 25 IVOn: Amity
  498. Thomas Tew was killed on the 1695 voyage "by a great Shott from a Moors ship", and since the Amity had fallen astern the primary record does not place him at the taking of either the Fateh Muhammed or the Ganj-i-Sawai.
    Sworn examination and depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (Jameson doc 68), C.O. 5:1042 no. 30 II; Examination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63), C.O. 323:2 no. 25 IVOn: Amity
  499. Johnson's account, that after Tew's death his men "suffered themselves to be taken, without making Resistance", is contradicted by Baldridge, who records the Amity coming into St Mary's on 11 December 1695 under John Yarland and continuing to pirate.
    Sworn deposition and period narrativeDeposition of Adam Baldridge (Jameson doc 68), C.O. 5:1042 no. 30 II; A General History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (Of Captain Tew)On: Amity
  500. Under John Yarland the Amity took the Charming Mary at Mauratan on Madagascar, made one Bobbington captain, refitted at St Augustine and went into the Indies.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (Jameson doc 68), C.O. 5:1042 no. 30 IIOn: Amity
  501. Dampier records that Cook's company brought their prizes into Virginia in the April before the voyage and fitted out the best of them there, a ship of good force carrying eighteen guns.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter III, under the running head 'His Departure from Virginia'On: Batchelor's Delight
  502. Dampier records that before sailing the company agreed on particular rules, especially of temperance and sobriety, because of the length of the intended voyage, and that on 23 August 1683 they sailed from Achamack in Virginia under the command of Captain Cook, bound for the South Seas.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter III, the sailing from VirginiaOn: Batchelor's Delight
  503. Dampier's account of the Guinea coast records that the company had meant to touch nowhere until the Straits of Magellan, that contrary winds in ten degrees north sent them to the coast of Guinea and the mouth of the River of Sherboro, that they there scrubbed the ship's bottom, filled their water casks and bought two puncheons of rice, and that they departed about the middle of November 1683.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter IV, page 78, under the running head 'River of Sherboro in Guinea'On: Batchelor's Delight
  504. Dampier records that the day before the company left the bay of Caldera Edward Davis, the company's quartermaster, was made captain by consent of all the company, for it was his place by succession.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter VI, the bay of CalderaOn: Batchelor's Delight
  505. Dampier records that Davis's authority was an old commission which fell to him by inheritance at the decease of Captain Cook, who had taken it from Captain Tristian, and that Davis later accepted a fresh commission from the governor of Petit Guaves.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter VII, the offer of blank commissions from Petit GuavesOn: Batchelor's Delight
  506. Dampier records that on the twentieth day of July the company sailed from the bay of Caldera with Captain Eaton and the prize they had brought from the Galapagos, directing their course for Ria Lexa.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter VI, the departure from the bay of CalderaOn: Batchelor's Delight
  507. Cowley charted and named the Galapagos Islands and recorded about fifteen hundred bags of flour laid up ashore there in 1684 for later use.
    Period narrativeCowley's Voyage round the Globe, in W. Hacke, A Collection of Original Voyages (1699), part IOn: Batchelor's Delight
  508. Dampier records that at the Galapagos the company put ashore a quantity of flour, printed in the copy read for this record as "sooo packs", as a reserve against need before they left the islands.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter V, the stay at the GalapagosOn: Batchelor's Delight
  509. Dampier's list of the buccaneer fleet of ten sail in the Bay of Panama in 1685 gives its leading ship, the one Captain Swan and Captain Townley came aboard of Captain Davis to concert the action in, thirty-six guns and one hundred and fifty-six men, most of them English, with Swan's sixteen guns and one hundred and forty men the only other ship of force in the fleet, against a Spanish force of fourteen sail besides periaguas.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), page 207, under the running head 'Spanish Fleet from Lima: their Strength'On: Batchelor's Delight
  510. At the parting at Realejo on 27 August 1685 Captain Swan in the Cygnet was going to the westward and Dampier chose to go with him, while Wafer stayed with Captain Davis in the Batchelors Delight, who was for going again to the southward.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America (1699; 1704 edition scanned), page 219, marginal note 'Harbour of Realeja'On: Batchelor's Delight
  511. Wafer records that the ship was at Juan Fernandez again at the latter end of 1687, where they cleaned her, quitted their bark and stood over to the mainland for the sheep of Mocha for the voyage round Terra del Fuego, that they did not well know what course to steer having but very indifferent seamen aboard, and that on Christmas day 1687 they were just clear of the storm off Cape Horn in the latitude of 62 degrees 45 minutes south.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America (1699; 1704 edition scanned), pages 215 to 216On: Batchelor's Delight
  512. Wafer records that off the Caribbee Islands he had from Mr Edwin Carter in a Barbados sloop the news of King James's Proclamation to pardon and call in the buccaneers and went on in Carter's ship to the Delaware and up into Pennsylvania, and that he afterwards came back down that river with Captain Davis and John Hingson, carting their chests and goods over a small neck of land into the Bohemia River and so down the great bay of Chesapeake.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America (1699; 1704 edition scanned), pages 223 to 224, the conclusionOn: Batchelor's Delight
  513. She was carrying about 75,000 pounds of the Company's treasure in ready cash, besides bale goods and European liquors, when she was lost.
    Participant narrativeA Compendious History of the Indian WarsOn: Cassandra
  514. She left Portsmouth on 21 March 1720 for Bombay in company with the East Indiaman Greenwich under Captain Kirby, the same sailing being dated 21 March 1719 in the Old Style year that began on 25 March.
    Museum articleShipwreck, sickness and pirates: the dangers of working for the East India Company (points to manuscript AMS/29)On: Cassandra
  515. The Cassandra arrived at Johanna on 25 July 1720 in company with the Greenwich, putting in there to refresh her men.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  516. At Johanna Macrae found fourteen pirates who had come by canoe from Mayotta, where their ship the Indian Queen, of two hundred and fifty tons, twenty eight guns and ninety men under Captain Oliver de la Bouche, had been bulged and lost.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  517. The two pirate ships carried thirty four guns and thirty guns, and the Greenwich under Captain Kirby and an Ostender of twenty two guns in company both deserted the action.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  518. After about three hours of engagement the Cassandra was run ashore and boarded, thirteen of her men were killed and twenty four wounded, and three wounded men left aboard were cut to pieces.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  519. A ship database dates the taking to 7 August 1720 against the 17 August given in the captain's own letter.
    Ship databaseBritish Merchant East Indiaman Cassandra (1719), ship id 29166On: Cassandra
  520. Macrae, wounded in the head by a musket ball, made his way about twenty five miles to the King's Town of Johanna, and the pirates offered the country people ten thousand dollars to bring him in, but the king and his chief people were in his interest.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  521. A General History of the Pyrates relates the particulars of the action at length in a letter written by the captain from Bombay and dated 16 November 1720.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates), lines 3596-3601 of the Gutenberg textOn: Cassandra
  522. Macrae's letter imputes the loss of the Cassandra to the desertion of the Greenwich, and it is his own interested account, written to explain the loss.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  523. About ten days after the action Macrae went aboard the pirates under a promise of safety, the chief captain Edward England protected him, and the pirates made him a present of the shattered Dutch-built Fancy of about three hundred tons together with a hundred and twenty nine bales of the Company's cloth.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  524. The two pirate ships were commanded by Edward England and John Taylor and were the Fancy, a Dutch-built vessel of about three hundred tons, and the Victory, but Macrae's letter does not pair the captains to the ships and that pairing rests on A Compendious History of the Indian Wars and on later writers.
    Participant narrativeA Compendious History of the Indian WarsOn: Cassandra
  525. The pirates sailed from Johanna on 3 September 1720 and Macrae followed on 8 September in the Fancy with forty three of his crew and five tons of water, reaching Bombay on 26 October after forty eight days.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  526. She belonged to London merchants, described in court as several merchants of the City, and her men were 'Shipt out of England, in Sir James Hubland's service, to the Spanish West-Indies', that is in the service of Sir James Houblon.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696)On: Charles II
  527. She sailed in a squadron, the James under Captain Humphreys and the Dove being named as her consorts in the trial.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696)On: Charles II
  528. The ships lay at La Coruna, the port the English witnesses call the Groyne.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), for the ship's lying at the GroyneOn: Charles II
  529. The 1696 indictment lays forty pieces of ordnance, valued at five hundred pounds, in the ship at her seizure.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696)On: Charles II
  530. Her commander was Captain Charles Gibson.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696)On: Charles II
  531. Henry Every served as an officer under Gibson and was the ringleader of the plot to carry the ship away; the court told the jury he was no captain but was under the command of Captain Gibson, and the rank of first mate comes from later accounts rather than from the trial.
