The Archives

Evidence

Confirmed

Directly supported by the record. 948 of the 3046 claims in the Archives. All claims, with filters.

  1. Kidd held a commission to pursue pirates.
    Legal documentRoyal commission under the Great Seal, dated 26 January 1695/6, naming the pirates Thomas Tew, John Ireland, Thomas Wake and William Mace (period transcriptions)On: Captain Kidd; Was Captain Kidd a Pirate?; William Kidd
  2. The jury did not see the passes.
    Trial recordPrinted Admiralty sessions trial record (1701): the passes were not produced and no witness would say he had seen oneOn: Captain Kidd; Captain Kidd: Political Fall Guy; Trial of William Kidd; The French Passes
  3. Kidd struck William Moore with a bucket and Moore died the next day.
    Trial testimonyFirst (murder) indictment and testimony of Joseph Palmer and surgeon Robert Bradinham, printed 1701 trial record: a blow with a wooden bucket bound with iron on 30 October 1697, Moore dying the next dayOn: Captain Kidd; William Kidd; William Moore; Trial of William Kidd
  4. Bellomont helped organise the venture and later ordered Kidd's arrest.
    Correspondence and official recordsColonial Office correspondence and Calendar of State Papers Colonial, vols 17-18; Bellomont to the Board of Trade, 8 July 1699 (Jameson document 77)On: Captain Kidd; Captain Kidd: Political Fall Guy; Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont
  5. Kidd was tried at an Admiralty sessions held at the Old Bailey on 8 and 9 May 1701, on six indictments, and found guilty on all.
    Trial recordPrinted Admiralty sessions trial record (1701)On: Captain Kidd; Trial of William Kidd; William Kidd
  6. Kidd was hanged at Execution Dock, Wapping, on 23 May 1701.
    Trial pamphletTitle page of the printed 1701 trial pamphletOn: Captain Kidd; Trial of William Kidd; William Kidd
  7. The two chief Crown witnesses were pardoned former members of Kidd's crew, Joseph Palmer and the surgeon Robert Bradinham, who turned King's evidence.
    Trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701), the printed trial recordOn: Captain Kidd; Trial of William Kidd
  8. The mutiny indictment dates the taking of the Charles the Second to 30 May 1694, a regnal-year form ('the 30th of May, in the 6th Year of the Reign'); the working date of 7 May 1694 rests on Every's declaration and Creagh's testimony, and the two dates do not reconcile.
    Trial indictmentPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217), indictment read verbatim; no '30 April' variant exists in the print; the 7 May / 30 May conflict stays logged as unresolvedOn: Henry Every; Trials of Every's Crew; William May; Charles II; Fancy
  9. Every was never caught; no reliable trace of him survives after June 1696, and no primary record fixes the fact, date or place of his death.
    Corpus-level negative findingThe manhunt proclamations never closed the case; a NEGATIVE FINDING that no primary death record was located. The disappearance, not a documented death, is the terminus of the secure biographyOn: Henry Every
  10. The 1696 proclamations name 'Henry Every alias Bridgeman'; the alias Bridgeman is a documented one Every used during and after his piracy.
    ProclamationEnglish Lords Justices proclamation (EEBO A39489) which states he 'now goes by the Name of Henry Bridgman'; Scottish Privy Council proclamation (EEBO B05636)On: Henry Every
  11. The Lords Justices proclaimed a reward of 500 pounds for Every on 17 July 1696, and the East India Company agreed to fund the hunt; the often-repeated combined 1,000-pound bounty is not in the proclamation texts.
    Proclamation and company recordsLords Justices proclamation of 17 July 1696, 500 pounds for Every and 50 pounds per accomplice. The 500-pound reward and the East India Company funding are Confirmed; the 1,000-pound top-up is a secondary claim and is Probable.On: Henry Every
  12. The first trial was a single sitting on Monday 19 October 1696 at which the jury, against the court's expectation, acquitted the prisoners on the Ganj-i-Sawai indictment.
    Trial recordPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217), body reading 'Monday the 19th Day of October' and 'the Jury, contrary to the expectation of the Court, brought in all the Prisoners Not Guilty'; the title-page date of 29 October is a printer's errorOn: Trials of Every's Crew; The Tryals of Joseph Dawson and Others (1696); Henry Every
  13. Days later the prisoners were recommitted and convicted at a second trial, on the Charles the Second mutiny (31 October 1696) and on the Danish and Moorish indictments (6 November 1696).
    Trial recordPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): 'Die Sabbati, tricesimo primo Octobris... 1696' (Saturday 31 October) and 'Friday Novemb. the 6th 1696'On: Trials of Every's Crew; The Tryals of Joseph Dawson and Others (1696); William May
  14. The court treated the first acquittal as a scandal: Lord Chief Justice Holt called the verdict a dishonour to the justice of the nation, jurors from the first panel were challenged off the second, and the charge to the second jury urged conviction.
    Trial recordPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): 'that Verdict was a dishonour to the Justice of the Nation'On: Trials of Every's Crew; The Tryals of Joseph Dawson and Others (1696)
  15. The 1696 printed trial, The Tryals of Joseph Dawson and others, survives and is fully digitised in multiple public-domain copies.
    Printed trial recordLibrary of Congress (LCCN 19011844), HathiTrust (mdp.35112204867115) and the EEBO-TCP transcription A63217; printed for John Everingham, London, 1696On: The Tryals of Joseph Dawson and Others (1696); Trials of Every's Crew
  16. The pirate's surname is attested in life as Thach or Thatch; the earliest datable attestation is 'Edward Thach' in Henry Timberlake's deposition of 17 December 1716.
    Deposition (period transcription)Deposition of Henry Timberlake, master of the brigantine Lamb, 17 December 1716, describing an encounter of 13 December 1716 off western Hispaniola; transcribed by Brooks from the Public Record Office originalOn: Edward Thache (Blackbeard)
  17. The forename Edward is consistent across the earliest independent period documents of 1716 to 1718.
    Depositions and official recordsTimberlake (1716), Dickinson (1717), Bostock (1717) and the 1718 naval and newspaper reports all give EdwardOn: Edward Thache (Blackbeard)
  18. Thache was killed resisting arrest at Ocracoke on 22 November 1718 and was never tried, so no court adjudicated his personal guilt for any act.
    Colonial and naval reportsSpotswood's dispatch and the near-contemporary naval and press accounts; he was never tried, and these pages never call him convictedOn: Edward Thache (Blackbeard); William Howard
  19. The Ocracoke fight took place on 22 November 1718 (old style; 3 December new style), when a force under Lt Robert Maynard, sent by Gov. Spotswood in the hired sloops Jane and Ranger with about sixty men, fifty-five on the calendar of Spotswood's dispatch and fifty-seven in a later reference count, engaged Thache.
    Colonial correspondence and secondarySpotswood's dispatch (CO 5/1318 No.61); Duffus reconstruction of the sloops and complementOn: The Ocracoke Fight
  20. Thache's body bore five pistol shots and about twenty cuts; he was decapitated in the fight and his head hung from the bowsprit of Maynard's sloop.
    Naval report and period printMaynard's examination and the Boston News-Letter accountOn: The Ocracoke Fight
  21. Ocracoke casualty totals differ by report and are given as a range across the three named accounts.
    Colonial and naval reportsMaynard, 8 of his men and 12 pirates; Brand, 10 pirates and 11 of Maynard's men; Spotswood, ten and ten; Thache fell with about nine of his crewOn: The Ocracoke Fight
  22. The substantive Spotswood account of Ocracoke is carried in CO 5/1318 No.61 (i to vi); No.59 is his separate political letter to the Earl of Orkney.
    Colonial correspondence (calendared)CSP Colonial vol.30, December 1718 items 799 (No.59) and 800 (No.61)On: The Ocracoke Fight
  23. Rackham and his male crew were tried at St Jago de la Vega on 16 and 17 November 1720 and found guilty on the third and fourth articles.
    Trial recordThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica: printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721), the men's trial of 16 and 17 November 1720On: The Trials of Rackham's Company; John Rackham
  24. Rackham was hanged at Gallows Point, Port Royal, on Friday 18 November 1720; the bodies of Rackham, Fetherston and Corner were hung in chains at Plumb Point, Bush Key and Gun Key. The print does not record a beheading, refuting that variant.
    Trial recordThe Tryals (1721), executions passage, marked p15On: John Rackham; The Trials of Rackham's Company
  25. Eleven men were executed in November 1720 (five on 18 November at Gallows Point, four on 19 November at Kingston, two on the following Monday), reconciling Lawes' report that "Rackum the Pirate and ten more have been tryed and executed": Rackham plus eight of his crew, plus Thomas Brown alias Bourn and John Fenwick.
    Trial record and correspondenceThe Tryals (1721), executions passage; Lawes to London, 28 December 1720, CSP Colonial vol 32 item 340On: The Trials of Rackham's Company
  26. Mary Read and Anne Bonny were tried at St Jago de la Vega on 28 November 1720, pleaded not guilty, and were found guilty on the third and fourth articles and sentenced to death.
    Trial recordThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates... As Also, the Tryals of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, alias Bonn (Jamaica: printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721), the women's trial of 28 November 1720On: The Trials of Rackham's Company; Anne Bonny; Mary Read
  27. Dorothy Thomas deposed that the two women wore "Mens Jackets, and long Trouzers, and Handkerchiefs tied about their Heads", that each "had a Machet and Pistol in their Hands", and that they "cursed and swore at the Men, to murther the Deponent"; she knew them for women "by the largeness of their Breasts".
    Trial testimonyThe Tryals (1721), Dorothy Thomas deposition, marked p18On: Anne Bonny; Mary Read; The Trials of Rackham's Company; The Tryals of Captain John Rackam (1721)
  28. The French prisoners John Besneck and Peter Cornelian testified that the women were "very active on Board, and willing to do any Thing", that Ann Bonny "handed Gun-powder to the Men", and that they did not seem detained by force "but of their own Free-Will and Consent". No witness reported either woman firing a gun or fighting hand to hand.
    Trial testimonyThe Tryals (1721), Besneck and Cornelian, marked p18On: Anne Bonny; Mary Read; The Trials of Rackham's Company; The Tryals of Captain John Rackam (1721)
  29. After sentence both women informed the court "that they were both quick with Child", and the court ordered execution respited "and that an Inspection should be made". The print records the order but no outcome: no inspection result, no reprieve and no later hearing of the two women.
    Trial recordThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates... As Also, the Tryals of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, alias Bonn (Jamaica: printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721), marked p19On: Anne Bonny; Mary Read; The Trials of Rackham's Company; The Tryals of Captain John Rackam (1721)
  30. "Calico Jack" is not a period identifier: it is absent from the trial print, Lawes' letters, Rogers' proclamation and Johnson, General History, Vol. 1 (1724). The earliest attestation found is Philip Gosse's Pirates' Who's Who (1924).
    Documented absenceFull-text search of The Tryals (1721) and Johnson (1724): zero occurrences; earliest use in Gosse (1924)On: John Rackham
  31. The trial print records a white pendant on the sloop the Negril men boarded before Barnet came in sight, which was Rackham's own; no flag is described for Barnet's sloop.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), the evidence of John Eaton and the other Negril menOn: John Rackham
  32. The Kingston, taken off Port Royal on 11 December 1718, was taken "by one Thompson a notorious pyrate", not by Rackham; the attribution to Rackham is Johnson-only and is contradicted by the contemporary dispatch.
    CorrespondenceLawes to London, 31 January 1719, CSP Colonial vol 31 item 34On: John Rackham
  33. The Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Robert Baldwin, Jamaica, 1721) is the primary record of the trials. An original survives at the National Library of Jamaica; a copy is held at The National Archives, Kew, catalogued CO 137/14/1 within the Jamaica Original Correspondence.
    Bibliographical recordNational Library of Jamaica; TNA CO 137/14/1On: The Tryals of Captain John Rackam (1721)
  34. The pamphlet survives complete and is available in digitised facsimile from the National Library of Jamaica copy; the print has internal defects of pagination and dating that these pages cite around rather than silently correct.
    Bibliographical recordNational Library of Jamaica digitised facsimile of the 1721 printOn: The Tryals of Captain John Rackam (1721)
  35. The date of Roberts's death, 10 February 1722, is Old Style, the English legal year then turning on 25 March, so that period papers including Ogle's dispatch write the year as 1721 and the Archive gives it as 1722 (Old Style 1721/2).