    Trial pamphlet and period narrativeThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), for his standing in the ship and the plot; with A General History of the Pyrates (Life of Captain Avery) for the rank of first mateOn: Charles II
  532. The venture's wages fell into arrears, and William Bishop told the court that at the Groyne 'the Men began to complain about wages'.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the defence of William BishopOn: Charles II
  533. The seizure met no opposition, the men coming 'from the whole Squadron', and only one or two guns were fired, from the James by Captain Humphreys.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the evidence of David CreaghOn: Charles II
  534. Gibson, sick in his cabin, was set on shore by force on the night of 7 May 1694 and the ship was carried off with about a hundred and sixty men aboard.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696)On: Charles II
  535. The ship is named in print as the Cygnet of London, commanded by Captain Charles Swan, and William Dampier sailed in her from 1684 until he was set ashore at Nicobar in May 1688.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapters VI to XVIIOn: Cygnet
  536. Dampier's company lay at the Isle of Plata until 2 October 1684, when Swan arrived there in the Cygnet, fitted out by very eminent merchants of London on a design only to trade with the Spaniards or Indians, having a very considerable cargo.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter VI, page 137, under the running head 'Capt. Swan'On: Cygnet
  537. Swan's men forced him from trade to privateering by making him take in a company of privateers met near Nicoya under Peter Harris, and the trading cargo was got up on deck and sold on trust or thrown overboard, fine goods and the iron excepted, the iron being saved for ballast.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter VI, pages 137 to 138On: Cygnet
  538. On 2 November 1684 the ships came up with Payta and lay about six leagues off shore all day before sending the canoes in at evening, stayed before the town till the sixth day in hopes of a ransom, demanded three hundred packs of flour, a weight of sugar the copy consulted does not render legibly, twenty five jars of wine and a thousand jars of water, got nothing, and Swan then ordered the town to be fired.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter VII, pages 154 and 159On: Cygnet
  539. Dampier's list of the buccaneer fleet in the Bay of Panama in 1685 rates the Cygnet at sixteen guns and a hundred and forty men, all English.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter VIII, under the running head 'The Privateers Strength'On: Cygnet
  540. In 1687, at an island west of Sebo, Captain Read had the carpenters cut down the ship's quarter deck to make her snug and the fitter for sailing, after which they heeled her, scrubbed her bottom and tallowed it.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter XIV, page 379, under the running head 'Canes. Isle of Bats'On: Cygnet
  541. The Cygnet sailed from Cape Corrientes on 31 March 1686 in company with a bark under Teat, a hundred men aboard the ship and fifty aboard the bark.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter X, page 280, the departure from Cape Corrientes for GuamOn: Cygnet
  542. The company raised Guam on 20 May 1686 after about fifty days at sea with provision for three days more aboard, and Dampier was afterwards informed that the men had contrived to kill Captain Swan and eat him when the victuals were gone, and after him all who had promoted the voyage.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter X, page 283, under the running head 'They arrive at Guam, one of the Ladrone Islands'On: Cygnet
  543. The Cygnet arrived before the river of Mindanao on 18 July 1686 and the company resided there about six months.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter XII, the arrival before the river of MindanaoOn: Cygnet
  544. On 14 January 1687 the crew seized the ship and sailed from the river of Mindanao, leaving Captain Swan ashore in the city with a body of men whose number cannot be read with confidence in the copy consulted, which prints 34 where the figure usually repeated is 36, besides six or eight who had run away and about sixteen already buried there, most of whom died by poison.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapters XIII and XIV, under the running heads 'They leave Captain Swan behind' and 'They depart from the River of Mindanao'On: Cygnet
  545. John Read, whom Swan had railed against in his journal, was made captain in Swan's room, with Teat as master and Henry More as quartermaster.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter XIV, page 379, under the running head 'Canes. Isle of Bats'On: Cygnet
  546. Under Read the Cygnet cruised to Manila, Pulo Condore, Formosa, the Celebes, the coast of New Holland and the Nicobars in 1687 and 1688.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapters XIV to XVIIOn: Cygnet
  547. At Nicobar, the water filled and the ship ready to sail, Dampier desired Captain Read to set him ashore on the island; Read gave leave because he supposed no place was less frequented by ships and would have refused had he thought Dampier could get away soon and give an account of him to the English or the Dutch; Dampier left the island himself on 15 May 1688, eight men in a native canoe.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapters XVII and XVIII, under the running head 'The Author leaves the Ship and goes ashore'On: Cygnet
  548. Read filled his water, got rice and stood on for the Red Sea, took a richly laden Portuguese ship near Ceylon, and, the westerly winds bearing hard against him, bore away for Madagascar, where the company entered the service of one of the petty princes of the island against his neighbours.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter XX, page 510, under the running head 'The Cygnet goes to Madagascar'On: Cygnet
  549. At Madagascar a small vessel from New York came in to purchase slaves; Read and about five or six others stole away aboard her, and Teat was made commander of the residue.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter XX, page 510, under the running head 'The Cygnet goes to Madagascar'On: Cygnet
  550. Going towards the Red Sea in consort with Captain Knight, the Cygnet proved leaky and sailed heavily, being much out of repair, so that Knight grew weary of her company and gave her the slip in the night.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter XX, page 510, under the running head 'The Cygnet goes to Madagascar'On: Cygnet
  551. The ship was forced to bear away for Coromandel, where Teat and his own men went ashore to serve the Mogul, leaving strangers from another lost ship aboard who undertook to carry her for England; the last news Dampier had of her was from Captain Knox, who told him she then lay sunk in St. Augustin Bay in Madagascar.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter XX, page 511, under the running head 'And lies sunk in St. Augustin's Bay'On: Cygnet
  552. Dampier reports that Swan and his surgeon, going in a small canoe to a Dutch ship in the road at Mindanao to get a passage to Europe, were overset at the mouth of the river by men who had waited their coming purposely to do it, and that this was done by the General's order, as some thought, to get Swan's gold, which was seized at once, two other explanations being set down beside that one.
    Period narrativeA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter XVI, page 445, under the running head 'The Murder of C. Swan at Mindanao'On: Cygnet
  553. Rogers gives the Duke's burthen as about 320 tuns and her armament as 30 guns; the owners' agreement printed by Edward Cooke agrees on the tonnage but gives her 36 guns, an unreconciled divergence between the two first-hand printings, while the tonnage the two accounts disagree about is the Dutchess's and not the Duke's.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712); A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1711, by the Ships Duke and Dutchess of Bristol, Volume 1, the printed owners' agreementOn: Duke
  554. The Duke shipped 117 men at Bristol, and after recruiting at Cork Rogers records 183 men aboard the Duke with 151 aboard the Dutchess.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712)On: Duke
  555. Rogers puts the complement of sailors in the two ships together at 333, above one third of them foreigners from most nations, and records that on leaving Cork the holds were full of provisions with cables, bread and water casks stowed between decks, so that the ships were very much crowded and pestered and not fit to engage an enemy without throwing provision and stores overboard.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the entries at Cork and of 1 September 1708On: Duke
  556. The Duke sailed under a commission from Prince George of Denmark, then Lord High Admiral of Great Britain, and the agreement against gaming signed by her own company in the South Sea describes them as adventurers in a private man of war under Captain Woodes Rogers, who has a lawful commission from his Royal Highness Prince George Denmark.
    Period narrativeA Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1711, by the Ships Duke and Dutchess of Bristol, Volume 1, printed introduction; A Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the Agreement to prevent GamingOn: Duke
  557. The venture was owned and directed by a group of Bristol merchants whose agreement is dated Bristol, July 14. 1708 and is subscribed by John Batchelor, Christopher Shuter, James Hollidge, Thomas Goldney and Francis Rogers, the managing owners named in the document rather than necessarily the whole ownership.
    Period narrativeA Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1711, by the Ships Duke and Dutchess of Bristol, Volume 1, the printed owners' agreement and council constitutionOn: Duke
  558. The Duke's consort was the Dutchess, commanded by Captain Stephen Courtney, and a third ship, the Marquis, a prize fitted out as a consort, joined the squadron later.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712); A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1711, by the Ships Duke and Dutchess of Bristol, Volume 1On: Duke
  559. The ships made Juan Fernandez on 31 January 1709, the pinnace first went ashore on 1 February, and on 2 February the Duke's boat brought Alexander Selkirk off the island, Cooke recording that the Duke's boat went ashore, and found one Alexander Selkirk.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712); A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1711, by the Ships Duke and Dutchess of Bristol, Volume 1On: Duke
  560. Selkirk had been alone on Juan Fernandez four years and four months, left there by Captain Stradling in the Cinque Ports, of which he had been master; the ship had last been on that coast in company with Dampier, who told Rogers that Selkirk was the best man in her, and Rogers agreed with him at once to have him as a mate aboard the Duke.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712), read for this record in A Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the journal entry of 2 February 1709On: Duke
  561. In an attack by the ships' boats on a Spanish vessel before Guayaquil, Rogers's brother was shot through the head and died at once, and Rogers set down in the same entry that he had begun the voyage with a resolution to go through it and that the greatest misfortune or obstacle should not deter him.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the journal under the heading Sailing towards Guiaquil, in the entry preceding that of 16 April 1709On: Duke
  562. The written ransom agreement for Guayaquil bound the Spanish signers to remain hostages in the custody of Captains Thomas Dover, Woodes Rogers and Stephen Courtney until 30000 pieces of eight should be paid for the city, two new ships and six barks, with no hostility to be committed on either side meanwhile.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the English ransom agreement printed under 27 April 1709 Old StyleOn: Duke
  563. On 22 December 1709, cruising off Cape St Lucas in California, the Duke took the smaller of the two Manila ships, named in Rogers's journal Nostra Seniora de la Incarnacion Disenganio, Sir John Pichberty commander, with 20 guns and 20 patereroes; her complement stands at 193 men in one printing and 195 in the reprint read for this record.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712); A Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the journal entry of 22 December 1709On: Duke
  564. A shot disabled the Duke's mizen mast in the same action, and Rogers records that he was forced to write down what he would say, to prevent the loss of blood and because of the pain speaking gave him.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the journal entry of 22 December 1709On: Duke
  565. On 26 and 27 December 1709 the Duke, the Dutchess and the Marquis engaged the larger Manila ship, named in Rogers's journal the Bigonia, of about 900 tuns and carrying 60 guns of which about 40 were mounted, all brass, with a company reported to be above 460; she was not taken, and a committee held aboard the Duke on 27 December resolved that the masts were much damnified, that there was no probability of taking her, and that they would secure the prize already taken.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712); A Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the journal and the committee minute of 27 December 1709On: Duke