    Official dispatch and trial printOgle's dispatch, read verbatim in London Gazette issue 6091 and reprinted in the 1723 pamphlet: 'The Captain, whose Name was Roberts, was killed'; the date is Old Style 1721/2On: Bartholomew Roberts; HMS Swallow
  36. At Whydah in January 1722 the Porcupine was burned after her ransom was refused, with enslaved Africans left fettered aboard; the burning is Confirmed by Ogle's dispatch and sworn depositions, while the often-repeated toll of about eighty is Johnson's alone and rates only Possible.
    Official dispatch and sworn trial depositionsOgle's dispatch (an English ship burnt 'with a considerable Number of Negroes a-board') and multiple sworn depositions in the 1723 pamphlet naming the Porcupine, burnt 14 January, slaves 'burnt or drowned, unable to help themselves being fetter'd'; only the figure 'eighty' is Johnson-onlyOn: Bartholomew Roberts; A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (1723)
  37. Roberts was killed in action and never tried; 'proven' can attach only to the Cape Coast Castle proceedings against his crew, never to Roberts personally.
    Period print and legal frameHe was never captured, arraigned, deposed or confessed; no court adjudicated his personal guiltOn: Bartholomew Roberts; The Cape Coast Trial and Executions, 1722
  38. The Royal Fortune was taken by HMS Swallow on 10 February 1722; no wreck or physical remains have been identified.
    Official dispatch and trial printOgle's dispatch and the 1723 pamphlet record the capture; no salvage or wreck site is documentedOn: Royal Fortune
  39. HMS Swallow, under Captain Chaloner Ogle, took the Ranger on 5 February 1722; her captain James Skyrme lost a leg in the action.
    Official dispatchOgle's dispatch, London Gazette issue 6091: the ship taken 'proved to be the French Ship they had taken out of Whydah Road... the Captain's Name was Skyrm, who had a Leg shot off'On: HMS Swallow
  40. On 10 February 1722 the Swallow returned and engaged the Royal Fortune; her broadside brought down the pirate's mainmast and Roberts was killed early in the action.
    Official dispatch and trial printOgle's dispatch, read verbatim in the Gazette and the 1723 pamphletOn: HMS Swallow
  41. The Vice-Admiralty court sat at Cape Coast Castle (Cabo Corso) from 28 March into late April 1722, with Captain Mungo Herdman as President and John Atkins as Register; Ogle was disqualified from sitting as Captor.
    Trial printThe 1723 pamphlet: 'A Journal of the Proceedings of the Court of Admiralty, held at Cabo Corso Castle... April the 20th, 1722. Captain Mungo Herdman, President'; Ogle's dispatch: 'I being Captor, was disqualified from sitting'On: The Cape Coast Trial and Executions, 1722
  42. The pamphlet's own summary tables record 74 acquitted, 52 executed, and 20 sentenced to seven years' servitude to the Royal African Company, with a small respited group and 17 referred to the Marshalsea in London.
    Trial printThe 1723 pamphlet, read in full: 'A LIST OF THE Pyrates Acquitted... Total 74', 'Whereof were Executed 52', 'seven Years Servitude in Africa, viz. 20'; '54 condemned' equals 52 executed plus 2 respitedOn: The Cape Coast Trial and Executions, 1722; A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (1723)
  43. The condemned were sentenced 'to be hanged by the Neck till ye are Dead, Dead, Dead', and named men were ordered afterward to be hung in chains.
    Trial printThe 1723 pamphlet, read in full; the sentence and gibbeting order are signed by Mungo Herdman with John Atkins as RegisterOn: The Cape Coast Trial and Executions, 1722; A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (1723)
  44. A printed record of the trial, A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of All the Pyrates Lately Taken by Captain Ogle (London, J. Roberts, 1723), survives and is fully digitised.
    Period printInternet Archive open-access digitisation, OCLC 83269383On: A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (1723)
  45. At Whydah on 14 January 1721/2 the Porcupine was burned by Roberts's company with enslaved Africans left fettered aboard, who were burned or drowned.
    Dispatch and sworn trial depositionsOgle's dispatch (London Gazette 6091: an English ship burnt at Whydah 'with a considerable Number of Negroes a-board') and multiple sworn depositions in the 1723 trial record naming the Porcupine. The burning and the fettered deaths are Confirmed as a period-documented atrocity.On: Bartholomew Roberts and the Pirate War; A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (1723)
  46. Roberts was killed in the action against HMS Swallow off Cape Lopez on 10 February 1722.
    Official dispatch and printed trial recordOgle's own dispatch, printed verbatim in London Gazette 6091 and reprinted in the 1723 trial record: 'The Captain, whose Name was Roberts, was killed'. Date is Old Style (1721/2).On: Bartholomew Roberts and the Pirate War; Bartholomew Roberts; HMS Swallow
  47. On 5 February 1722 the Swallow took the pirates' consort the Ranger; her commander Skyrme had a leg shot off.
    Official dispatchOgle's dispatch (London Gazette 6091), printed verbatim. The 5 February action preceded the 10 February action in which Roberts was killed.On: Bartholomew Roberts and the Pirate War; HMS Swallow
  48. The Vice-Admiralty court held at Cape Coast Castle in 1722 tried Roberts's surviving crew and returned 74 acquitted, 52 executed and 20 sentenced to servitude.
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of All the Pyrates Lately Taken by Captain Ogle (1723), summary tables. Court held at Cabo Corso Castle, President Mungo Herdman, John Atkins Register.On: Bartholomew Roberts and the Pirate War; The Cape Coast Trial and Executions, 1722; A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (1723)
  49. Pirate articles were the sworn, written constitution of a single ship's company, fixing shares, discipline, injury compensation and conduct, and subscribed by every member.
    Trial depositions1723 Cape Coast Castle trial of Roberts's crew (forced-signing and swearing depositions); institution attested independently of JohnsonOn: Pirate Articles
  50. Signing the articles was compulsory in a pirate company; the Cape Coast court treated a man's not signing as itself notable.
    Court record1723 Cape Coast trial, acquittal of Richard Scot: 'not in a condition to fign their Articles, which the Court asked him about, becaufe all are obliged to it'On: Pirate Articles
  51. Men were compelled to sign the articles under threat; in one deposition a pistol was laid on the table to force a man to it.
    Trial deposition1723 Cape Coast trial, George Fenn re William Philips: 'obliged to Sign the Pyrates Articles that Night, for that a Piftol was laid upon the Table to force him to it'On: Pirate Articles
  52. Pirate companies governed their affairs by vote, including votes on an individual man's discharge, independently of Johnson.
    Trial deposition1723 Cape Coast trial, evidence of Richard Scot: begged 'the Deponent's Vote (all the Pyrates Affairs being carried by that) for his Difcharge'On: Pirate Articles
  53. The lawful privateer 'articles of agreement' whose form the pirate articles borrowed survives as a physical instrument: the 1696 articles between William Kidd and his quartermaster John Walker, with a list of the company.
    State paperArticles of agreement between Captain William Kidd, commander of the Adventure Galley, and John Walker, Quartermaster, 1696; The National Archives, CO 5/931On: Pirate Articles
  54. In an Admiralty trial print the word 'articles' usually means the numbered charges of the indictment, not the pirates' shipboard articles; the 1723 Roberts pamphlet uses both senses.
    Court record1721 Jamaica trials and 1696 Every trial (indictment sense); 1723 Roberts pamphlet opens 'Articled together' (indictment) then deposes on signing the shipboard articlesOn: Pirate Articles
  55. The pirate quartermaster was elected by the company and could be turned out; the 1723 court treated him as 'chose by their Votes'.
    Court record1723 Cape Coast trial, William Fernon: the court asks 'why they voted for such a Quarter-master, since what he did, being chose by their Votes, was their Action'On: Quartermasters and Divided Authority
  56. The quartermaster was custodian and distributor of plunder and provisions: first aboard a prize, he separated what he judged fit for the company and allotted each man his share.
    Trial depositions1723 Cape Coast trial: Benjamin Krest on Magnes ordering provisions out; John Parker on the quartermaster taking 'what he thinks fit for the Company's use' first and allotting sharesOn: Quartermasters and Divided Authority
  57. When a captain was deposed, the quartermaster was the standard successor: on turning Charles Vane out in November 1718 the company made the quartermaster captain.
    Trial deposition1721 Jamaica trials, Hosea Tisdell's deposition: 'the Quarter-Master, being made Captain of their Brigantine, they turn'd out Charles Vane, Robert Deal... and Fifteen Men more'; the deponent leaves the quartermaster unnamedOn: Quartermasters and Divided Authority
  58. William Magnes was a named quartermaster in Bartholomew Roberts's company, and David Simpson ('the old Quarter-master') preceded him in the same office.
    Trial depositions1723 Cape Coast trial: 'he came on Board as Quarter-Master of the Pyrates' (Magnes); a prisoner voted 'for David Simpson the old Quarter-master'. Print spellings Magnes/Magnefs/Mugnes; never 'Maynes'On: Quartermasters and Divided Authority
  59. Pirate companies settled major questions (targets, the fate of prizes, punishment) by a vote or council of the whole company; the institution is carried by depositions from four separate courts.
    Trial records1696 Every trial ('calling a Council'), 1721 Jamaica trials (deposing), 1723 Cape Coast trial ('voted by the Pyrates to be burn'd'), Boston 1718 examination ('chosen by a great Majority')On: Crew Voting and Councils
  60. A pirate captain could be deposed by the company: after Vane's brigantine was beaten off by a French man-of-war (about 23 November 1718), the company divided, made the quartermaster captain and turned Vane and Deal out.
    Trial deposition1721 Jamaica trial of Robert Deal: 'they turned out Charles Vane, Robert Deal... and put them on Board a small Sloop'. Confirmed as a quarrel and elevation, not a counted vote; the 'vote', 'cowardice' and Rackham's succession are Johnson's overlay (Possible)On: Crew Voting and Councils
  61. Pirate companies decided major questions in a council of the whole company: the Every company, learning the Moco fleet had passed, 'calling a Council they agreed to follow them'.
    Court record1696 trial of Henry Every's crew, narrative of factsOn: Crew Voting and Councils
  62. The company voted on the fate of prizes: at the 1723 Cape Coast trial John Wingfield deposed that a brigantine 'was voted by the Pyrates to be burn'd'.
    Trial deposition1723 Cape Coast trial, deposition of John WingfieldOn: Crew Voting and Councils
  63. The name is his own, printed "Captain Woodes Rogers" on the title page of A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712); Woodes is a family surname worn as a forename, his father using the spelling "Woods Rogers".
    Printed book (own title page)A Cruising Voyage Round the World (London, 1712), title page, read via the Manwaring 1928 reprintOn: Woodes Rogers
  64. Rogers commanded the Bristol privateer Duke, with the Dutchess in consort and William Dampier as pilot, on the circumnavigation of 1708 to 1711; the owners' Constitution of 14 July 1708 states the object as "our grand design Being to seek out one or bothe the Ships belonging to Acapulco", and the expedition took Alexander Selkirk off Juan Fernandez in early February 1709.
    Printed book (own journal) and venture papersA Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), journal and Constitution; Cooke's rival 1712 accountOn: Woodes Rogers; William Dampier; Duke; Dutchess
  65. In the taking of the Manila galleon Nuestra Senora de la Encarnacion in December 1709, Rogers was shot through the left cheek, in his own words: "I was shot thro' the Left Cheek, the Bullet struck away great part of my upper Jaw, and several of my Teeth, part of which dropt down upon the Deck, where I fell." A second wound to the ankle and heel came days later in the failed action against the Begona.
    Printed book (own journal)A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712), journal leaf (1712 p.294 equivalent), verified verbatim against the primary textOn: Woodes Rogers; William Dampier; Duke
  66. Rogers arrived at Nassau on 26 July 1718, in his own words: "I arriv'd in this port 26th July in company with the men of warr ordered to assist me", naming HMS Rose and HMS Milford with his own ship the Delicia. The circulating 22 and 24 July dates are the fleet's approach, not his arrival in the port.
    State paper (own despatch)Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 31 October 1718, Calendar of State Papers Colonial vol 30 item 737 (manuscript CO 23/1)On: Woodes Rogers; Nassau / New Providence
  67. Rogers tried the recaptured company of John Auger at Nassau on 9 and 10 December 1718: ten men were tried, John Hipps was acquitted as a forced man, nine were convicted, eight were hanged on 12 December 1718, and George Rounsivell, one of the convicted nine, was reprieved at the gallows. The common report of nine hanged, folding Hipps's acquittal into Rounsivell's reprieve, is wrong.
    State paper enclosureCSP Colonial vol 31 item 475 (trial copy, CO 23/1 No. 18); Cordingly biographyOn: Woodes Rogers
  68. William Hogarth painted "Woodes Rogers and his Family" (1729), oil on canvas, which survives at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich (Caird Collection, BHC2973); his son holds a map of Providence Island. A traditional Latin colony motto (its wording withheld until verified) and the tradition that Johnson's General History was dedicated to or informed by Rogers are unverified and are not stated as fact.
    Museum object recordNational Maritime Museum, Greenwich, BHC2973; motto and Johnson-dedication traditions held unverified per the briefOn: Woodes Rogers
  69. New Providence in the Bahamas is not to be confused with Old Providence (Providencia) in the western Caribbean, and Nassau, the town on its north shore, is not to be confused with the island.
    Period narrativeJohnson, General History (1724); institutional carriersOn: Nassau / New Providence
  70. The Lords Proprietors surrendered the government of the Bahamas to the Crown in 1717; Woodes Rogers arrived as first royal governor on 26 July 1718, about two hundred pirates took the King's pardon in the first days (a count that is Probable), and his council ordered Fort Nassau repaired from August 1718.
    State paper and secondary carriersRogers's despatch (CSP Colonial vol 30 item 737) for the arrival; secondary sources for the surrender and pardon numbersOn: Nassau / New Providence; Woodes Rogers
  71. The first proclamation, given at Hampton Court on 5 September 1717, pardons piracies "committed before the fifth Day of January next ensuing" (5 January 1718) for pirates who surrender "in or before the fifth Day of September ... One thousand seven hundred and eighteen"; its recital dates the piracy wave to "since the twenty fourth Day of June ... One thousand seven hundred and fifteen" (the start of the problem, not the cut-off), and a reward schedule (100/40/30/20 pounds by rank, 200 for delivering up a commander) follows the deadline.
    Printed proclamationThe London Gazette, issue 5573, page 1, read verbatim from the issue PDFOn: Pirate Pardons; William Howard
  72. The second proclamation, given at St James's on 21 December 1718, extends the surrender window to "the first Day of July ... One thousand seven hundred and nineteen" (1 July 1719) and widens the piracies covered to those committed "before such time as they shall have received Notice of this Our Royal Proclamation."
    Printed proclamationThe London Gazette, issue 5706, page 1, read verbatimOn: Pirate Pardons
  73. The pardon was administered by Secretaries of State and by any Governor or Deputy Governor, and in the field by Royal Navy captains: Captain Vincent Pearse of HMS Phoenix took surrenders at New Providence in early 1718 "having His Majesty's Proclamation on board" and issued certificates, and Rogers issued certificates at Nassau ("I gave them all their certificates in ye manner I did"). Pearse's reported list of about 209 names (ADM 1/2282) was not read at the manuscript and is Probable.
    Sworn deposition and state paperPearse deposition, 1721 Tryals print; Rogers, CSP Colonial 31 October 1718; the ~209 count from ADM 1/2282 reported, not readOn: Pirate Pardons
  74. The pardon's structural weakness was relapse. Pearse deposed that Charles Vane "surrendered himself to him, in order to obtain the benefit of the said Proclamation, which he received, and afterwards turned Pirate"; Robert Deal testified his "King's Pardon from the Governor of Providence" had been "taken from him, and torn in Pieces by the Pirates"; and Rogers reported "above 100 men that accepted H.M. Act of Grace in this place are now out pirating again."
    Sworn deposition and state paperPearse and Deal, 1721 Tryals print; Rogers, CSP Colonial vol 30, 31 October 1718On: Pirate Pardons
  75. John Fiske's chapter XVI of Old Virginia and Her Neighbours (1897), "The Golden Age of Pirates", opens "The business of piracy has never thriven so greatly as in the seventeenth century", read via Project Gutenberg 56033.
    Printed bookJohn Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbours (1897), read via Project Gutenberg 56033On: The End of the Golden Age
  76. The legal instruments: the Piracy Act 1698 (11 William III c.7) let the Crown try pirates by vice-admiralty commission overseas before a court of at least seven commissioners; it was "made perpetual by an act of the sixth of King George" (per the 1726 Boston trial print's title page, flagging 6 Geo I rather than the statute usually assumed); and the Piracy Act 1721 (8 George I c.24) made trading with or supplying pirates a capital crime (s.1) and penalised merchant crews who failed to defend their ships with forfeited wages and six months imprisonment (s.6).
    Statutes and printed trial record11 Will III c.7 and 8 Geo I c.24 (legislation.gov.uk); the 6 Geo I perpetuation from the 1726 Tryals title pageOn: The End of the Golden Age
  77. The closing anchor is the 1726 Boston trial: The Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, whose subtitle records "Four of which were found guilty, and the rest acquitted." William Fly, the last celebrated Golden Age pirate, was hanged at Boston on 12 July 1726 and gibbeted in chains at Nix's Mate in the harbour.
    Printed trial recordThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy (Boston, 1726), Evans N02376 / OTAOn: The End of the Golden Age
  78. The pirate pardon of the Golden Age was granted by royal proclamation under the prerogative, not by an Act of Parliament; the first, "By the King, A Proclamation, For Suppressing of Pirates", was given at Hampton Court on 5 September 1717, in the fourth regnal year of George I.
    Royal proclamationLondon Gazette, issue 5573 (proclamation given at Hampton Court, 5 September 1717)On: The End of the Golden Age; Pirate Pardons
  79. The first proclamation pardons piracies "committed before the fifth Day of January next ensuing" (5 January 1718); its recital separately notes piracies committed "since the twenty fourth Day of June 1715". A second proclamation, given at St James's on 21 December 1718, extended the surrender window to 1 July 1719.
    Royal proclamationsLondon Gazette, issue 5573 (5 September 1717) and issue 5706 (21 December 1718)On: The End of the Golden Age; Pirate Pardons
  80. Woodes Rogers arrived at Nassau on 26 July 1718 as the first royal governor of the Bahamas, in company with HMS Rose and HMS Milford and his own ship Delicia, carrying the King's proclamation of pardon; his own despatch of 31 October 1718 states "I arriv'd in this port 26th July".
    DespatchRogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 31 October 1718 (Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, volume 30, item 737)On: The End of the Golden Age; Woodes Rogers; Nassau / New Providence
  81. Nassau harbour is sheltered by a barrier island (Hog Island, now Paradise Island) that creates two entrances, each crossed by a bar; the harbour could hold a large fleet but the bars kept out deep-draught warships. Johnson (1724) describes a "Harbour big enough to hold 500 Sail of Ships" before which "lies a small Island, which makes two Inlets", with a bar at either way over which "no Ship of 500 Tun can pass". This double-entrance, shallow-bar geography is what made Nassau a defensible pirate haven.
    Period sailing descriptionCharles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724); corroborated by modern harbour geographyOn: The End of the Golden Age; Nassau / New Providence
  82. The place is New Providence, an island of the Bahamas; the pirate haven and later colonial capital is the town on its north shore, called Charles Town before 1684 and Nassau from 1695. The island and the town must be distinguished.
    Geographical recordColonial and cartographic record of New Providence and its north-shore townOn: The End of the Golden Age; Nassau / New Providence
  83. Charles Vane surrendered to Captain Vincent Pearse at Providence about the latter end of March 1718 to obtain the benefit of the King's proclamation, received the pardon, and afterwards turned pirate again: the recorded pattern of a man taking the certificate and going back to sea.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Captain Vincent Pearse (surrender at Providence, latter end of March 1718)On: The End of the Golden Age; Pirate Pardons
  84. The Piracy Act 1698 (11 William III, chapter 7), "An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Piracy", authorised the Crown to try piracy overseas by Vice-Admiralty commission courts of at least seven persons rather than transporting the accused to England, and made those who aid, abet, receive or conceal pirates liable to the same capital punishment as principals.
    StatuteAn Act for the More Effectuall Suppression of Piracy, 11 and 12 William III c. 7 (the Piracy Act 1698), Statutes of the Realm VII, pp. 590 to 594On: The End of the Golden Age; The End of the Golden Age
  85. The Piracy Act 1721 (8 George I, chapter 24), "An Act for the more effectual suppressing of Piracy": section 1 made it piracy, felony and robbery to trade with, supply, fit out vessels for, or consult and correspond with known pirates; section 6 provided that a commander, officer or mariner of a gunned merchant ship who fails to defend it against pirate attack forfeits all his wages, cannot recover them in any court, and suffers six months imprisonment.
    StatutePiracy Act 1721 (8 George I c.24), sections 1 and 6On: The End of the Golden Age; The End of the Golden Age
  86. Survivors of Samuel Bellamy's company, taken from the consort Mary Anne rather than from the Whydah herself, whose only two survivors were not among them, were tried at a Court of Admiralty in Boston in October 1717; six were convicted and hanged at Charlestown Ferry, Boston, on 15 November 1717 (Van Vorst, Brown, Baker, Quintor, Hoof and Shuan).
    Printed trial recordThe printed record of the Boston Court of Admiralty, 1717 (executions 15 November 1717)On: The End of the Golden Age; The End of the Golden Age; Samuel Bellamy
  87. Of Bartholomew Roberts's captured crew, fifty-four were condemned and fifty-two were hanged at Cape Coast Castle in the spring of 1722; the printed record also gives seventy-four acquitted and twenty sentenced to servitude.
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (London, 1723)On: The End of the Golden Age; The End of the Golden Age; A Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates (1723)
  88. Bartholomew Roberts was killed in the action against HMS Swallow (Captain Chaloner Ogle) off Cape Lopez on 10 February 1722 (Old Style 1721/2); Ogle's own dispatch, printed verbatim in the London Gazette, states "The Captain, whose Name was Roberts, was killed".
    Naval dispatchChaloner Ogle's dispatch, printed in the London Gazette, issue 6091On: The End of the Golden Age; Bartholomew Roberts
  89. The last major exemplary trial is the 1726 Boston Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy (special Court of Admiralty, 4 July 1726): only four of sixteen were convicted (William Fly, Samuel Cole, Henry Greenvill and George Condick, who was recommended for a reprieve). Fly, the last celebrated Golden Age pirate captain, was hanged on 12 July 1726 at the Charles River and his body hung in chains at Nix's Mate.
    Printed trial recordThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy (Boston, 1726)On: The End of the Golden Age; The End of the Golden Age
  90. The French of Saint Martin's and Saint Bartholomew attacked and subdued Anguilla a few days after the capture of Saint Christopher's in 1689, then restored most of the inhabitants' goods while keeping property worth 1,400 pieces of eight to cover their expenses.
    Colonial state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 444, Lieutenant-General Codrington to the Lords of Trade and Plantations, Antigua, 19 September 1689On: Anguilla
  91. Anguilla was a poor and thinly settled slave society and not a slave-trading entrepot. Governor John Hart's answers to the Board of Trade's queries, sent from Saint Christopher on 12 July 1724, counted 360 whites and 900 blacks on the island; reported that Anguilla, Spanish Town and Tortola had no trade or shipping from Great Britain and no officers of the customs among them; and gave the manufactures of those three islands as sugar, molasses and cotton, produced in very small quantities and generally disposed of to the Dutch at Saint Eustatius and the Danes at Saint Thomas. Hart, who visited it, called Anguilla a poor and barren place whose inhabitants bore all the marks of poverty.
    Colonial state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, ed. Cecil Headlam and Arthur Percival Newton (London, 1936), read on British History Online: no. 260, Governor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, St. Christophers, 12 July 1724, with enclosure no. 260 viii, Governor Hart's replies to Queries by the Board of Trade. The population table, p. 151, gives "Anguilla... 360... 900" under the headings "Whites" and "Blacks"; p. 149, "The Islands of Anguilla, Spanish Town, and Tartola have no trade nor shiping from Great Britain, nor no officers of the Customs amongst them... The manufacturies of these three Islands are sugar, molosses and cotton, of which they produce but very small quantities and those they generally dispose of to the Dutch at St. Eustatia, and the Danes at St. Thomas's"; p. 143, "The first Island that I visited was Anguilla, which I found to be a poor and barren place, and the inhabitants in their houses cloathing and diet, bore all the marks of poverty"On: Anguilla
  92. William Kidd, homeward bound in the captured Quedagh Merchant renamed Adventure Prize, arrived at Anguilla about the beginning of April 1699 and sent his boat ashore, where his men had the news that he and his people had been proclaimed pirates; he was refused succour, stayed about four hours and sailed for Saint Thomas.