  566. At a committee of 6 January 1709/10 the captured galleon was named by the company The Batchelor Frigate, after the owner John Batchelor, and it was carried by majority of votes that Captain Thomas Dover, who came out second captain of the Duke and sat as president of the committee, should command her; Rogers and several of his officers refused to sign, and the officers of the Dutchess and the Marquis entered a protest against the refusal in the owners' name.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712); A Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the protest signed 9 January 1709-10 reciting the committee of 6 January 1709-10On: Duke
  567. The Duke returned by way of Guam, Batavia and the Cape of Good Hope and then north about in convoy to the Texel in Holland, anchored in the Downs on 1 October 1711, where several of the owners came aboard and took prisoners ashore to be examined about the capture, and got up to Erith at eleven in the morning of 14 October, which ended the voyage.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712); A Cruising Voyage Round the World (Seafarers' Library edition, editorial introduction and narrative), the closing entries of the journalOn: Duke
  568. The Dutchess sailed as consort to the Duke, and not as the flagship, on Woodes Rogers's Bristol privateering voyage round the world of 1708 to 1711; both 1712 narratives print her name Dutchess, where later writers standardise it to Duchess.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text edited by G. E. Manwaring; A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1711, vol. 2On: Dutchess
  569. Rogers's journal lists the officers of the Dutchess under Courtney and Cooke as William Stretton chief lieutenant, John Rogers second lieutenant, John Connely third lieutenant, William Bath the owners' agent, George Milbourn master, and five mates under the master.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the list headed Officers of the Dutchess in the entries at CorkOn: Dutchess
  570. Rogers gives the complement of sailors in the Duke and the Dutchess together as 333, above one third of them foreigners from most nations.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the entries at Cork before 1 September 1708On: Dutchess
  571. Leaving Cork at the beginning of September 1708 the Dutchess had 151 men aboard against the Duke's 183, and Rogers described both as very much crowded and pestered ships.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entry of 1 September 1708On: Dutchess
  572. On 27 December 1708, running south towards Cape Horn, the Dutchess put back into her hold the guns she had got up on deck for a chase the day before.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entry of 27 December 1708On: Dutchess
  573. A violent gale and a great sea came on, and on 5 January 1708/9 the Dutchess was seen lowering her main yard, the tack flying up and the lift unreeving, before she kept scudding to the southward with an ensign in her maintopmast shrouds as a signal of distress, which made Rogers think she had sprung her mainmast.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entry of 5 January 1708/9On: Dutchess
  574. Hailed at five the next morning, the Dutchess answered that the sea had broken in her cabin windows and over her stern, filling her steerage and waist, and had like to have spoiled several men, and that her people were intolerably cold with everything wet.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entry of 5 January 1708/9On: Dutchess
  575. Off the coast of Patagonia on 22 January 1708/9 Rogers recorded that the Dutchess had always more sick men than the Duke and had them still, both ships having many men down with the cold and some with the scurvy.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entry of 22 January 1708/9On: Dutchess
  576. The Dutchess shared the call at Juan Fernandez in early February 1708/9 at which Alexander Selkirk was taken off after four years and four months alone, keeping turning to get in against heavy squalls off the land while the Duke's boats went ashore; Selkirk was signed as a mate of the Duke and not of the Dutchess.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entry of 2 February 1708/9On: Dutchess
  577. John Rogers, second lieutenant of the Dutchess and the commander's younger brother, a little above twenty years of age, was shot through the head and killed at once in the boat attack on the French-built Lima ship on 15 April 1709, and was buried at sea the next day.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entries of 15 and 16 April 1709On: Dutchess
  578. Rogers records that in that attack the Dutchess's pinnace, with Cooke in her, was worse provided than the Duke's and had not arms enough for the men in her.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entry of 15 April 1709On: Dutchess
  579. The Dutchess shared the taking and ransom of Guayaquil in late April 1709, the ransom of 30,000 pieces of eight, two new ships and six barks being agreed in the names of three principals, Thomas Dover, Woodes Rogers and Stephen Courtney.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the ransom agreement printed in the journal under April 1709; A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1711, vol. 2On: Dutchess
  580. In the sickness that followed Guayaquil Rogers recorded about 50 men down in the Duke against upwards of 70 in the Dutchess, and on 17 May 1709 near 60 against upwards of 80.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entries of May 1709 and of 17 May 1709On: Dutchess
  581. The smaller Manila ship, Nostra Seniora de la Incarnacion Disenganio, Sir John Pichberty commander, was engaged off California at about eight in the morning of 22 December 1709 by the Duke alone, the Dutchess lying to leeward with little wind and not coming up.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entry of 22 December 1709On: Dutchess
  582. The smaller Manila ship struck her colours two thirds down to the Duke, and the Dutchess came up afterwards and fired about five guns with a volley of small shot, to which the enemy, having submitted, made no return; she shared the prize, which was renamed the Batchelor, by consortship and not by the action.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal entry of 22 December 1709On: Dutchess
  583. In the action of 27 December 1709 against the bigger Manila ship the Dutchess lay thwart the Spaniard's hawse firing very fast, and her shot flew over the Duke and between the Duke's masts, so that Rogers laid alongside the enemy rather than rake her from the quarter as he had intended.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal under the running head Engaging the bigger Manila Ship, 27 December 1709On: Dutchess
  584. The Dutchess and the Marquiss engaged the bigger Manila ship by themselves on the night of 26 December 1709, and the boat Rogers sent across at midnight reported the Dutchess's foremast much disabled, the ring of an anchor shot away, a shot in her powder room and several in her upper works, all stopped, with several men wounded and one killed.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the journal for the night of 26 December 1709On: Dutchess
  585. The Dutchess had about 20 men killed and wounded in the action against the bigger Manila ship, three of the wounded and one of the killed being men of the Duke serving aboard her, while the Duke had eleven wounded and the Marquiss none killed or wounded, and the ship was not taken.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the reckoning of losses after the action of 27 December 1709On: Dutchess
  586. The Dutchess returned home in consort with the Duke and the prizes by way of Guam, Batavia and the Cape of Good Hope, reaching the Texel on 23 July 1711, the Downs on 1 October and Erith on the Thames on 14 October 1711.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 text, the closing entries of the journalOn: Dutchess
  587. Every's own declaration names his ship as the Fancy, formerly the Charles of the Spanish Expedition, which is what joins the two names to a single hull.
    Pirate declarationDeclaration of Henry Every to English ship commanders (at Johanna, 28 February 1694/5)On: Fancy
  588. The Charles the Second was a heavily armed vessel of the Spanish Expedition Shipping venture, in Sir James Houblon's service, lying at the Groyne (Corunna) and bound for the Spanish West Indies under Captain Charles Gibson.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), which renders the owner Sir James HublandOn: Fancy
  589. The ship was seized by mutiny near the Groyne on or about 7 May 1694, Captain Gibson being set on shore and Every carrying her off in command.
    Trial pamphlet and pirate declarationThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696) ('set Captain Gibson the Commander, on Shoar'); Declaration of Henry Every to English ship commanders (at Johanna, 28 February 1694/5), for the date of 7 MayOn: Fancy
  590. Under Every the ship carried forty-six guns and about 150 men by Every's own declaration, while the proclamation of 18 August 1696 gives the same forty-six guns and puts the company that ran away with her from Corunna at about one hundred and thirty.
    Pirate declaration and royal proclamationDeclaration of Henry Every to English ship commanders (at Johanna, 28 February 1694/5); Proclamation for apprehending Henry Every, alias Bridgeman, given under the signet at Edinburgh, 18 August 1696On: Fancy
  591. From the Groyne the ship rounded the Cape and cruised by way of the Isle of May, the coast of Guinea, the Island of Princes, Madagascar and Cape Lopes, and thence to the Red Sea and a town called Meat, Every's declaration separately placing her at Johanna in the Comoros.
    Trial pamphlet and pirate declarationThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of John Dann and Philip Middleton; Declaration of Henry Every to English ship commanders (at Johanna, 28 February 1694/5)On: Fancy
  592. That prize was taken 'with small resistance' and yielded gold and silver 'to the Value of 30 or 40000 l.'; the name Fateh Muhammed for her comes from later writers and not from the trial.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the abstract of the trial of 6 November 1696On: Fancy
  593. The ship and her consorts took the great ship the print calls the Gunsway, the Ganj-i-Sawai, belonging to the Great Mogul; the indictment lays the taking ten leagues from the Cape St. John's near Surat and names 100,000 pieces of eight and 100,000 chequins among the plunder, with the ship and her furniture valued at 1000 l. and the goods at 110 l.
    Trial indictmentThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the Gunsway indictment found at the sessions begun 29 October 1696On: Fancy
  594. The plunder was divided among the company about a week after the taking, John Dann's evidence being that 'Some had 1000 l. some 500, others 300', and all the tried prisoners had a share.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of John Dann at the trial of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  595. After the voyage the crew left the ship at Providence, that is New Providence in the Bahamas; asked what became of her, John Dann answered 'We left her at Providence'.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of John Dann at the trial of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  596. At New Providence the company was received and harboured by the governor Nicholas Trott, who was afterwards removed from the government of the Bahamas for harbouring and protecting pirates.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 15 (1696-1697), entry 1,028 (17 May 1697, Whitehall)On: Fancy
  597. Six of the ship's company were tried at the Old Bailey in 1696, Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis and John Sparkes, with John Dann and Philip Middleton turning King's evidence and Every himself not taken.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the sessions of 29 October to 6 November 1696On: Fancy
  598. The first jury brought in all the prisoners not guilty; they were indicted afresh, convicted, sentenced to death and hanged at Execution Dock in November 1696, Joseph Dawson having pleaded guilty at his arraignment.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696) ('brought in all the Prisoners Not Guilty'), with the execution from secondary recordOn: Fancy
  599. The ship is named the Flying Dragon in the 1728 chapter on Captain Condent and the Dragon in the two contemporary documents that mention her; the form Fiery Dragon is carried by no early source and is a modern coinage.
    Period narrative and contemporary documentsThe History of the Pyrates (vol. II), chapter 'Of Captain Condent', digital.lib.ecu.edu item 17002, internal book pp. 140 to 143; Le Mercure (Mercure de France); Deposition of Richard Moor, both read through Edward Congdon, the Misunderstood Pirate!On: Flying Dragon
  600. The first volume of the General History of the Pyrates, printed in 1724, reports the substance of a letter written by the Governor of Pondicherry, sent to the Governor of Madras and left for Commodore Matthews at the Cape of Good Hope in June, the squadron having reached India early in 1721, and states that others under Conden, in a ship called the Dragon, took a large Moor's vessel coming from Iudda and Mocho with thirteen lackies of rupees on board, glossed as 1,300,000 half crowns.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), CHAP. V, OF Capt. Edward England, And his CREW, the account of Commodore Matthews's squadron in the Indian seasOn: Flying Dragon
  601. The 1724 report states that the pirates who took the Moor's vessel, having divided the plunder, burnt their ship and their prize and sat down quietly with their other friends at Madagascar.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. I (1724), CHAP. V, OF Capt. Edward England, And his CREW, the account of Commodore Matthews's squadron in the Indian seasOn: Flying Dragon
  602. No material or archaeological evidence has been shown to identify this ship: the wreck confirmed off Ile Sainte-Marie in 2025 is the Nossa Senhora do Cabo, and Barry Clifford's earlier identification of a wreck at the island as the Fiery Dragon was not confirmed.
    Archaeology reporting and public historyArchaeologists Find 300-Year-Old Shipwreck in What Used to Be One of the Baddest Pirate Lairs on Earth; The Fiery DragonOn: Flying Dragon
  603. On the Newfoundland Banks in the summer of 1720 Roberts' company took several French bankers and kept one for their own use; Johnson calls it a ship 'of 26 Guns' which 'they christ'ned the Fortune', and the Renos deposition calls it 'the ship they are now in'
    Statute; Period narrativeGovernor Walter Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, with enclosures: the deposition of Moyse Renos of Dartmouth (sworn St Christophers, 26 Sept 1720) and a letter of Bartholomew Roberts to Lt. General Mathew (27 Sept 1720); A General History of the Pyrates (the chapter on Captain Bartholomew Roberts, and the reproduced trial of Bonnet's crew)On: Fortune
  604. Roberts raided Trepassey, Newfoundland, at the latter end of June 1720, finding about twenty-two vessels in the harbour and destroying shipping and fishery
    Statute; Period narrativeGovernor Walter Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, with enclosures: the deposition of Moyse Renos of Dartmouth (sworn St Christophers, 26 Sept 1720) and a letter of Bartholomew Roberts to Lt. General Mathew (27 Sept 1720); A General History of the Pyrates (the chapter on Captain Bartholomew Roberts, and the reproduced trial of Bonnet's crew)On: Fortune
  605. She was the largest ship in the port of Surat and sailed every year to the Red Sea for the Mecca pilgrimage and for trade, returning with the proceeds.
    Mughal chronicleKhafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350-351, which says there was no larger ship in the port of Surat and has her sailing every year for the pilgrimage. A single partisan chronicle stands behind it.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  606. Her captain at the taking was Ibrahim Khan.
    Mughal chronicleKhafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350-351, which names the captain of the ship as Ibrahim Khan. One chronicle carries the name; the English trial print does not give it.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  607. Khafi Khan gives the ship eighty guns and four hundred muskets besides other implements of war, while later writers give about sixty-two guns; the discrepancy is unresolved.
    Mughal chronicleKhafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350 to 351, for the eighty guns and four hundred muskets. The chronicle is partisan and may overstate the armament of the ship that was lost.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  608. Every attacked with a single much smaller ship, the Fancy, which Khafi Khan reckoned had not a third or a fourth part of the royal ship's armament.
    Mughal chronicleKhafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350 to 351, for the disparity of forceOn: Ganj-i-Sawai
  609. Shortly before the great ship, Every's company took a smaller vessel of the Mocha fleet, of about 250 to 300 tun, and took gold and silver out of her to the value of 30 to 40,000 pounds.
    Trial printPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): John Dann's evidence, which puts the first prize at about 2 or 300 tun, and the abstract of the trial of 6 November 1696, which puts her at about 250 tun and the gold and silver taken out of her at the value of 30 or 40,000 pounds.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  610. After a chase a gun on the royal ship burst and a shot damaged her mainmast, and John Dann's evidence has the pirates weighing anchor, fighting her about two hours and taking her.
    Trial print and Mughal chroniclePrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): John Dann's evidence, that they weighed anchor, fought her about two hours and took her. Khafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350-351, for the bursting gun and the shot to the mainmast. The two-hour figure rests on one witness.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  611. The plundering of the ship ran over about a week.
    Mughal chronicleKhafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350-351. The English printed trial does not describe the week aboard.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  612. Every's company shared the plunder about a week after the taking, some men receiving a thousand pounds, some eight hundred, some seven hundred, some five hundred.
    Trial printPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): John Dann's evidence and the abstract of the trial of 6 November 1696, which gives the shares at a thousand pounds, eight hundred, seven hundred and five hundred. One witness for the figures.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  613. The loss was reported to Aurangzeb, who blamed the English of Bombay and ordered the East India Company's factors at Surat seized and preparations made to besiege Bombay under Itimad Khan and Sidi Yakut Khan.
    Mughal chronicleKhafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350-351. The emperor's response rests on the Mughal side of the record, which treats the pirates and the Company as one.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  614. A pirate brigantine named the Good Fortune cruised in the West Indies between 1721 and 1723 and is named as the brigantine Good Fortune in Governor Hart's letter to the Council of Trade and Plantations of 8 June 1723.
    Calendared state paperGovernor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, no. 576, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33 (1722-1723), C.O. 152, 14. ff. 223-230On: Good Fortune
  615. Johnson's Roberts chapter states that the company christened Norton's brigantine the Good Fortune and that she stood with the Royal Fortune towards the latitude of Deseada to look for provisions.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (1724), chapter IX, Of Captain Bartho. Roberts, and his Crew (Gutenberg ebook 40580)On: Good Fortune
  616. The Good Fortune escaped to sea when HMS Winchelsea surprised the pirates cleaning at Tobago at the beginning of April 1723, an escape Johnson attributes to her having a light pair of heels.
    Calendared state paper and period narrativeGovernor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, no. 576, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33 (1722-1723); with A General History of the Pyrates (1724), chapter X (Gutenberg ebook 40580)On: Good Fortune
  617. As of 8 June 1723 the Good Fortune was still at large with but twelve men on board her, who run away with that vessell, while Captain Brand of HMS Hector pursued the rest of the company at Tobago.
    Calendared state paperGovernor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, no. 576, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33 (1722-1723), C.O. 152, 14. ff. 223-230On: Good Fortune
  618. The Greyhound of this record is His Majesty's Ship Greyhound, the Royal Navy sixth-rate commanded by Captain Peter Solgard that engaged Edward Low's Fancy and Charles Harris's Ranger on 10 June 1723 and took the Ranger, and not a merchant vessel of the same name.
    Newspaper reportThe Boston News-Letter, account of the Greyhound action, as transcribed in Twenty-Six Pirates Hanged at Newport in 1723 (issue not read in the original)On: Greyhound
  619. The Greyhound mounted twenty guns, Johnson calling her a ship of 20 guns and Solgard's report describing a sixth-rate of twenty guns.
    Naval reportCaptain Peter Solgard's report of the Greyhound action, as quoted in 'A Greater Monster Never Infested the Seas': Edward LowOn: Greyhound
  620. The Greyhound's complement was about 120 men, given as 120 Men by Johnson and as 120 men in Solgard's report, and the number actually aboard during the action of 10 June 1723 is not separately recorded.
    Naval reportCaptain Peter Solgard's report of the Greyhound action, as quoted in 'A Greater Monster Never Infested the Seas': Edward LowOn: Greyhound
  621. On 10 June 1723 the Greyhound engaged two pirate sloops, the Fancy under Edward Low and the Ranger under Charles Harris, in a running fight off the coast of southern New England whose starting point is reported variously as off Long Island, off the mouth of Delaware Bay and off Rhode Island, and whose close is placed near Block Island.
    Newspaper reportThe Boston News-Letter, account of the Greyhound action, as transcribed in Twenty-Six Pirates Hanged at Newport in 1723 (issue not read in the original)On: Greyhound
  622. During the approach the pirates hoisted a black flag and then hauled it down and hoisted a red or bloody flag, Solgard's report reading that they hauled it down and hoisted a red one and the newspaper saying that they put up a Bloody Flag.
    Naval reportCaptain Peter Solgard's report of the Greyhound action, as quoted in 'A Greater Monster Never Infested the Seas': Edward LowOn: Greyhound
  623. After the Ranger was disabled by the loss of her main yard, Low bore away in the Fancy and abandoned Harris, and the Fancy escaped, against a later account which has the Fancy dismasted but escaping.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (1724), Chap. XIII, Of Captain Edward Low, and his Crew (Gutenberg ebook 40580), with the Boston News-Letter as transcribed in Twenty-Six Pirates Hanged at Newport in 1723On: Greyhound
  624. The Ranger's company called for quarters and surrendered to the Greyhound, Johnson writing that they called out for Quarters, and surrendered themselves to Justice.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (1724), Chap. XIII, Of Captain Edward Low, and his Crew (Gutenberg ebook 40580), with the Boston News-Letter as transcribed in Twenty-Six Pirates Hanged at Newport in 1723On: Greyhound
  625. The prize was a Bermuda-built sloop of eight guns, out of which the Greyhound took forty-two white men and six black men, eight of them wounded and four killed, a later article giving thirty-seven white men instead of forty-two.
    Newspaper reportThe Boston News-Letter, account of the Greyhound action, as transcribed in Twenty-Six Pirates Hanged at Newport in 1723 (issue not read in the original)On: Greyhound
  626. The Greyhound's own loss in the action was light, the man of war having but two men wounded.
    Newspaper reportThe Boston News-Letter, account of the Greyhound action, as transcribed in Twenty-Six Pirates Hanged at Newport in 1723 (issue not read in the original)On: Greyhound
  627. The prisoners taken out of the Ranger were carried to Newport and tried at a Court of Admiralty on the tenth, eleventh and twelfth days of July 1723, thirty-six persons being tried and twenty-eight found guilty.
    Trial printTryals of thirty-six persons for piracy, twenty-eight of them upon full evidence were found guilty, and the rest acquitted. At a Court of Admiralty for tryal of pirates, held at Newport... on the tenth, eleventh and twelfth days of July, anno Dom. 1723, Evans N29929 (title page; the body of the print not read)On: Greyhound
  628. Twenty-six of the convicted pirates, Charles Harris among them, were executed at Newport on 19 July 1723, two being reprieved and eight acquitted.