    Narrative and official correspondenceNarrative of William Kidd, 7 July 1699 (Public Record Office, C.O. 5:860, no. 64 XXV), printed as document no. 76 in J. F. Jameson, ed., Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (New York, 1923): "That about the beginning of April 1699 the Narrator arrived at Anguilla in the West-Indies and sent his Boat on Shore, where his men had the News That he and his People were proclaimed Pirates"; corroborated by the President and Council of the Leeward Islands to Secretary Vernon, 18 May 1699 (C.O. 152:3, no. 21), document no. 72 in the same collection: "about twenty dayes since he touched at Anguilla, a small Island under this Government, where he Tarryed about foure houres; but being refused succour Sailed thence for the Island of St. Thomas"On: Anguilla
  93. The Leeward Islands governors at Antigua were a principal channel of pirate intelligence to Whitehall: Walter Hamilton wrote from Antigua on 14 December 1716 enclosing Savage's deposition and other papers, put an officer and forty of the King's troops aboard HMS Scarborough when she reached Antigua on 4 January 1717, and reported on 1 March 1717 that Bellamy commanded a ship of 26 guns with a sloop of 14 in company; the Council of Trade and Plantations forwarded an extract and the affidavits to Mr Secretary Methuen on 18 February 1717 with Hamilton's report that the islands lay in a very defenceless condition, their forts and platforms very much out of order.
    State papers via calendarGovernor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Antigua, 14 December 1716 and 1 March 1717, CSP Colonial vol 29 entries 425 and 484 (C.O. 152, 11); Council of Trade and Plantations to Mr Secretary Methuen, 18 February 1717, entry 473 (C.O. 152, 39. No. 126)On: Antigua
  94. The Bahama Islands were granted by patent at Westminster on 1 November 1670 to six of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, named in the enrolment as Christopher Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carteret and Sir Peter Colleton, constituting them absolute Lords and Proprietors under Charles II. The first governor under the Proprietors was Hugh Wentworth, whom the inhabitants of New Providence had chosen and whom the Proprietors approved in 1670 and commissioned on 24 April 1671; John Wentworth was commissioned in the same form on 26 December 1671, after Hugh's death. The date 1 November 1670 on the enrolment leaves no room for the July 1668 acquisition date given by one secondary account.
    Royal patent and proprietary commissions, calendaredGrant of the Bahama Islands, Westminster, 1 November 1670, Patent Roll, 22 Car. II, pt. 9, calendared as item 311 in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 7, 1669-1674, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1889), pp. 122-140 at page 122, read on British History Online: "Grant to Christopher Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir George Carteret, and Sir Peter Colleton, their heirs and assigns, of 'all those islands called Bahama, Eleutheria, Ucanis (?), Providence, Inagua, and all other those islands lying in the degrees of 22 to 27 north lat., commonly known by the name of the Bahama Islands, or the Islands of the Lucayos.' Constituting them absolute Lords and Proprietors"; with item 308 of the same volume, pp. 110-122 (Lord Ashley to John Dorrell and Hugh Wentworth, October 1670: "having heard that Wentworth is chosen Governor by the people, their Lordships approve same"), and item 509, pp. 189-209 at page 206 (24 April 1671, "Lords Proprietors of the Bahama Islands to Gov. Hugh Wentworth, and the Councillors and Assistants. Commission", with the memorandum "John Wentworth commissioned in the same form 26 December 1671")On: The Bahamas
  95. Woodes Rogers arrived at New Providence on 26 July 1718 and landed the next day. He says so himself in his first despatch home: "Pursuant to my Instructions I take leave to acquaint your Lordships, I arriv'd in this port 26th July in company with the men of warr ordered to assist me", and "On the 27th I landed and took possession of the fort, where I read H.M. Commission in the presence of my officers, soldiers and about 300 of the people found here". The Lords Proprietors' deed of surrender of the Bahama Islands was sent to the Attorney General to be enrolled in Chancery on 7 March 1718, and the King's Instructions to Rogers as Governor of the Bahama Islands are dated at St James's 6 February 1718, which may be what lies behind the 6 February date given for his commission. The commission date of 6 January 1718, the Proprietors' retention of their land title, and the twenty-one year lease to Rogers and his backers are carried by nothing read here.
    Governor's despatch and Board of Trade papers, calendaredGovernor Woodes Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Nassau on Providence, 31 October 1718, item 737 in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717-1718, ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1930), pp. 359-381 at page 372, read on British History Online; with item 420 of the same volume, pp. 196-215 (7 March 1718, "Mr. Popple to Mr. Attorney General. Encloses deed of surrender by the Lords Proprietors of the Bahama Islands to be enrolled in Chancery etc.", C.O. 24, 1. p. 18) and item 353, pp. 168-186 ("Feb. 6. St. James's. H.M. Instructions to Woodes Rogers, Governor of the Bahama Islands", C.O. 324, 33. pp. 127-129)On: The Bahamas
  96. Barbados legislated for the government of its enslaved people by a succession of statutes. A Supplemental Act to a former Act intituled An Act for the better Ordering and Governing of Negroes bore date 21 April 1676; and An Act for the Governing of Negroes was passed on 8 August 1688 under Edwin Stede, His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief, its last clause repealing all acts theretofore made concerning or any ways relating to the governing of Negroes. The 1661 date of the first such act, the re-enactment of 1682, the code's transmission to the laws of Jamaica, Carolina, Antigua and Georgia, and the population return of 33,184 enslaved to 21,309 white in 1673 are not established here.
    Printed colonial statutesActs of Assembly, passed in the island of Barbadoes, from 1648, to 1718 (London, 1721), read in the Internet Archive copy. No. 329, "An Act for the Governing of Negroes", enacted "by the Right Honourable Edwin Stede, His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of this and other the Charibbee Islands, the Honourable the Council, and General Assembly of this Island", and "Pass'd the 8th Day of August, 1688", with the closing clause "That all Acts heretofore made concerning or any ways relating to the Governing of Negroes, Enacted before the Date of this Act, shall be Repealed, and are hereby Repealed to all Intents and Purposes whatsoever"; and the recital in a later act of "A Supplemental Act to a former Act, Intituled, An Act for the better Ordering and Governing of Negroes, bearing Date the One and twentieth Day of April, One thousand six hundred seventy and six"On: Barbados
  97. At a Council held at Philadelphia on 22 July 1718 before Sir William Keith, lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania, twelve mariners who had escaped from pirates gave a narrative through Richard Appleton. They had sailed from Jamaica about five months before in a wrecking sloop under Captain Pinkethman, who died outward bound; at Walker's Key and the Biminis they worked wrecks in company with a second sloop under a Captain Greenway; on 24 May 1718, at Greenway's instigation, the crew mutinied, took the sloop and all the arms, and in a day or two put Captain Tempest and ten or twelve men aboard the other sloop. They then went by the Florida wrecks and a little to the southward of Charles Town in South Carolina to the latitude of Bermuda, forcing two men out of a Maryland sloop and keeping a Bermuda sloop as consort; and on Sunday 6 July 1718, while Greenway and his officers were aboard a Liverpool prize, they retook the sloop, black sailors aboard hoisting the sails and one of them shooting a pirate through the belly with a pistol. The Board held that it did not appear that these men had been guilty of any piracy. The record therefore names Pinkethman and records black sailors in the fight, so the wreck-salvage account and the Keith record are of one episode and not two.
    Colonial council minutesMinutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, Council held at Philadelphia, 22 July 1718, in Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, vol. III (Philadelphia: Jo. Severns & Co., 1852), pp. 50-52, read in the Internet Archive copy: "they Called in at Providence at the same time that his majesties ship Phoenix was there... & proceeded to Walkers Key, where in Company with another Sloop, Capt Greenway, they workt upon a wreck almost three weeks"; "by Greenways Instigacon, upon the Twenty fFourth of May Last they mutiny'd, took possession of this Sloop & all the arms"; "Richard Appleton being armed, seized the Helm, sent John Robinson down to Secure the Stores & order'd the Negroes to hoist the sails, upon which one of the Pyrates took up a musket & snapt it twice at the sd. Richard, then fired but missing, he Club'd the peice & wounded Richard on the head, upon which One [of t]h[e] N[e]goes shot the Pirate with a Pistol through the belly, & another wounded him in the Thigh", the last of these lines damaged in the scan and the bracketed letters supplied; and "it was the unanimous opinion of this Board, That it did not appear that these men had been Guilty of any piracy"On: Bermuda
  98. A justiciary court of admiralty assembled at Boston sat from 18 to 30 October 1717 on men taken after the wreck of Samuel Bellamy's Whydah off Cape Cod on 26 April 1717 and from her consort the Mary Anne, indicting eight persons for piracy, acquitting two and convicting six, who were hanged at Boston on 15 November 1717: John Brown, Simon Van Vorst, Hendrick Quintor, Thomas Baker, Peter Cornelius Hoof and John Shuan, with Cotton Mather in attendance and recording in his diary a long and sad walk with them from the prison to the place of execution.
    Trial pamphlet and institutional research blog quoting the Mather diaryThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy, Boston 1718, Evans text N01688; The End of Piracy: Pirates Hanged in Boston 300 Years Ago, Massachusetts Historical Society Beehive blogOn: Boston
  99. The slave traffic to the Spanish Indies ran on the asiento, the royal supply contract. By the contract signed by the King of Spain at Madrid in March 1713 and printed in England under royal licence in June 1713, the subjects of Great Britain undertook to bring 144,000 enslaved Africans, piezas de India, into the Spanish West Indies over thirty years from 1 May 1713 at the rate of 4,800 a year, and were allowed one ship of five hundred tons a year to trade to the Indies. Cartagena is named in the contract alongside Portobello, Panama and Buenos Ayres, so that an English commercial interest reached inside the Spanish port in the first years of the golden age.
    Printed treatyThe Assiento, or Contract for Allowing to the Subjects of Great Britain the Liberty of Importing Negroes into the Spanish America, signed by the Catholick King at Madrid in March 1713, printed in London under royal licence given at Kensington 20 June 1713; read in the copy digitised by the Internet Archive (item cihm_28677). Article I: "One hundred and forty four thoufand Negroes, Piezas de India, of both Sexes, and of all Ages, at the Rate of Four thoufand and eight hundred Negroes, Piezas de India, in each of the faid Thirty years"; the annual ship article: "a Ship of Five hundred Tons Yearly". The contract does not name the South Sea Company, does not describe the transfer as made by the Treaty of Utrecht, and does not carry the earlier Portuguese and French contractors of the 1690s and 1700s or a factory-port list including Caracas, Havana and Veracruz; those remain unverified. The text was read in a digitised scan; the long s and other letterforms are imperfectly rendered by the scan's optical text, and the quotations above reproduce that reading rather than a fresh transcription of the original type.On: Cartagena
  100. On 10 February 1722 Captain Chaloner Ogle, commanding the Royal Navy fourth-rate HMS Swallow, engaged Bartholomew Roberts' squadron at Cape Lopez off the coast of present-day Gabon; Roberts was killed early in the action, and the report that his body was cast overboard by his own men before the ships were taken is Johnson's, carried as Possible on his own record; the Royal Fortune and the Ranger were captured with their crews aboard, and Ogle carried the surviving prisoners to Cape Coast Castle as the nearest seat of British authority with the means to hold and try them.
    Museum account and period narrativeRoyal Museums Greenwich, "Death of Bartholomew Roberts," rmg.co.uk, accessed 2026, for the action of 10 February 1722, Ogle and HMS Swallow, the death of Roberts, the capture of the Royal Fortune and the Ranger and the carriage of the prisoners to Cape Coast Castle (Confirmed). The detail that Roberts was killed by a charge of grape-shot to the throat rests largely on Charles Johnson's General History of the Pyrates (1724), is Probable, and is attributed to Johnson by nameOn: Cape Coast Castle
  101. Colonel William Rhett, a leading Charles Town merchant and militia officer, entered the Cape Fear River at dusk on 26 September 1718 and after a several-hour action the next morning took Stede Bonnet's surrender; Bonnet's men were brought to Charles Town and tried before the Court of Vice-Admiralty under Chief Justice Nicholas Trott, twenty-nine crewmen of Bonnet's sloop Revenge were hanged at White Point on Saturday 8 November 1718, and Bonnet himself, having briefly escaped and been retaken, was tried before Trott and hanged at White Point on Wednesday 10 December 1718.
    Library research piece resting on printed trial proceedingsNic Butler, "The Pirate Executions of 1718", Charleston Time Machine, Charleston County Public LibraryOn: Charles Town (Charleston)
  102. William Kidd, who sailed under commission, was tried at an Admiralty sessions held under royal commission at the Old Bailey on 8 and 9 May 1701.
    Printed trial accountThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, for Murther and Piracy, Upon Six several Indictments, printed for J. Nutt, London, 1701, whose title page names the Admiralty sessions held by His Majesty's commission at the Old Bailey on Thursday the 8th and Friday the 9th of May 1701, for the venue and the two days of the sessions (Confirmed); the same printed account is reproduced and cited on this Archive's record of the trial at /events/kidd-trial-1701/. Kidd's birthplace, probably Scotland (Probable), and the tradition that he was drunk at the gallows (Possible) are hedged elsewhere on the site and are not carried hereOn: Execution Dock
  103. Kidd was arrested at Boston on 6 July 1699 on the order of Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont, who had himself been a backer of the voyage, and on the day of the committal Bellomont learned by accident that a man had offered thirty pounds sterling for a sloop to carry him to Gardiner's Island, inferred a cache, and sent to require Mr Gardiner in the King's name to come forthwith and deliver up such treasure as Kidd or any of his crew had lodged with him; Gardiner, whom Bellomont calls a very substantial man, came to Boston and delivered the goods to a committee appointed to receive them before 26 July 1699, the parcel of jewels, gold and silver being reckoned at about 4,500 pounds sterling with six bales left on the island besides, one of them valued at about 2,000 pounds.
    Reference calendar of primary state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17 (1699), entry 680: Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 26 July 1699, with enclosuresOn: Gardiners Island
  104. Kidd's deposit on Gardiners Island was made openly and by arrangement, John Gardiner taking a chest, a box of gold, a bundle of quilts and four bales of goods ashore at Kidd's request and swearing that he knew nothing of Kidd's being proclaimed a pirate; when Kidd was gaoled at Boston the Earl of Bellomont required Gardiner in the King's name to bring in the parcel of gold and the other parcels, and Gardiner brought the treasure away without delay and it was delivered into the hands of the committee appointed at Boston to hold Kidd's goods, its value guessed at about 4,500 pounds with six bales left behind to follow. What became of the treasure after Boston, whether anything of the deposit remains on the island, the nineteenth century literary apparatus of the buried treasure story, and the status of the Kidd-Palmer charts are not settled by the papers read here.
    State papers and a sworn narrativeGovernor the Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 26 July 1699, with its enclosures, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol 17 (1699), no. 680, 680 VII and 680 XXI, British History Online, and the same letter and narrative printed as documents 82 and 79 in J. F. Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (1923). Bellomont to Mr Gardiner, Boston, 8 July 1699: "I have secured Capt. Kidd in gaol. I require you in His Majesty's name immediately to bring to me the parcel of gold and other parcels he left with you." Bellomont to the Board: "Gardiner who is a very substantial man brought away the treasure without delay, and by my direction delivered it into the hands of the Committee", the parcel guessed to "be worth (Gold, Silver and Jewels) 4500 L.", and "The six bales Gardiner could not bring, but I have ordered him to send them by a Sloop". Narrative of John Gardiner, July 1699: Kidd "desired this Narrator to take on shore with him and keep for him, the said Kidd, and Order, a Chest, and a box of gold and a bundle of Quilts and Four Bayles of Goods", and the narrator "saith, he knew nothing of Kidds being proclaimed a Pyrate, and if he had, he durst not have acted otherwise than he has done, having no force to oppose them".On: Gardiners Island
  105. The deposition of Richard Ward, taken at New Providence on 14 October 1715, states that the Spaniards at the Havana were preparing to cut off the inhabitants of the Bahama Islands on account of piracies committed upon them from thence, and Thomas Walker of New Providence travelled to Havana before August 1716 and on his own account prevented the design of the provoked Spaniards before fleeing New Providence for South Carolina; both documents are calendared in one bundle of Colonial Office papers, which preserves most of the English-language record of Havana's anti-piracy posture.
    State paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 29, entry 328 and enclosures i to iii, including the deposition of Richard Ward, New Providence, 14 October 1715, and Thomas Walker's account of his voyage to Havana, C.O. 5, 1265, Nos. 52, 52 i to iii, The National Archives, Kew, calendar published by British History Online (Confirmed)On: Havana
  106. The governor of Jamaica held the vice admiralty of the island together with the presidency of the court that tried pirates, the 1721 trial print giving the style in full as Sir Nicholas Lawes, Knight, His Majesty's Captain General and Governor in Chief in and over this His Majesty's Island of Jamaica and other the Territories thereon depending in America, Chancellor and Vice Admiral of the same, President.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, Jamaica, printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721, with List of governors of Jamaica for the tenure of 1718 to 1722On: Jamaica
  107. The Jamaica Court of Admiralty sat under An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Piracy, 11 Will. 3 c. 7, which received the royal assent on 11 April 1700 and permitted piracy to be tried in the King's islands, plantations and colonies before commissioners drawn from merchants, factors, planters and sea officers, and under a royal commission of the Great Seal dated 3 April 1718 which is recited verbatim in the articles against Charles Vane; the Act and the proceedings alike were printed on the island by Robert Baldwin in 1721.
    Trial pamphlet and statuteThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, 1721, which prints the Act in fullOn: Jamaica
  108. Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, judged Blackbeard a continuing menace and conceived, financed and directed an expedition against him although North Carolina was a separate proprietary colony outside his authority, and because the Royal Navy fifth-rates stationed in the Chesapeake, HMS Pearl and HMS Lyme, drew too much water for the North Carolina inlets he hired two shallow-draught sloops and manned them with seamen from those two ships under Lieutenant Robert Maynard of HMS Pearl.
    State agency accountLt. Robert Maynard (B-43), North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, 6 December 2023On: Ocracoke Inlet
  109. Maynard afterwards had Blackbeard's head cut off and hung from the sloop's bowsprit and the body thrown into the sea, and the head was carried back to Virginia as proof of the kill.
    State agency accountLt. Robert Maynard (B-43), NC Department of Natural and Cultural ResourcesOn: Ocracoke Inlet
  110. Philadelphia lies up Delaware Bay and River from the Atlantic, which put raiders working the Capes beyond the reach of a provincial government that commanded no armed vessel: William Markham answered the complaints about the privateer Thomas Day in the 1690s by saying that Day was down the river out of his reach and that they had not force in the province to command him, and Sir William Keith told his Council on 11 August 1718 that he had represented the province's case to the King's ministers and invited the neighbouring station ships to take some notice of us, still without any success.
    State paper and provincial council minutesCalendar of State Papers, Colonial, America and West Indies, 1697 to 1698, for Markham's answer; Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, vol. 3, 1717 to 1735/36, pp. 50 to 56, for Keith's speech of 11 August 1718On: Philadelphia
  111. On 11 August 1718 Sir William Keith laid before the Provincial Council Captain Hardy's sworn inventory of a pirate sloop taken from the pirate Greenway's company and later named as the Nathaniel and Charles, listing ten great guns and carriages, two swivel guns, nine pateraroes, three listed plainly and six as old, thirty muskets, five blunderbusses, fifty-three hand grenadoes, seven cutlasses, a doctor's chest, one black flag, one red flag, two ensigns, two pendants and a jack, a rare dated official enumeration of a pirate vessel's colours; Keith retained her arms for the defence of this Colony, complained of the great losses this Colony has already sustained beyond any of its Neighbors by the trade being blocked up and Infested with Pirates at the Capes of this River and Bay, and stated that upon an information that one Teach, a noted Pirate, had been Lurking for some days in and about this town he had granted a provincial warrant for his apprehension, an information from an unnamed source on which no arrest followed and which nothing corroborates.
    Provincial council minutesMinutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, vol. 3, 1717 to 1735/36, pp. 50 to 56; corroborated for the July and August 1718 sequence by An Act Against Pirates and Sea-Robbers, Pennsylvania Heritage MagazineOn: Philadelphia
  112. Libertalia, the supposed pirate republic founded on egalitarian principles in Madagascar, is a literary invention of the second volume, of 1728, of the General History of the Pyrates attributed to Captain Charles Johnson, not of the first volume of 1724, and must not be located at Sainte-Marie, or anywhere else, as history.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates, attributed to Captain Charles Johnson (London, 1724), for Libertalia, cited here only to mark it as the literary invention it is, its fictional status being ConfirmedOn: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  113. The King's grant of pirates' goods was made to six grantees, Bellomont, "Edmund Harrison, Merchant", Samuel Newton, Rowley, George Watson and Thomas Renolls, recited as the persons at whose "great and sole charges" the Adventure Galley had been fitted out, and it was addressed to "Sir John Somers, Knight, our Keeper of our Great Seal of England"; neither Livingston, nor Kidd, nor any of the ministers is named in it.
    Primary letters patentCopy of the King's Grant of Pirates' Goods, teste under the privy seal at Westminster, endorsed as received 27 May 1697, signed Tho. Watkins, in Dalton, Appendix A item 1On: The Kidd Privateering Venture Formed (1695)
  114. On 30 October 1697, on the high seas near the coast of Malabar, Captain William Kidd struck William Moore, gunner of the Adventure Galley, on the head with an iron-bound bucket, and Moore died the following day, 31 October 1697.
    Trial pamphletThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, for Murther and Piracy, upon Six Several Indictments, at the Admiralty-Sessions held at the Old-Baily, 8 and 9 May 1701 (London, 1701), the indictment; consulted through Trial of Captain Kidd, ed. Graham Brooks, Notable British Trials (Edinburgh and London, 1930)On: The Killing of William Moore (1697)
  115. The indictment describes the weapon as "a certain wooden bucket, bound with iron hoops, of the value of eight pence" held in Kidd's right hand, the blow as landing "a little above the right ear", and Moore as receiving "one mortal bruise" of which he "did languish, and languishing did live" from 30 to 31 October; Joseph Palmer placed him "grinding a chisel aboard the Adventure" when it fell, and the surgeon Robert Bradinham gave the medical evidence as "The wound was small, but the skull was fractured", adding "I believe that he died of the wound".
    Trial pamphletThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701), the indictment and the examinations of Palmer and Bradinham; consulted through Brooks, Trial of Captain Kidd (1930). Confirmed as to the indictment, and as to the evidence Palmer and Bradinham gave, not as to the underlying facts.On: The Killing of William Moore (1697)
  116. Every witness asked directly, including the three called by the defence, denied that a mutiny was in progress at the moment of the blow, Palmer answering "There was no mutiny; all was quiet", while Kidd's own account had it that "Upon that a mutiny arose"; the accounts of the exchange preceding the blow also differ, Palmer opening it with Kidd, Owens and Parrot each opening it with Moore in different words, and Kidd placing the exchange at the Loyal Captain confrontation itself, and the conflicts are carried unresolved.
    Trial pamphletThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701), the examinations and Kidd's own statements; consulted through Brooks, Trial of Captain Kidd (1930). Confirmed as to the answers the witnesses gave, not as to the underlying fact.On: The Killing of William Moore (1697)
  117. The murder indictment was tried first, on 8 May 1701, the piracy indictments standing over to 9 May after Kidd's assigned counsel, Dr Oldish and Mr Lemmon, moved to postpone because the two French passes had not been delivered to him; the jury retired and returned after about an hour with a verdict of Guilty, and sentence of death was pronounced on 9 May 1701 on the murder and the piracy convictions together.
    Trial pamphletThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701), the proceedings of 8 and 9 May, the verdict and the sentence; consulted through Brooks, Trial of Captain Kidd (1930)On: The Killing of William Moore (1697)
  118. Lord Chief Baron Ward charged the jury on implied malice, "the law implies malice when one man, without any reasonable cause or provocation, kills another", and on cooling time, "What mutiny or discourse might be a fortnight or month before will not be any reason or cause for so long a continuance of a passion", while conceding that a blow struck during an actual mutiny might have founded a defence; Kidd was refused permission to put to Bradinham that the surgeon had himself been among the mutineers, and refused permission to call character evidence after the charge.