    Newspaper reportThe Boston News-Letter, account of the Greyhound action, as transcribed in Twenty-Six Pirates Hanged at Newport in 1723 (issue not read in the original)On: Greyhound
  629. A second pair of country sloops recovered the Kingston; the pirates aboard 'made their escape on shoar in a canoe', and the sloops returned to Port Royal 'with the ship and the greatest part of her cargoe'
    Council minutesGovernor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations (Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 31, doc. 132)On: Kingston
  630. Jamaica Court of Admiralty proceedings were taken so that 'justice may be done as well to the freighters and insurers as to the captors'
    Council minutesGovernor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations (Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 31, doc. 132)On: Kingston
  631. No wreck, archaeological remains or material evidence of the Kingston was located; she was recovered largely intact and returned to Port Royal, so no loss event generated physical evidence
    Council minutesGovernor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations (Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 31, doc. 132)On: Kingston
  632. The Mocha frigate, the Defence and the Resolution are three names for one vessel, an East India Company frigate that was seized by her own crew and sailed afterwards as a pirate ship.
    Ship's journal and published narrativeThe Fight between the Dorrill and the Moca (the Dorrill's own journal); The Pirates of Malabar, and an Englishwoman in India Two Hundred Years AgoOn: Mocha Frigate
  633. The Dorrill's journal names the pirate ship it engaged as 'the ship named the Resolution' and records her people crying 'not know us to be the Moca'.
    Ship's journalThe Fight between the Dorrill and the Moca (the Dorrill's own journal)On: Mocha Frigate
  634. The intermediate name Defence rests on the published narrative; several later compilations omit it and have the mutineers rename the ship Resolution directly.
    Published narrative and reference recordsThe Pirates of Malabar, and an Englishwoman in India Two Hundred Years Ago; Mocha Frigate (1694), ship record, ship id 31277On: Mocha Frigate
  635. Ralph Stout was murdered by his own crew in the summer of 1697, after careening, for attempting to run away from them; the journal places his death at the Maldives and the published narrative at the Laccadives.
    Ship's journal and published narrativeThe Fight between the Dorrill and the Moca (the Dorrill's own journal); The Pirates of Malabar, and an Englishwoman in India Two Hundred Years AgoOn: Mocha Frigate
  636. Robert Culliford took command of the ship after Stout's death in 1697 and renamed her the Resolution.
    Ship's journal and published narrativeThe Fight between the Dorrill and the Moca (the Dorrill's own journal); The Pirates of Malabar, and an Englishwoman in India Two Hundred Years AgoOn: Mocha Frigate
  637. At the Dorrill fight the pirate ship carried 'at least an hundred Europeans on board' and '34 gunns mounted, besides 10 pattererers and 2 small mortars in the head', her lower tier judged sixteen and eighteen pounders.
    Ship's journalThe Fight between the Dorrill and the Moca (the Dorrill's own journal)On: Mocha Frigate
  638. The explosion came during a feast of the captains aboard the flagship: 'they drank many healths, and discharged many guns ... Most of the men being drunk, by what accident is not known, the ship suddenly was blown up'
    Period narrativeThe Buccaneers of America (English translation), the Morgan sectionOn: Oxford
  639. French prisoners held in the hold also died in the blast: Exquemelin has 'three hundred and fifty Englishmen, besides the French prisoners in the hold'
    Period narrativeThe Buccaneers of America (English translation), the Morgan sectionOn: Oxford
  640. The Pearl was seized at Boston on 1 December 1683 for breach of the Acts of Trade, per a certificate signed 'Barna. Randolph' and received in England on 26 January 1684/5 (Col. Papers, Vol. LII., No. 76)
    StatuteCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 11 (1681-1685), entry 1425 (December 1683)On: Pearl
  641. The Portsmouth Adventure was a small English colonial vessel commanded by Capt. Joseph Faro; she is named in John Dann's examination and, as background, in Philip Middleton's material as one sail of the pirate squadron that gathered under Henry Every in the Red Sea in 1695
    Modern scholarshipExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63); Affidavit of Philip Middleton (Jameson doc 64)On: Portsmouth Adventure
  642. The Portsmouth Adventure was fitted out at Rhode Island about January 1694, Captain Joseph Faro commander: 'The Portsmouth Adventure was fitted out at Rhode Island about the same time, Captain Joseph Faro Comander'
    Modern scholarshipExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63)On: Portsmouth Adventure
  643. Six English sail joined in partnership at Perim (Bab-el-Mandeb) about June to August 1695, agreeing that Every should command: the Fancy (Every, 46 guns), the Dolphin (Want), the Portsmouth Adventure (Faro), Thomas Wake's ship from Boston, the Pearle brigantine (William Mayes) of Rhode Island, and the Amity sloop (Thomas Tew) of New York
    Modern scholarshipExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63); Petition of the Governour and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, with Every's Johanna declaration (Jameson doc 58)On: Portsmouth Adventure
  644. Richard Want commanded the consort Dolphin (a Spanish-built vessel fitted out at the Whorekill near Philadelphia, 60 men), not the Portsmouth Adventure at the outset; the Dolphin was burnt during the chase as an ill sailer
    Modern scholarshipExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63)On: Portsmouth Adventure
  645. The Portsmouth Adventure joined the pursuit of the Mughal Mocha fleet ('the Portsmouth kept them company') but 'did not come into the Fight and therefore had noe Divident' of the great prize
    Modern scholarshipExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63)On: Portsmouth Adventure
  646. The squadron took two Mughal ships homeward from Mocha: first a ship 'betweene 2 and 300 tons, with 6 Guns' yielding about 50 or 60,000 l. (the Fateh Muhammed), then the great ship of 'about 40 Guns mounted and as they said 800 men' taken after a three-hour fight (the Ganj-i-Sawai, called the Gunsway), early September 1695
    Modern scholarship; Colonial state paperExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63); Abstract, E.I. Co. Letters from Bombay, October 12, 1695 (Jameson doc 60)On: Portsmouth Adventure
  647. After the action the captain of the Portsmouth Adventure (Faro) was given a share and 'brought away' with Every's company; each of the 180 sharers of the great prize took about 1000 l. a man, from which the Portsmouth's crew were excluded
    Modern scholarshipExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63)On: Portsmouth Adventure
  648. The sloop in which the homeward pirates reached Ireland was afterwards given to Joseph Faro: 'the vessell is called the Sea Flower, about 50 Tuns and 4 Guns', and he intended to return in her to America; the Sea Flower is a distinct vessel from the Portsmouth Adventure
    Modern scholarshipExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63)On: Portsmouth Adventure
  649. The Portsmouth Adventure of Faro's Rhode Island sloop (Every's 1695 squadron) is a distinct vessel from other ships named Adventure, including Kidd's Adventure Galley (1696), Blackbeard's sloop Adventure (1718) and the Adventure Prize; the qualifier Portsmouth, probably Portsmouth in Rhode Island, is the distinguishing element
    Modern scholarshipExamination of John Dann (Jameson doc 63)On: Portsmouth Adventure
  650. She was an English-built, square-sterned ship rated a galley, a Carolina vessel, commanded before capture by Capt. William Rhett of Carolina
    Colonial state paperMinutes of the Council of Virginia (CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 17, no. 693); Samuel Day (Bermuda) to the Council of Trade, forwarding the account of the brigantine Larke (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 802)On: Providence galley
  651. About the latter end of April 1699 the Providence galley was taken from Rhett by the sea-rover named 'Hind' or 'Hynde', in Bahamian waters, not near Barbados
    Colonial state paperSamuel Day (Bermuda) to the Council of Trade, forwarding the account of the brigantine Larke (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 802)On: Providence galley
  652. After the taking, the mixed crew mutinied; the English party prevailed and marooned Hind and fifteen comrades on the Berry Islands with three small arms and a bottle of gunpowder; John James then took command
    Colonial state paperSamuel Day (Bermuda) to the Council of Trade, forwarding the account of the brigantine Larke (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 802)On: Providence galley
  653. The ship's armament is reported at three figures: twenty-two guns as built under Rhett, twenty-six guns under Bellomont, and about thirty guns in the Virginia Council minutes; the complement under the pirates was about 150 men
    Colonial state paperMinutes of the Council of Virginia (CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 17, no. 693); The Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 740); Samuel Day (Bermuda) to the Council of Trade, forwarding the account of the brigantine Larke (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 802)On: Providence galley
  654. Before Harris the sloop Ranger was 'lately commanded by' Francis Farrington Spriggs
    Modern scholarshipThe Pirates of the New England Coast 1630-1730 (Chapter XVI, Charles Harris)On: Ranger
  655. The vessel HMS Swallow took off Cape Lopez on 5 February 1722 was the pirate consort to Bartholomew Roberts's Royal Fortune, named in the sources as the Ranger, the French Ranger and the new Ranger, and commanded by James Skyrm.
    Naval report and trial recordReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); The particular Tryal of Captain James Skyrm (Cape Coast Castle); A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  656. Three pirate vessels lay at Cape Lopez on 5 February 1722, and the ship taken that day was the new 32-gun French consort, distinct both from the older 24-gun ship the pirates quitted that morning and found abandoned on the 12th, and from the Little Ranger storeship of Johnson's narrative.
    Naval report and period narrativeReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  657. The Ranger was a French-built ship that the pirates carried off from Whydah Road, reported to have been formerly a privateer of St Malo, and fitted for their own service in place of an older consort of 24 guns.
    Naval reportReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  658. The Ranger mounted thirty-two guns as fitted by the pirates, Ogle's report stating that they had put into her 32 guns and the charge at Cape Coast Castle describing a French-built ship of 32 guns called the Ranger, against which the sixteen-gun figure of the modern accounts, and their identification of her as the Comte de Toulouse, are not carried.
    Naval report and trial recordReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); Deposition of Isaac Sun, Ralph Baldrick and Daniel Maclauglin at the Cape Coast Castle trial; A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  659. Ogle's report gives the Ranger 132 men in the action, 23 of them Black, while Johnson's narrative gives her complement as sixteen Frenchmen, twenty Black men and seventy-seven English, about 113 in all.
    Naval report and period narrativeReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  660. On 5 February 1722 the Ranger was decoyed away from Cape Lopez by HMS Swallow, which held her course while hauling off to clear the Frenchman's Bank, and after about an hour and a half of close action, two hours in Johnson's account, the Ranger's main-topmast was shot down and she struck and called for quarter.