    Trial pamphletThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701), the charge to the jury and Ward's rulings; consulted through Brooks, Trial of Captain Kidd (1930)On: The Killing of William Moore (1697)
  119. The French pass was issued by Francois Martin for the Royal Company of France in favour of Coja Quanesse and Coja Jacob, "Armenian; Nacodas, of the ship Cara Merchant", the vessel "which the Armenian merchant Agapiris Kalender has freighted in Surate from Cohergy", so that the nationality of hull, of master, of crew and of cargo were four different questions, of which Kidd's commission turned on the hull alone.
    Period document in translationFrench pass or safe conduct issued by Francois Martin, dated January 1698, Public Record Office, consulted through the facsimile and translation printed in Ralph D. Paine, The Book of Buried Treasure (1911)On: The Capture of the Quedagh Merchant (1698)
  120. The ownership of the Quedagh Merchant is not settled by the record and is carried unresolved: Dr Newton told the jury "her owners were Armenian merchants", Hugh Parrot deposed that "she belonged wholly to the Moors", the Calendar of State Papers styles her "the Moorish ship the Cara Merchant", and the French pass names Cohergy Nannabaye as her owner and the Armenians as her freighters, which the research takes as settling the ownership while the trial's own witnesses did not.
    Trial pamphlet, Admiralty deposition, state paper and French passThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (1701); deposition of Hugh Parrot, Boston, July 1699; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 17, 1699, item 680; the French pass in Paine's translationOn: The Capture of the Quedagh Merchant (1698)
  121. The Armenians aboard offered to ransom the ship, Robert Bradinham and Joseph Palmer both putting the offer at 20,000 rupees, which by Bradinham's account Kidd refused as "but a small parcel of money" against a cargo "worth a great deal more", while Dr Newton opened for the Crown at 30,000 rupees; both figures are carried.
    Trial pamphletThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (1701), evidence of Robert Bradinham and Joseph Palmer and the opening of Dr Newton, via Graham Brooks (ed.), Notable British Trials, 1930On: The Capture of the Quedagh Merchant (1698)
  122. Four or five days after the taking Kidd proposed to his company that the ship be returned to those from whom she had been taken or sold back to them, the company refused, and she was carried to St Mary's in Madagascar where the bale goods were landed and shared, Kidd taking forty shares; Joseph Palmer conceded the episode at trial and undercut it, saying "there was not a quarter of the men concerned in it".
    Admiralty depositions and trial pamphletExamination of William Jenkins taken at Boston before the Earl of Bellomont and Council, July 1699, calendared at Calendar of State Papers Colonial volume 17 item 680; evidence of Joseph Palmer in The Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (1701)On: The Capture of the Quedagh Merchant (1698)
  123. Captain William Kidd brought the Adventure Galley and the prize he called the Adventure Prize, otherwise the Quedagh Merchant, into the harbour of Ile Sainte-Marie off Madagascar, by his own narrative "about the First of April 1698", the galley so leaky that "it required Eight men every Two Glasses to keep her free" and woolded round with cables to hold her together, the same narrative recording a lesser prize sunk at the island "about the 6th Day of May"; Dr Newton, opening for the Crown in 1701, instead dated the arrival to the beginning of May 1698, and the variance is carried.
    Period narrative and trial pamphletNarrative of the voyage of Captain William Kidd, written in his own hand and delivered at Boston, July 1699, calendared as CSP Colonial vol. 17 item 680.XXV; with the opening of Dr Newton in The Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701); both consulted through Graham Brooks (ed.), The Trial of Captain Kidd, Notable British Trials (1930)On: Kidd and Culliford at Madagascar (1698)
  124. The pirate lying in the harbour was Robert Culliford, a former East India Company seaman, and his ship is named four ways in the record: the Moca frigate in Kidd's narrative, "a ship called the Resolution, which was formerly called the Mocha Frigate" by the surgeon Robert Bradinham and by Dr Newton, the reverse by the 1930 editor Graham Brooks, and "the Resolution, formerly the Mocco Merchant" in Captain Charles Johnson's General History of 1728; by Kidd's account Culliford and his men ran into the woods on his arrival and were fetched back by Kidd's own crew.
    Period narrative and trial pamphletKidd's Narrative, July 1699 (CSP Colonial vol. 17, 680.XXV); The Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701), the evidence of Bradinham and the opening of Dr Newton, with Brooks's editorial footnote, in Brooks (ed.), The Trial of Captain Kidd (1930); Captain Charles Johnson, The History of the Pyrates, vol. II (London, 1728)On: Kidd and Culliford at Madagascar (1698)
  125. Kidd said consistently in June 1699, in July 1699 and at the bar in May 1701 that he proposed to his company that they take Culliford's ship, "having sufficient Power and Authority so to do", and that they refused, saying "they would rather fire two guns into him than one into the other", a version supported by the Boston depositions of Abel Owen and Samuel Arris and by the examination of Gabriel Loff; the earliest account, Duncan Campbell's report of 19 June 1699, reverses the initiative, having the crew move Kidd to take the Moco frigate and then desert, take her, and oblige Culliford "to go along with them" to the Red Sea.
    Period narrative and state paperKidd to the Earl of Bellomont, 24 June 1699 (CSP Colonial vol. 17, 680.VI); Kidd's Narrative, July 1699 (680.XXV); Duncan Campbell to Bellomont, 19 June 1699 (680.IV); the Boston examinations of Abel Owen, Samuel Arris and Gabriel Loff, July 1699; with Kidd's statements at the Admiralty Sessions of 8 and 9 May 1701 in Brooks (ed.), The Trial of Captain Kidd (1930)On: Kidd and Culliford at Madagascar (1698)
  126. The Crown's two witnesses swore the opposite: Robert Bradinham that Kidd "went aboard with them, and swore to be true to them ... and he assisted this Captain Culliford with guns, and an anchor, to fit him to sea again", and Joseph Palmer that Kidd presented Culliford with four guns and swore over a tub of bumbo on the frigate's quarter-deck, "Before I would do you any harm I would have my soul fry in hell-fire", a form of words that is not stable in the record, Palmer giving "Before I would do you any damage I had rather my soul should broil in hell-fire" at the fourth trial and the Lord Chief Baron summing it up as "or to that effect"; Kidd denied all of it, answering the Lord Chief Baron "I was not aboard Culliford", and Mr Justice Turton conceded the discrepancy in charging the jury, one witness giving two guns and the other four.
    Trial pamphletThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701), the evidence of Bradinham and Palmer, Kidd's cross-examinations and denials, and the charges of the Lord Chief Baron and Mr Justice Turton; consulted through Brooks (ed.), The Trial of Captain Kidd (1930)On: Kidd and Culliford at Madagascar (1698)
  127. The number of men who deserted Kidd for Culliford is given in the record as ninety-five in Kidd's letter to Bellomont and again at the bar, ninety-seven in Kidd's narrative, ninety in Campbell's report and in the Boston deposition of Abel Owen and Samuel Arris, "Ninety and upwards" out of a company of about 115 in the joint deposition of William Jenkins, Richard Barlicorn and Robert Lamley, and "about 60 or 70" by Bradinham under cross-examination, while Johnson's General History says only that "the greatest Part of the Company left him"; no muster or pay book for the Adventure Galley is cited in the sources consulted here.
    Period narrative, state paper and trial pamphletKidd to Bellomont, 24 June 1699 (CSP Colonial vol. 17, 680.VI); Kidd's Narrative, July 1699 (680.XXV); Campbell to Bellomont, 19 June 1699 (680.IV); the Boston depositions of Owen and Arris, of Hugh Parrott, and of Jenkins, Barlicorn and Lamley, July 1699; Bradinham's evidence in The Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (1701); Johnson, The History of the Pyrates, vol. II (1728); the trial and depositions consulted through Brooks (ed.), The Trial of Captain Kidd (1930)On: Kidd and Culliford at Madagascar (1698)
  128. Kidd's narrative records that the Mocha frigate sailed about 15 June 1698 "being manned about 130 Men, and Forty guns, bound out to take all Nations", that for four or five days beforehand the deserters carried away guns, powder, sails, anchors and cables from both his ships and broke open his chest at the house of the trader Edward Welch four miles off, and that he was left with thirteen men, was "forced to stay Five months for a fair Wind" and then sailed in the Adventure Prize; Campbell's report instead gives about twenty men left plus hands procured at Madagascar, and Johnson's General History not above forty.
    Period narrative and state paperKidd's Narrative, July 1699 (CSP Colonial vol. 17, 680.XXV); Campbell to Bellomont, 19 June 1699 (680.IV); Johnson, The History of the Pyrates, vol. II (1728); consulted through Brooks (ed.), The Trial of Captain Kidd (1930) and British History OnlineOn: Kidd and Culliford at Madagascar (1698)
  129. The royal proclamation of 8 December 1698 offered pardon to pirates east of the Cape of Good Hope on surrender to Captain Thomas Warren and the commander in chief for the time being and to Israel Hayes, Peter Delanoye and Christopher Pollard, "or any Three of them", excepting two men by name, given as "Henry Every alias Bridgman, and William Kidd" in the wording read into the trial record and as Bridgeman and Kid in the transcript of the broadside; Nicholas Churchill, James Howe and Darby Mullins lost its benefit because they had surrendered to Colonel Jeremiah Bass, who was not named in it, while Culliford, arraigned at the same sessions on four indictments, pleaded guilty, argued the proclamation and had judgment respited, and Kidd was hanged on 23 May 1701.
    State paper and trial pamphletBy the King, a Proclamation, given at the court at Kensington, 8 December 1698, printed by Charles Bill and the executrix of Thomas Newcomb, open web transcript sourced to The National Archives; collated against the text read into The Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701), with the argument on the pardon, the ruling of the Lord Chief Baron and the arraignment and respite of Culliford, consulted through Brooks (ed.), The Trial of Captain Kidd (1930)On: Kidd and Culliford at Madagascar (1698)
  130. James Emott, a lawyer of New York acting as William Kidd's ambassador, came to the Earl of Bellomont at Boston late at night on 13 June 1699 with the offer that Kidd had sixty pounds weight of gold, about a hundredweight of silver and seventeen bales of East India goods aboard and had left a great ship near Hispaniola that nobody but himself could find, and would bring both in for a pardon; Emott delivered the two French passes that same night, and Bellomont described him privately to London as "a cunning Jacobite, a fast friend of Fletcher's and my avowed enemie".
    State paperGovernor the Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 26 July 1699, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 17, 1699, item 680 with enclosures; the "cunning Jacobite" wording from the Public Record Office transcript printed in Ralph D. Paine, The Book of Buried Treasure (1911)On: Kidd Arrested at Boston (1699)
  131. Bellomont sent Duncan Campbell, Postmaster of Boston and in Bellomont's phrase "Kidd's countryman and acquaintance", out with Emott on Thursday 15 June 1699; Campbell met Kidd about three leagues from Block Island on 17 June, returned on 19 June and gave in a memorial to the Governor and Council, and was dispatched again the same day with Bellomont's letter, to which Kidd replied from Block Island Road aboard the sloop Saint Antonio on 24 June; Campbell afterwards served as Kidd's gift broker and surety and then deposed against him, and seven parcels of Kidd's gold were found in his house.
    State paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 17, 1699, item 680, enclosures 680.IV and 680.VI; the inventory transcript in Ralph D. Paine, The Book of Buried Treasure (1911)On: Kidd Arrested at Boston (1699)
  132. Bellomont's letter to Kidd of 19 June 1699, written in Council and approved by it, promised a kind reception and that he would procure the King's pardon and closed "I assure you, on my Word and Honour, I will perform nicely what I have now promised", while Bellomont told London the promise was "conditional, that is, provided he were as innocent as he pretended to be"; both readings of his good faith are carried, the 1930 Notable British Trials editor holding the promise properly conditional and the charge of treachery unfair, against Bellomont's own boast that he kept Secretary Vernon's orders for the seizure secret until the day he used them and that editor's footnote wondering whether the encouraging report sent to Kidd was a ruse to induce him into port.
    Critical edition of the trial and state paperGraham Brooks (ed.), The Trial of Captain Kidd, Notable British Trials, 1930, printing Bellomont's letter to Kidd of 19 June 1699; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, volume 17, item 680; the Public Record Office transcripts in Ralph D. Paine, The Book of Buried Treasure (1911)On: Kidd Arrested at Boston (1699)
  133. Kidd came into Boston voluntarily with his wife Sarah and their children aboard on a day the sources do not settle, the printed Calendar reading "he arriving here on Saturday the 8th of this month" against Paine's transcript, which carries no day number, Paine's narrative giving 1 July and the 1930 edition 2 July; he was examined before the Governor and Council on 3 July, was seized by a constable on Thursday 6 July, delivered his written narrative to the Council on 7 July, and on 17 July the Council resolved "That the said Captain Kidd be put into the Stone Prison, be Ironed, and Company kept from him", Bellomont adding irons of sixteen pounds and forty shillings a week to the sheriff, while three or four of his men escaped through the carelessness of the officers appointed to seize them; Bellomont places the arrest by the door of his own lodging and Thomas Hutchinson places it in Kidd's lodgings, and both are carried.
    State paper, critical edition and period historyCalendar of State Papers Colonial, volume 17, item 680 with enclosures 680.XXIV and 680.XXV; Graham Brooks (ed.), The Trial of Captain Kidd, Notable British Trials, 1930; Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts-Bay, as quoted in Ralph D. Paine, The Book of Buried Treasure (1911)On: Kidd Arrested at Boston (1699)
  134. Kidd admitted, under pressure from two gentlemen of the Council sent to press him in the gaol, that he had left a power of attorney with Henry Bolton at Hispaniola, which caused Bellomont to abandon the charter he had agreed for recovering the Quedagh Merchant; Bellomont told London that "as the law stands in this country, if a pirate were convict, yet he cannot suffer death", the Council of Massachusetts Bay having refused the Bill to punish privateers and pirates sent from England, and Sewall recorded that on 16 February 1699/1700 Kidd, Bradish, Gillam and Witherly were sent aboard the frigate Advice on a warrant dated 13 February bearing the Governor's name only, Sewall, Townsend and Byfield having been in the negative on sending the prisoners out of the province, with the treasure shipped on 28 February 1699/1700 together with one enslaved man and Venturo Resail, an East Indian born at Ceylon.
    State paper and diaryGovernor the Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 26 July 1699, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 17, 1699, item 680; Diary of Samuel Sewall, volume II, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, fifth series, volume VI (Boston, 1879), entries of 16 and 28 February 1699/1700 with the editors' notesOn: Kidd Arrested at Boston (1699)
  135. The trial pamphlet printed for J. Nutt dates the Admiralty Sessions at the Old Bailey to "Thursday the 8th. and Friday the 9th. of May, 1701" and states the charge as "for murther and piracy, upon six several indictments", six in all across both offences; the division of those six into one murder, for the killing of the gunner William Moore, and five piracies is a later reading rather than the pamphlet's own, and Luttrell instead dates the verdict to 10 May and reads the six as six piracies with the murder conviction additional, so the conflict over both the dates and the division is carried, the pamphlet being preferred for the dates as the court's own printed record.
    Trial pamphlet and contemporary newsletterThe arraignment, tryal, and condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, printed for J. Nutt, 1701), title page; Luttrell, A Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs, vol. V, 10 May 1701 (pages 47 and 48), consulted through Dalton, The Real Captain Kidd (1911)On: The Execution of William Kidd (1701)
  136. Kidd's effects, forfeit to the Crown on his conviction, were given by Queen Anne to Greenwich Hospital in 1705, Lysons recording "The sum of 6472l. 1s. being the effects of Kid, a pirate, given by Queen Anne, in 1705" among the hospital's revenues, Royal Museums Greenwich giving 6,472 pounds and the Old Royal Naval College an auction raising 6,473 pounds and 1 shilling, while Dalton's 6,471 pounds is a misreading of the very Lysons page his own footnote cites and is not a separate witness.
    Printed topographical record and institutional statementsDaniel Lysons, The Environs of London, vol. 4, the parish of Greenwich, page 448, via British History Online; Royal Museums Greenwich, teaching resource on William Kidd's treasure; Old Royal Naval College, "Pirates' Plunder and the Painted Hall"; Dalton, The Real Captain Kidd (1911) with its footnote to LysonsOn: The Execution of William Kidd (1701)
  137. Anne Bonny and Mary Read were brought to the bar together on 28 November 1720 and tried under one set of articles, were convicted and sentenced to death, and then informed the court that they were quick with child, after which their executions were respited.
    Trial pamphlet and secondary library accountThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates... including the tryals of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, Jamaica, 1721; Library of Congress, In Custodia Legis law blog, "The Life and Trial of Anne Bonny" (2024)On: The Capture of John Rackham (1720)
  138. A royal proclamation for the suppressing of pirates, called the Act of Grace or the King's pardon, was issued in the name of King George I and is dated at the Court at Hampton Court on 5 September 1717, in the fourth year of the reign.
    Royal proclamation, as printed in the official gazetteProclamation for the suppressing of pirates, given at the Court at Hampton Court 5 September 1717, printed in The London Gazette, issue 5573, for 14 to 17 September 1717, page 1; read from the facsimile shown on this pageOn: The Act of Grace, the King's Pardon (1717 to 1718)
  139. The proclamation promised the King's gracious pardon to any pirate who surrendered himself on or before 5 September 1718, and set the terms of that surrender.
    Royal proclamation, as printed in the official gazetteProclamation for the suppressing of pirates, given at the Court at Hampton Court 5 September 1717, printed in The London Gazette, issue 5573, for 14 to 17 September 1717, page 1; read from the facsimile shown on this pageOn: The Act of Grace, the King's Pardon (1717 to 1718)
  140. The pardon covered only acts of piracy committed before 5 January 1718.
    Crown proclamationThe London Gazette, issue 5573, for 14 to 17 September 1717, transcribed verbatim on the archive's pardons record; Wayne Savage, Act of Grace 1717On: The Act of Grace, the King's Pardon (1717 to 1718)
  141. The proclamation set rewards for taking pirates who did not surrender, graded by rank: one hundred pounds for the commander of a pirate ship or vessel, forty pounds for a lieutenant, master, boatswain, carpenter or gunner, thirty pounds for any inferior officer and twenty pounds for every private man.
    Royal proclamation, as printed in the official gazetteProclamation for the suppressing of pirates, given at the Court at Hampton Court 5 September 1717, printed in The London Gazette, issue 5573, for 14 to 17 September 1717, page 1; read from the facsimile shown on this pageOn: The Act of Grace, the King's Pardon (1717 to 1718)
  142. Woodes Rogers arrived at Nassau on 26 July 1718 as Governor of the Bahama Islands and administered the King's pardon there, about 200 of those who had been pirates coming before his Council on 1 August 1718, surrendering to him, claiming the benefit of the King's proclamation relating to pirates and taking the oaths of allegiance. Charles Vane refused: a French prize of 22 guns that he had taken was set on fire in the harbour to drive out the Rose, which cut her cables and ran out in the night, and the next morning Vane and about 90 of his men made off in a sloop.
    Official gazette and colonial state papersThe London Gazette, issue 5706, for 23 to 27 December 1718, front page, letter from the Town of Nassau on the Island of Providence, read from the scanned issue: "That Day came before the Council about 200 of those who had been Pyrates, and surrendred themselves to the Governour, claiming the Benefit of His Majesty's Proclamation relating to Pyrates, and took the Oaths of Allegiance to His Majesty", the day being 1 August 1718, when the Council was assembled; the same letter for the Rose, the burning French ship and Vane's escape with "about 90 of his Men"; Governor Woodes Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Nassau on Providence, 31 October 1718, C.O. 23, 1, no. 10, calendared as Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718, no. 737, read on British History Online: "I arriv'd in this port 26th July in company with the men of warr ordered to assist me"On: The Act of Grace, the King's Pardon (1717 to 1718); Charles Vane
  143. The first surrender deadline expired on 5 September 1718. The Council of Trade and Plantations recommended on 9 December 1718 that the King enlarge the time formerly granted for pardoning pirates in the West Indies, and a second proclamation, given at the Court at St James's on 21 December 1718, moved the deadline to the first day of July 1719 and widened the covered period forward, pardoning piracies committed before the offender had notice of the new proclamation in place of the first proclamation's cut-off of 5 January 1718. In the same month Woodes Rogers tried at Nassau a party of men who had taken the pardon and gone back to piracy, reprieving one of them, George Rounsivell, under the gallows until the King's pleasure was known.
    Official gazette and colonial state papersThe London Gazette, issue 5573, for 14 to 17 September 1717, front page, printing the proclamation given at Hampton-Court, 5 September 1717, read from the scanned issue: "in case any the said Pirates shall, on or before the fifth Day of September, in the Year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and eighteen, surrender him or themselves... shall have our gracious Pardon of and for such his or their Piracy or Piracies, by him or them committed before the fifth Day of January next ensuing"; The London Gazette, issue 5706, for 23 to 27 December 1718, front page, printing the proclamation "Given at Our Court at St. James's, the Twenty first Day of December 1718", read from the scanned issue: "in case any the said Pirates shall, on or before the first Day of July in the Year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and nineteen, surrender him or themselves", pardoning piracies "committed before such time as they shall have received Notice of this Our Royal Proclamation"; Council of Trade and Plantations to Mr Secretary Craggs, Whitehall, 9 December 1718, C.O. 324, 10, pp. 209 to 210, calendared as Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718, no. 780, read on British History Online: "we thought it might be of advantage to H.M. service, that he shoud be pleased to enlarge the time formerly granted for the pardoning pirates in the West Indies"; Governor Woodes Rogers to Mr Secretary Craggs, Nassau on Providence, 24 December 1718, C.O. 23, 13, ff. 20 to 24v, same volume, no. 807: "One George Rounsivell I reprieved under the gallows, till I know H.M. pleasure"On: The Act of Grace, the King's Pardon (1717 to 1718)
  144. The Battle of Cape Lopez was fought off Cape Lopez, a low point of land on the coast of present-day Gabon, where Bartholomew Roberts's squadron lay at anchor in early February 1722, and it consisted of two actions five days apart: on 5 February 1722 the Royal Navy fourth rate HMS Swallow, Captain Chaloner Ogle, took the consort sloop Ranger, and on 10 February 1722 she returned and engaged Roberts's flagship Royal Fortune, in which action Roberts was killed.
    Museum accountRoyal Museums Greenwich, "Death of Bartholomew Roberts," rmg.co.uk, accessed 2026, for the location off Cape Lopez on the coast of present-day Gabon, the two-stage action of 5 and 10 February 1722, HMS Swallow as a fourth rate under Captain Chaloner Ogle, and the death of Roberts in the second action (Confirmed)On: The Battle of Cape Lopez (1722)
  145. Stede Bonnet was hanged at White Point in Charles Town on 10 December 1718; tradition holds that his body was buried with those of his executed crew in the marsh below the high water mark, a tradition the cited library account itself doubts.
    Trial pamphlet and secondary sources"The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates" (London, 1719); Nic Butler, "The Pirate Executions of 1718", Charleston Time Machine, Charleston County Public LibraryOn: The Trial and Hanging of Stede Bonnet (1718)
  146. Lord Archibald Hamilton, Governor of Jamaica, commissioned the sloops Eagle and Barsheba on 21 November 1715 for six months, and the sloop Bennet under Francis Fernando Amulato on 12 December 1715, as stated in the sworn deposition of Samuel Page, Secretary and Commissary of Jamaica, taken on 15 May 1716.
    State paperMr Secretary Stanhope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 19 May 1716, item 158, enclosure v (deposition of Samuel Page, 15 May 1716), Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 29, 1716-1717; The National Archives, C.O. 137, 11. No. 16 v.On: The Wreck of the 1715 Spanish Treasure Fleet
  147. The calendared Spanish complaint records that the Jamaican sloops anchored near the Spanish salvage camp on the Florida coast under Spanish colours, lay still until dark and marched at daylight; that the Spanish commanding officer, told that this was not war "but that they came to fish for the wrecks", offered them 25,000 pieces of eight to withdraw, which they "wou'd not be satisfy'd with, but took all the silver they had and stript the people"; and that the plunder was above 120,000 pieces of eight, a figure carried in three separate enclosures of the same file and qualified there as what the captors own themselves, from which more is inferred; secondary accounts instead give variant figures, which do not reconcile with the documentary figure or with each other, and while modern accounts date the assault to 26 December 1715 the same complaint dates only the return of one sloop to Jamaica, on 26 January 1716.