    Naval report and trial recordReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); Deposition of Isaac Sun, Ralph Baldrick and Daniel Maclauglin at the Cape Coast Castle trial; A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  661. The Ranger fought under a black flag together with a red English ensign, a King's jack and a Dutch pendant, which were struck at about three in the afternoon, the black colours being thrown overboard on Johnson's account so that they might not rise in judgment.
    Trial deposition and period narrativeDeposition of Isaac Sun, Ralph Baldrick and Daniel Maclauglin at the Cape Coast Castle trial; A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  662. Ogle reports twenty-six of the Ranger's men killed and wounded, while Johnson tallies ten killed outright and twenty wounded and states that the King's ship lost not a man.
    Naval report and period narrativeReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); Prisoners taken in the Ranger; list of pirates executed; and the account of the whole (Cape Coast Castle); A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  663. James Skyrm, a Welshman, commanded the Ranger in the action and was proved at trial to have ordered the men to their quarters and the guns loaded and fired.
    Trial recordThe particular Tryal of Captain James Skyrm (Cape Coast Castle); Report of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  664. Skyrm had been forced from a mate's employ on board the sloop Greyhound of St Christopher's in October 1720 and afterwards became captain of the Ranger, and his plea at trial that he was a forced man was rejected by the court as an aggravation rather than an excuse.
    Trial recordThe particular Tryal of Captain James Skyrm (Cape Coast Castle); Prisoners taken in the Ranger; list of pirates executed; and the account of the whole (Cape Coast Castle)On: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  665. Skyrm lost a leg to a shot during the action and refused to be dressed or carried off the deck until all was lost.
    Naval report and trial recordReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); The particular Tryal of Captain James Skyrm (Cape Coast Castle)On: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  666. The Ranger's people were tried at Cape Corso Castle before a commission opened on 28 March 1722 under President Captain Mungo Heardman, Ogle being disqualified from sitting as the captor.
    Trial pamphletA Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723); Report of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account)On: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  667. Skyrm was found guilty in the highest degree, the court holding that his title of captain, which gave him no precedence out of battle, was here proved a title of authority directing an engagement against the King's colours.
    Trial recordThe particular Tryal of Captain James Skyrm (Cape Coast Castle)On: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  668. Skyrm was sentenced to be hanged within the flood-marks and was executed outside the gates of Cape Corso Castle in early April 1722, the warrant in the record being dated 2 April 1722 and the roll of the executed entering him as a Welshman of forty-four.
    Trial recordThe particular Tryal of Captain James Skyrm (Cape Coast Castle); Prisoners taken in the Ranger; list of pirates executed; and the account of the whole (Cape Coast Castle)On: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  669. The record's own account of Roberts's whole company from both ships stands at 74 acquitted, 52 executed, 2 respited, 20 to servitude, 17 to the Marshalsea, 10 killed in the Ranger, 3 killed in the Fortune, 15 dead in the passage to Cape Corso, 4 dead afterwards in the castle and 70 Black men in the two ships, 276 in all.
    Trial recordPrisoners taken in the Ranger; list of pirates executed; and the account of the whole (Cape Coast Castle)On: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  670. HMS Swallow lay by the disabled prize for about two days, repaired her rigging, and on the night of the 6th sent her to Princes Island with the French men and four of the Swallow's own hands.
    Naval reportReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  671. On the morning of 10 February 1722 HMS Swallow returned to Cape Lopez and took Roberts's flagship, the Royal Fortune, formerly the Onslow, of 40 guns and about 152 men, Roberts being killed in that action a few days after the Ranger was taken.
    Naval report and period narrativeReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account); A General History of the PyratesOn: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  672. No wreck, artefact or other physical remains of the Ranger has been identified, and the last record of her afloat is as a prize sent to Princes Island.
    Naval reportReport of Captain Chaloner Ogle of His Majesty's Ship Swallow (printed in the 1723 Tryal account)On: Ranger (Roberts's consort)
  673. The Royal James tried at Charles Town in 1718 is the vessel the trial heading describes as formerly called the Revenge and afterwards the Royal James, that is, the same hull Stede Bonnet had sailed as the Revenge.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew; and the Capt. England chapter), EBook 40580; The tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and other pirates (Charles-Town admiralty sessions 28 October to 12 November 1718), KF223.B594 B594 1719On: Revenge, later Royal James
  674. Bonnet's sloop Revenge is a separate vessel from Blackbeard's Queen Anne's Revenge, which the Information describes as a ship of forty guns mounted, commanded by Edward Thatch, although popular accounts conflate the two.
    Sworn informationThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJPOn: Revenge, later Royal James
  675. Bonnet fell in with Edward Thatch, his crew joined Thatch in consortship, and Bonnet was set aside from command: the Information has him aboard Thatch's ship but out of command, having been turned out of it some time before by Thatch and the pirate crew.
    Sworn informationThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJP; A General History of the Pyrates, chapter IV, 'Of Major Stede Bonnet and His Crew'On: Revenge, later Royal James
  676. While Bonnet was set aside the sloop was commanded by Thatch's man Richards, and at the Bay of Turneff in April 1718 she slipped her cable under him and came up flying a black flag.
    Sworn informationThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJP; A General History of the Pyrates, chapter IV, 'Of Major Stede Bonnet and His Crew'On: Revenge, later Royal James
  677. After the Queen Anne's Revenge and David Herriot's Adventure were lost at Topsail Inlet, Thatch departed in a small Spanish sloop and left the Revenge to Bonnet, who resumed command of his vessel.
    Sworn informationThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJP; A General History of the Pyrates, chapter IV, 'Of Major Stede Bonnet and His Crew'On: Revenge, later Royal James
  678. Bonnet obtained the King's pardon and a clearance at North Carolina to sail for the island of St. Thomas, the Information recording his design to go there and take a commission against the Spaniards; whether he meant it is not settled by the record.
    Sworn informationThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJP; A General History of the Pyrates, chapter IV, 'Of Major Stede Bonnet and His Crew'On: Revenge, later Royal James
  679. Under Bonnet's resumed command the Revenge alias Royal James cruised northward in July 1718 off Cape Henry and Delaware Bay and took several prizes, among them two ships bound from Virginia to Glasgow, two snows, and the sloops Fortune (Thomas Read master) and Francis (Peter Manwareing master), which were kept.
    Sworn informationThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJP; A General History of the Pyrates, chapter IV, 'Of Major Stede Bonnet and His Crew'On: Revenge, later Royal James
  680. About 12 August 1718 Bonnet brought the Revenge alias Royal James into the Cape Fear River to repair her, she being badly leaky, and stayed until about 29 September, waiting for the hurricane season to pass and bound afterwards for St. Thomas.
    Sworn informationThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJP; A General History of the Pyrates, chapter IV, 'Of Major Stede Bonnet and His Crew'On: Revenge, later Royal James
  681. Colonel William Rhett was commissioned by Governor Robert Johnson and fitted out two sloops against Bonnet, the Henry (eight guns, seventy men, Captain John Masters) and the Sea Nymph (eight guns, sixty men, Captain Fayrer Hall), about 130 men in all; the accounts differ on when the expedition sailed, Johnson putting Rhett aboard the Henry on 14 September and over the bar on the 15th, while the Charleston account gives a commission of 4 September and a departure on the 10th.
    Period narrative and public historyA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew; and the Capt. England chapter), EBook 40580; The Pirate Hunting Expeditions of 1718, Charleston Time MachineOn: Revenge, later Royal James
  682. The men taken in the Royal James were tried at the Court of Vice-Admiralty at Charles Town, Nicholas Trott presiding, between 28 October and 12 November 1718, on two indictments for taking the Francis and the Fortune.
    Trial pamphlet and public historyA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew; and the Capt. England chapter), EBook 40580; The Charleston Pirate Trials of 1718, Charleston Time Machine; The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and Other Pirates (London: printed for Benj. Cowse, 1719), llscd.201000158861859On: Revenge, later Royal James
  683. The Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell was sworn on 24 October 1718 before Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth; both men turned King's evidence and were not tried with the others, so the principal narrative of the sloop comes from two witnesses with an interest in the telling.
    Sworn informationThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJP; The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and Other Pirates (London: printed for Benj. Cowse, 1719), llscd.201000158861859On: Revenge, later Royal James
  684. On the evening of 26 September 1718 Rhett entered the Cape Fear River and sighted the Royal James with her two prizes; in a running fight the next day all the vessels grounded, and after a fire-fight of near five hours the Royal James surrendered under a flag of truce.
    Period narrative and public historyA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew; and the Capt. England chapter), EBook 40580; The Pirate Hunting Expeditions of 1718, Charleston Time MachineOn: Revenge, later Royal James
  685. The vessel is named the 'Rose Pink' in Johnson, in George Roberts's narrative and in Nicholas Merritt's narrative; Philip Ashton calls the same ship 'the Frigate' or 'Rose Frigate'; all refer to the one vessel, Edward Low's commodore ship of 1722 to 1723
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. XIII: Of Capt. Low and his Crew); The Four Years Voyages of Capt. George Roberts (written by Himself); Ashton's Memorial: An History of the Strange Adventures and Signal Deliverances of Mr. Philip AshtonOn: Rose Pink
  686. Low made the Rose Pink his own ship and commanded her as commodore of his little fleet
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. XIII: Of Capt. Low and his Crew); The Four Years Voyages of Capt. George Roberts (written by Himself)On: Rose Pink
  687. The Rose Pink mounted 14 guns, per Philip Ashton, who says Low 'made the Pink, which Mounted 14 Guns, their Commodore'; Johnson separately says she was rearmed with guns taken out of a French ship of 34 guns that Low had captured at the end of July 1722 and then burnt
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. XIII: Of Capt. Low and his Crew); Ashton's Memorial: An History of the Strange Adventures and Signal Deliverances of Mr. Philip AshtonOn: Rose Pink
  688. The Rose Pink was ballasted with wheat, which Low later gave to the Portuguese at Bonavista when he took on other ballast
    Period narrative; Modern scholarshipAshton's Memorial: An History of the Strange Adventures and Signal Deliverances of Mr. Philip Ashton; The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630-1730On: Rose Pink
  689. Low first careened the Rose Pink successfully at Bonavista in the Cape Verde Islands (the schooner hove down first, then the pink) before the later fatal careening
    Period narrative; Modern scholarshipAshton's Memorial: An History of the Strange Adventures and Signal Deliverances of Mr. Philip Ashton; The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630-1730On: Rose Pink
  690. The Royal James and the Revenge are one hull: the Charles Town Court of Vice-Admiralty sat on 28 October 1718 for the trial of the pirates taken in a sloop formerly called the Revenge but afterwards the Royal James, which is Stede Bonnet's sloop under a second name.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew), the opening of the account of the Court of Vice-AdmiraltyOn: Royal James
  691. Bonnet's Royal James is a different vessel from the Royal James of Edward England, which was the ship Pearl of Captain Tyzard, exchanged for England's own sloop, fitted out and new christened, and cruised at the Azores and the Cape Verde Islands in 1719, when Bonnet's sloop was already a prize at Charles Town.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. V, Of Capt. Edward England and his Crew), the taking of the PearlOn: Royal James
  692. Judge Nicholas Trott told Bonnet at his sentencing that it had been fully proved at his trial, by an unwilling witness, that he had taken and rifled no less than thirteen vessels since he sailed from North Carolina.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV), the Lord Chief Justice's Speech upon pronouncing sentence on Major Stede BonnetOn: Royal James
  693. Two prizes lay with the Royal James at Cape Fear and were the two takings the court chose to charge: the sloop Fortune, Thomas Read master, and the sloop Francis, whose name the indictment prints as the Frances, Peter Manwaring master, boarded at a place called Cape James alias Cape Inlopen and charged to 2 August, the Fortune being charged to 31 August, while Johnson's narrative has both taken in the last days of July.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV), the form of the indictment printed after the arraignment list, and the note following itOn: Royal James
  694. South Carolina fitted out two sloops against her under Colonel William Rhett, commissioned by Governor Robert Johnson, the Henry of eight guns and seventy men under Captain John Masters and the Sea Nymph of eight guns and sixty men under Captain Fayrer Hall, about 130 men in all; Rhett crossed the bar on 15 September, went south after Charles Vane first, and stood for Cape Fear only when he missed him.
    Period narrative and public historyA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV), the fitting out of the Carolina sloops and the cruise after Vane; Nic Butler, The Pirate Hunting Expeditions of 1718, Charleston Time MachineOn: Royal James
  695. Rhett entered Cape Fear River on the evening of 26 September 1718 and saw three sloops at anchor over a point of land; in the running fight next morning the Henry grounded within pistol shot of the Royal James and on her bow while the Sea Nymph grounded ahead of her and almost out of gunshot; the grounded pirate sloop listed away from the Henry so that her men were covered while Rhett's were exposed; the two sides kept a brisk fire for near five hours, the pirates making a wiff in their bloody flag and beckoning with their hats for Rhett's men to come aboard; and when the tide floated the Henry first Bonnet sent a flag of truce and surrendered.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV), the entry into Cape Fear River on the evening of the 26th and the engagement that followedOn: Royal James
  696. Rhett took possession of the sloop, found that the Captain Thomas who commanded her was Major Stede Bonnet, weighed from Cape Fear on 30 September and brought her into Charles Town on 3 October 1718 with her people as prisoners.
    Period narrative and public historyA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV), the surrender and the return to Charles Town; Nic Butler, The Pirate Hunting Expeditions of 1718, Charleston Time MachineOn: Royal James
  697. The men taken in the Royal James were tried at the Court of Vice-Admiralty at Charles Town before Nicholas Trott, by adjournment from 28 October to 12 November 1718, on two indictments, the court having thought fit to prosecute two takings when more might have been proved against the greater part of the crew.
    Period narrative and public historyA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV), the sessions of the Court of Vice-Admiralty and the note following the printed indictment; Nic Butler, The Charleston Pirate Trials of 1718, Charleston Time MachineOn: Royal James
  698. The prisoners made little or no defence, each pleading that he had been taken off a maroon shore and shipped with Bonnet for St. Thomas and that want of provisions at sea forced him to what he did, and it counted against them that they had all shared ten or eleven pounds a man.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV), the trial of the crew and the verdicts at the Court of Vice-AdmiraltyOn: Royal James
  699. Bonnet was tried on 10 November 1718, after his escape had delayed him, was convicted on one indictment by verdict and on the other by his own confession, was sentenced on 12 November in the words shall go from hence to the place from whence you came, and from thence to the place of execution, where you shall be hanged by the neck till you are dead, and was executed at White Point near Charles Town on 10 December 1718.
    Period narrative and public history carrying trial textA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV), the trial of Bonnet and the close of the Lord Chief Justice's Speech; Stede Bonnet and the Golden Age of Piracy (Part Two), In Custodia Legis blog post, quoting The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and other pirates (1719) at page 43On: Royal James
  700. Morgan's expedition fleet numbered about thirty-seven ships and two thousand fighting men at the muster before Panama; it had sailed from Port Royal on 14 August 1670 with 11 vessels and 600 men and gathered strength thereafter
    Period narrative; StatuteThe Buccaneers of America (this reprint titled The Pirates of Panama), English translation first printed 1684; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 7 (1669-1674), entry no. 504: Henry Morgan's relation of the expeditionOn: Satisfaction
  701. The castle of San Lorenzo at Chagre (Exquemelin's 'Chagre') was stormed and taken by an advance party under Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Bradley before Morgan arrived with the main fleet; Bradley was mortally wounded and died about ten days later
    StatuteCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 7 (1669-1674), entry no. 483: relation of William Fogg; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 7 (1669-1674), entry no. 504: Henry Morgan's relation of the expeditionOn: Satisfaction
  702. On Morgan's arrival at Chagre the flagship and other ships of the fleet were driven onto the rock or reef at the entrance of the Chagres river and wrecked
    Period narrative; StatuteThe Buccaneers of America (this reprint titled The Pirates of Panama), English translation first printed 1684; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 7 (1669-1674), entry no. 483: relation of William FoggOn: Satisfaction
  703. The loss of life in the wreck was light, not heavy: Fogg's relation says '10 men drowned' while Exquemelin says they 'saved all the men and goods'
    Period narrative; StatuteThe Buccaneers of America (this reprint titled The Pirates of Panama), English translation first printed 1684; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 7 (1669-1674), entry no. 483: relation of William FoggOn: Satisfaction
  704. Exquemelin attributes the wreck to a strong northerly wind driving the ships onto the rock, the crews having 'minded not their way into the river' out of joy at seeing the English colours flying on the captured castle; Fogg notes the Admiral had been 'retarded by contrary winds'
    Period narrative; StatuteThe Buccaneers of America (this reprint titled The Pirates of Panama), English translation first printed 1684; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 7 (1669-1674), entry no. 483: relation of William FoggOn: Satisfaction
  705. The wreck took place in early January 1671; Morgan reached Chagre about eight days after leaving Old Providence (Santa Catalina); his own relation dates the start of the up-river march to 9 January 1671, so the wreck preceded that; Panama was taken on 28 January 1671
    Period narrative; StatuteThe Buccaneers of America (this reprint titled The Pirates of Panama), English translation first printed 1684; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 7 (1669-1674), entry no. 504: Henry Morgan's relation of the expeditionOn: Satisfaction
  706. Despite the loss of the ships, the men and much of the goods and guns were saved (Exquemelin); after the wreck Morgan was brought into the castle and pressed on, leaving 300 men under Major Richard Norman to guard the castle and the surviving ships
    Period narrative; StatuteThe Buccaneers of America (this reprint titled The Pirates of Panama), English translation first printed 1684; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 7 (1669-1674), entry no. 504: Henry Morgan's relation of the expeditionOn: Satisfaction
  707. The vessel was Henry Morgan's flagship (his 'Admiral') on the 1670 to 1671 expedition against Panama
    Period narrative; StatuteThe Buccaneers of America (this reprint titled The Pirates of Panama), English translation first printed 1684; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 7 (1669-1674), entry no. 483: relation of William FoggOn: Satisfaction
  708. Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes reported the capture to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 13 November 1720: Barnet 'was met by a pirate vessel at the Leward part of this Island commanded by one Rackum in which were 18 pirates more whom he took and are now in goal'; the letter does not name the sloop
    Colonial state paperGovernor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 13 November 1720 (CSP Colonial item 288)On: Sloop William
  709. The entity 'Sloop William' (SLO) is the same vessel as 'William (sloop)' (WIL): the twelve-ton sloop stolen by John Rackham's company and captured off Jamaica in 1720; SLO is a probable duplicate register entry
    Printed trial record; Modern scholarship; Colonial state paperThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721); Proclamation by Woodes Rogers against Rackham and his company, printed in the Boston Gazette; Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 13 November 1720 (CSP Colonial item 288)On: Sloop William
  710. The name 'William' for Rackham's sloop rests solely on Woodes Rogers's proclamation, printed in the Boston Gazette (October 1720): 'a Certain Sloop call'd the William, Burthen about 12 Tons, mounted with 4 great Guns and 2 Swivel ones, also Amunition, Sails, Rigging, Anchor, Cables, and a Canoe, owned by and belonging to Capt. John Ham'
    Modern scholarshipProclamation by Woodes Rogers against Rackham and his company, printed in the Boston Gazette; Pirate Hunter of the Caribbean: The Adventurous Life of Captain Woodes Rogers (chapter reproduction)On: Sloop William
  711. The identity of the vessel 'Snapper' (ship code SNA) cannot be resolved to any documented Golden Age vessel; no ship of that name was located in the core piracy corpus searched this session
    Colonial state paper; Period narrative; Modern scholarship; Catalogue recordCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, January 1716 - July 1717; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, August 1717 - December 1718; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, January 1719 - February 1720On: Snapper
  712. The Speaker was a large armed ship worked as a pirate vessel in the western Indian Ocean between about 1700 and 1702, commanded first by George Booth and then by John Bowen, and was wrecked on a reef off Mauritius, where the wreck has since been located and worked archaeologically.
    Period narrative and archaeological reportsThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (Of Captain Bowen; the Life of Captain North; the seizure of the Speaker in the Life of Captain Thomas White); The wreck of the pirate ship Speaker on Mauritius in 1702, 13.2: 121-132; Speaker 1702 (project page and 2021 mission report); Piracy in the Indian Ocean (ca. 1680-1750), Working Paper No. 160On: Speaker
  713. Sailing from the Malabar coast for Madagascar the Speaker "ran upon St. Thomas's Reef, at the Island of Mauritius, where the Ship was lost; but Bowen and the greatest Part of the Crew got safe ashore".
    Period narrative and archaeological reportsThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (Of Captain Bowen; the Life of Captain North; the seizure of the Speaker in the Life of Captain Thomas White); The wreck of the pirate ship Speaker on Mauritius in 1702, 13.2: 121-132; Speaker 1702 (project page and 2021 mission report)On: Speaker
  714. The wreck site lies on the reef off the mouth of the Grande Riviere Sud-Est, near Roches islet, on Mauritius, and the name St. Thomas's Reef given in the period narrative is not joined to that position by anything read for this record.
    Archaeological reports and scholarly working paperThe wreck of the pirate ship Speaker on Mauritius in 1702, 13.2: 121-132; Speaker 1702 (project page and 2021 mission report); Piracy in the Indian Ocean (ca. 1680-1750), Working Paper No. 160On: Speaker
  715. The Speaker was wrecked in 1702.
    Archaeological report and scholarly working paperThe wreck of the pirate ship Speaker on Mauritius in 1702, 13.2: 121-132; Piracy in the Indian Ocean (ca. 1680-1750), Working Paper No. 160On: Speaker
  716. The Dutch governor of Mauritius received the wrecked pirates hospitably, entertaining Bowen, having the sick taken into the fort and cured, and allowing the colonists to treat them "as friends".
    Period narrative and scholarly working paperThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (Of Captain Bowen; the Life of Captain North; the seizure of the Speaker in the Life of Captain Thomas White); Piracy in the Indian Ocean (ca. 1680-1750), Working Paper No. 160On: Speaker
  717. Macrae, ready to sail out of Johanna, saw "two Pyrate Ships standing into the Bay of Juanna, one of thirty four, and the other of thirty Guns", and does not say which figure belonged to which ship.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (as printed in Johnson)On: Victory
  718. Macrae dates the sighting of the two pirate ships at Johanna to the morning of the 17th of August 1720, Old Style.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (as printed in Johnson)On: Victory
  719. Through the engagement Macrae distinguishes the two pirate ships only by what they did, the biggest "received some Shot betwixt Wind and Water, which made her keep off a little to stop her Leaks" while the other tried to board by rowing with her oars until Macrae's men "shot all her Oars to Pieces", and he names neither.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (as printed in Johnson)On: Victory
  720. After the action the pirates did not give Macrae the Victory but the disabled Fancy, "the said shattered Ship, which was Dutch built, called the Fancy, about three hundred Tons", with a hundred and twenty nine bales of the Company's cloth, and kept the Victory.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (as printed in Johnson)On: Victory
  721. Macrae reckoned that when the pirates left him they were "about three hundred Whites and eighty Blacks in both Ships", a figure for the two ships together and not for the Victory alone.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (as printed in Johnson)On: Victory
  722. Three independent contemporary papers give the Whydah as a vessel of about 300 tons burthen: the printed Boston trial, the examination of John Brown, and Cyprian Southack, who inspected the wreck.
    Printed trial record and sworn examinationsThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy (Boston, 1718), N01688; Examination of John Brown (Jameson doc 108), no. 11945, paper 5 (a fragment); Cyprian Southack to Governor Samuel Shute (Jameson doc 107), vol. 51, pp. 287, 287aOn: Whydah Gally
  723. Bellamy took the Whydah from Prince after a chase of about three days, the primaries dating it to the end of February 1717, written 1716/17 by contemporaries, while some later accounts give March; the day is left open.
    Printed trial record and sworn examinationsThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy (Boston, 1718), N01688; Examination of John Brown (Jameson doc 108), no. 11945, paper 5 (a fragment)On: Whydah Gally
  724. The Whydah replaced the Sultana, a man of war made from a ship taken from Capt. John Richards, as Bellamy's flagship.
    Sworn examination and trial papersExamination of John Brown (Jameson doc 108), no. 11945, paper 5 (a fragment); Trial of Thomas Davis (Jameson doc 113), fragment 99; Memorial of Thomas Davis (Jameson doc 114), fragment 26283, paper 2On: Whydah Gally
  725. Under Bellamy the Whydah carried twenty-eight guns, the sworn deposition of two of the Fisher's men describing a ship of twenty-eight guns and spelling her Wedaw.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Ralph Merry and Samuel Roberts (Jameson doc 111), no. 11945, paper 3On: Whydah Gally
  726. After the capture the Whydah's company, about 130 men, cruised north towards the Capes of Virginia and took three ships and a snow, sinking a leaky Scotch ship and keeping a snow of about 100 tons taken from Montgomery, which was manned to twenty-eight men.
    Sworn examinationExamination of John Brown (Jameson doc 108), no. 11945, paper 5 (a fragment)On: Whydah Gally
  727. The consort sloop sailing with the Whydah was captained by a man the examination writes as Paull Williams, identified in later accounts as Paulsgrave Williams.
    Sworn examinationExamination of John Brown (Jameson doc 108), no. 11945, paper 5 (a fragment)On: Whydah Gally
  728. All aboard the Whydah but two were drowned and the sourced figures give more than a hundred dead; the often-repeated total of about 142 to 145 lost is a traditional estimate carried by no source read for this record.
    Official correspondence and printed documentsCyprian Southack to Governor Samuel Shute (Jameson doc 107), vol. 51, pp. 287, 287a; Cyprian Southack to Governor Samuel Shute (Jameson doc 110), vol. 51, pp. 289, 289a; Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (The Pirates of the Whidah), EBook 24882On: Whydah Gally
  729. The name William for Rackham's sloop rests on a single document, Woodes Rogers' proclamation as reprinted in the Boston Gazette in the issue of 10 to 17 October 1720, which names a certain sloop called the William.
    Proclamation (via later transcription)By his Excellency Woodes Rogers, Esq; Governour of New Providence, &c. A Proclamation, Boston Gazette, 10-17 October 1720; Proclamation by Woodes Rogers against Rackham and his company, printed in the Boston Gazette (exact issue reference not established)On: William
  730. The proclamation gives the William as a sloop of about twelve tons burthen, with ammunition, sails, rigging, anchor, cables and a canoe.
    Proclamation (via later transcription)By his Excellency Woodes Rogers, Esq; Governour of New Providence, &c. A Proclamation, Boston Gazette, 10-17 October 1720; Proclamation by Woodes Rogers against Rackham and his company, printed in the Boston Gazette (exact issue reference not established)On: William
  731. The transcription of the proclamation read for this record arms the William with four great guns and one swivel gun, while other carriers of the same proclamation give two swivel guns and some later accounts, adding the carriage guns to the swivels, give six guns.
    Proclamation (via later transcription)By his Excellency Woodes Rogers, Esq; Governour of New Providence, &c. A Proclamation, Boston Gazette, 10-17 October 1720; Proclamation by Woodes Rogers against Rackham and his company, printed in the Boston Gazette (exact issue reference not established)On: William
  732. The sloop belonged to Captain John Ham and was taken out of the harbour at New Providence (Nassau) on 22 August 1720 by Rackham with five other men, Anne Bonny and Mary Read.
    Proclamation (via later transcription)By his Excellency Woodes Rogers, Esq; Governour of New Providence, &c. A Proclamation, Boston Gazette, 10-17 October 1720; Proclamation by Woodes Rogers against Rackham and his company, printed in the Boston Gazette (exact issue reference not established)On: William
  733. Immediately after the theft the company robbed James Gohier off the south side of New Providence and then took a sloop at the Berry Islands bound from South Carolina.
    Proclamation (via later transcription)By his Excellency Woodes Rogers, Esq; Governour of New Providence, &c. A Proclamation, Boston Gazette, 10-17 October 1720On: William
  734. The company named in the proclamation as taking the William in August 1720 is not the company indicted in November: the proclamation names Featherston, John Davis, Andrew Gibson, Howell and Noah Patrick, and the indictment names Fetherston, Corner, Davies, Howell, Carty, Earl, Harwood and Dobbin.
    Proclamation and trial pamphletBy his Excellency Woodes Rogers, Esq; Governour of New Providence, &c. A Proclamation, Boston Gazette, 10-17 October 1720; The Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica)On: William
  735. Under Rackham the sloop cruised from New Providence through the Caribbee Islands, off Hispaniola, and along the north and west coasts of Jamaica, taking small craft.
    Trial pamphlet and period narrativeThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721); A General History of the PyratesOn: William
  736. James Spatchears deposed that Jonathan Barnet was sailing in his own sloop on a private trading voyage to the south keys of Cuba, in company with Captain Bonnevie, when he gave chase; the trial does not support the account that Governor Lawes gave him a heavily armed Tyger with Royal Navy sailors.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica)On: William
  737. The sloop was taken near Negril Point at the west end of Jamaica, after a hail about ten at night to which someone aboard answered by firing a swivel gun; the preceding cruise had ranged the north coast, and accounts placing the capture there confuse the cruise with the taking.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica)On: William
  738. Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes reported the capture to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 13 November 1720, writing that Barnet was met by a pirate vessel at the leeward part of the island commanded by one Rackum, in which were eighteen pirates more whom he took and who were then in gaol; the letter does not name the sloop.
    Calendared state papersGovernor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 13 November 1720 (CSP Colonial item 288); CSP Col. AWI vol. 32, no. 288 (from TNA CO 137 originals)On: William
  739. The Boston Gazette issue carrying Rogers' proclamation has not been examined directly; its wording, and with it the name of the sloop, is known through later transcriptions.
    Proclamation (via later transcription)Boston Gazette issue of October 1720, exact issue reference not established; By his Excellency Woodes Rogers, Esq; Governour of New Providence, &c. A Proclamation, Boston Gazette, 10-17 October 1720On: William