    State paperMr Secretary Stanhope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 19 May 1716, item 158, enclosures i, iii and v (extract of Don Juan Francisco del Valle's letter of 18 March 1715/16 and depositions of 15 May 1716), Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 29, 1716 to 1717; variant figures from Colin Woodard, The Republic of Pirates, 2007On: The Wreck of the 1715 Spanish Treasure Fleet
  148. Captain John Balchen of HMS Diamond wrote on 13 May 1716 that "there has been at least 20 sloops fitted out for the wrecks", and that he had lost ten of his own men in two days before sailing, "being all mad to go a wrecking as they term it", the plunder brought into Port Royal being divided between those concerned.
    State paperMr Secretary Stanhope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 19 May 1716, item 158, enclosures iv (Captain John Balchen, 13 May 1716) and v, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 29, 1716-1717On: The Wreck of the 1715 Spanish Treasure Fleet
  149. Secretary Stanhope wrote to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 19 May 1716 directing that a commission be prepared annulling Hamilton's, "there having been several abuses committed of late under the covert of Commissions granted by the said Lord Archibald Hamilton to the prejudice of the Treaties between this Crown and that of Spain"; the royal warrant recalling Hamilton had passed on 17 May 1716 and Peter Haywood was appointed Governor of Jamaica on 21 May 1716, but the Florida raid was one item in a mixed file of Assembly, merchant and maladministration papers covering rigged elections, illicit trade with the French, the Port Royal fortifications and alleged Jacobite appointments, and the recall cannot be attributed to the raid alone.
    State paperMr Secretary Stanhope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 19 May 1716, item 158, with enclosures vii, viii, xi and xii; H.M. Warrant recalling Lord A. Hamilton, 17 May 1716, item 155 (C.O. 5, 190, p. 343); H.M. Warrant appointing Peter Haywood, 21 May 1716, item 162 (C.O. 5, 190, pp. 339-341), Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 29, 1716-1717On: The Wreck of the 1715 Spanish Treasure Fleet
  150. The Elizabeth was a snow of about seventy tons belonging to merchants in Bristol, sailing from Jamaica for the coast of Guinea with a cargo valued at two thousand pounds sterling, and on the day of the rising Fly took command and the vessel was renamed the Fames Revenge; no document consulted describes her lading, so the inference that she was a slaving vessel rests on her Bristol ownership and her Guinea destination and is carried no higher than Probable.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, &c. (Boston, 1726), Evans 2819; Benjamin Colman, It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God (Boston, 1726)On: The Mutiny and Execution of William Fly (1726)
  151. The pirate cruise lasted twenty-seven days, from the mutiny of 27 May 1726 to the retaking of the snow on 23 June 1726, and took five vessels, four of them by the snow herself: the sloop John and Hannah off Cape Hatteras on 3 June, whose master John Fulker was whipped at the geers and whose sloop bilged and sank on the bar; the ship John and Betty on 7 June; the sloop Rachel off Cape May on 11 June; and the Marblehead fishing schooner James on Browns Bank on 23 June, a fifth vessel being taken by the prize crew put aboard the James; accounts that give the cruise as about two months of raiding are wrong on the dated record.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, &c. (Boston, 1726), Evans 2819, articles and examinationsOn: The Mutiny and Execution of William Fly (1726)
  152. Sixteen persons were tried at a special Court of Admiralty held at the Court House in Boston on Monday 4 and Tuesday 5 July 1726, under a royal commission founded on the Act of 11 and 12 William III for the more effectual suppression of piracy and made perpetual by an Act of 6 George I, with Lieutenant Governor William Dummer presiding and Robert Auchmuty as Advocate-General; twelve were acquitted on that very plea, that they were forced men, which Auchmuty had opened by attacking as a hackney defence, and four were convicted, Fly on all six articles, Samuel Cole on four, Henry Greenvill on all six and the ship's cook George Condick on all but the murder.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Evans 2819; the tally of twelve acquitted stated independently in Benjamin Colman, It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God (Boston, 1726)On: The Mutiny and Execution of William Fly (1726)
  153. William Fly, Samuel Cole and Henry Greenvill were hanged on Tuesday 12 July 1726 at the usual place of execution for pirates in or near the Charles River at Boston, George Condick having been recommended by the court for a twelve month reprieve and being reprieved at the place of execution; the three bodies were then carried about two leagues down the harbour to Nix's Mate, where Fly was hung up in chains by order of the court and Cole and Greenvill were buried, and the statement in the General History that Condick was one of the three executed is an error repeated in later popular accounts.
    Trial pamphlet, execution sermon and newspaper reportsThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, &c. (Boston, 1726), Evans 2819, sentence, reprieve vote and execution order; Benjamin Colman, It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God (Boston, 1726); Boston reports of 4 and 16 July 1726 reprinted in Abel Boyer, The Political State of Great Britain, volume XXXII, pages 271 to 273; The Boston News-Letter, 7 to 14 July 1726; against Captain Charles Johnson, The History of the Pyrates, volume IIOn: The Mutiny and Execution of William Fly (1726)
  154. Samuel Cole and Henry Greenvill told the Boston court that Captain Green and the mate Jenkins had both of them been cruel to the men and that the crew had agreed to rise upon them and put them ashore at the first land they made, and Fly complained in the same terms in confinement, in words printed by Cotton Mather, that his captain and mate had used the men barbarously and that poor sailors could get no justice against their commanders; no witness independent of the mutineers corroborated the cruelty, and the court did not treat it as material to the articles.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, &c. (Boston, 1726), Evans 2819, defence of Cole and Greenvill; The Vial Poured Out Upon the Sea (Boston, 1726), attributed to Cotton Mather, Evans 2779, conferences of 6 and 9 July 1726On: The Mutiny and Execution of William Fly (1726)
  155. Lionel Wafer, Edward Davis and John Hingson reached Philadelphia in May 1688, moved down the Delaware and by cart over a neck of land to the Chesapeake and were seized there with their chests in June 1688 by Captain Simon Rowe of HMS Dumbarton; they swore they had already surrendered to Captain Thomas Allen of HMS Quaker under the King's proclamation of pardon and held his certificate, which Lord Howard of Effingham denied, reporting that they never saw Allen until long after the arrest and confessed themselves privateers only on 16 August 1688; they were examined before Colonel William Cole on 26 June 1688 together with Peter Cloise, a black man of their company whose contradicting statements became the Crown's chief evidence; their goods, valued at 2,316 pounds 19 shillings, were shipped to England under a bill of lading of 26 July 1690; on 20 February 1690/1 the Lords of the Treasury found that they had not complied with the proclamation "but that they abandoned their ship and went to Virginia with the intention, in good faith, of surrendering", and on 10 March 1692 the King in Council restored their property "except 300 pounds value which, with a fourth part of the amount in Captain Rowe's hand, shall be devoted to building a College in Virginia".
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 12, item 1867 and enclosures (Effingham to Sunderland, 19 August 1688); volume 13, items 44 to 61, 95, 98, 231, 1025 with enclosures, 1185, 1189, 1257 to 1326, 1666, 1693, and 1962 to 2119 (Privy Council, Treasury and Board of Trade proceedings, 1689 to March 1692); Lionel Wafer, A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America (1699)On: The Voyage of the Batchelor's Delight (1683 to 1691)
  156. The expedition was authorised by an order of the Council of Jamaica of 29 June 1670, made "in this great and urgent necessity", and by Sir Thomas Modyford's commission to Henry Morgan of 2 July 1670 as commander in chief of all ships of war belonging to the harbour, which named Santiago de Cuba and not Panama as its specimen target; Panama was chosen later by the captains themselves, thirty-seven of whom signed a resolution on 2 December 1670 "that it stands most for the good of Jamaica and safety of us all to take Panama, the President thereof having granted several commissions against the English".
    Calendared state paper, commission and council minuteMinutes of the Council of Jamaica, 29 June 1670, and Modyford's commission and instructions to Morgan, 2 July 1670, entries 209 to 212 in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 7 (1669 to 1674), calendared by W. Noel Sainsbury; Morgan's relation of 20 April 1671, entry 504, Col. Papers, Vol. XXVI., No. 51On: Morgan's Sack of Panama (1671)
  157. Article IX of the Anglo-French treaty annulled the instruments of private war outright, providing that "All Letters, as well of Reprifal as of Marque and Counter-Marque; which hitherto have for any caufe been Granted on either fide, fhall be, and remain Null and Void", and made fresh letters conditional on a documented denial of right with a four-month waiting period before reprisals could issue.
    Contemporary printed compilation of treaty textsJacques Bernard, compiler, The Acts and Negotiations of the General Peace, Concluded at Ryswick (London, 1698), Anglo-French treaty, Article IX; original spelling and printer's errors preserved from the 1698 English translationOn: The Treaty of Ryswick (1697)
  158. Article X of the Anglo-French treaty fixed the grace periods within which captures would still be good prize at twelve days in the British and North Seas as far as Cape St Vincent, ten weeks beyond that cape and on this side of the equator, and six months beyond the Line throughout the whole world, while Article XXV of the Franco-Spanish treaty set four weeks, six weeks, ten weeks and eight months by zone reckoned from the publication of the treaty, prizes taken after the prefixed time to be restored "with a recompence for all Damages fuftained thereby".
    Contemporary printed compilation of treaty textsJacques Bernard, compiler, The Acts and Negotiations of the General Peace, Concluded at Ryswick (London, 1698), Anglo-French treaty, Article X, and Franco-Spanish treaty, Article XXVOn: The Treaty of Ryswick (1697)
  159. Article VII of the Anglo-French treaty required mutual restitution of "all Countries, Iflands, Forts and Colonies wherefoever fituated" possessed before the declaration of war, the whole to be completed within six months, and Article VIII referred the competing claims in Hudson's Bay to commissioners who were to meet in London within three months of ratification and determine all differences within six months of their first meeting.
    Contemporary printed compilation of treaty textsJacques Bernard, compiler, The Acts and Negotiations of the General Peace, Concluded at Ryswick (London, 1698), Anglo-French treaty, Articles VII and VIIIOn: The Treaty of Ryswick (1697)
  160. Carlos II of Spain died at Madrid on 1 November 1700, about three in the afternoon, and his will, opened immediately after his death, appointed the Duke of Anjou his universal heir and successor to the whole monarchy, the succession settled in default upon the Duke of Berry, then the Archduke of Austria, then the Duke of Savoy, with seven regents named to govern during the new King's absence. Louis XIV afterwards recognised the son of James II as king in place of William III, an act recited in Anne's declaration of war of 4 May 1702 as "a great Affront and Indignity to Us, and Our Kingdoms, in taking upon him to Declare the Pretended Prince of Wales King of England, Scotland and Ireland". The offer of the throne on 9 November, the proclamation as Philip V on 16 November 1700, the description of Philip as Louis's second grandson, and the registering of his claim to the French succession in early 1701 are carried by nothing read here.
    Official gazetteThe London Gazette, numb. 3655 (November 1700), Madrid letter of 4 November, read in the scanned page: "On the first Instant, about 3 in the afternoon, dyed here Charles the Second, King of Spain, &c. to the Great Grief of this Court, and of this whole Kingdom... Immediately after his Death, the Councellors of State, the Grandees, and the Chief of the Nobility met, and his Will was opened; by which the Duke of Anjou is appointed his Universal Heir and Successor, and in case he dyes without Issue, or that the Crown of France falls to him, and he prefers it to that of Spain, the Duke of Berry is named the next Heir"; and The London Gazette, numb. 3807, from Monday 4 May to Thursday 7 May 1702, printing Her Majesty's Declaration of War against France and SpainOn: The War of the Spanish Succession Begins (1700 to 1702)
  161. The asiento passed to Britain at Utrecht. The contract signed by the Catholic King at Madrid on 26 March 1713 and printed in London the same year binds the assientists to bring into the Spanish West Indies, in the thirty years beginning 1 May 1713, "One hundred and forty four thousand Negroes, Piezas de India, of both Sexes, and of all Ages, at the Rate of Four thousand and eight hundred Negroes, Piezas de India, in each of the said Thirty years". The immediately preceding holder was the French Guinea Company, which the same contract forbids from 1 May 1713 to "introduce any Negro Slave into India" on pain of confiscation, and whose earlier concessions, with those of the Portuguese company and the previous Spanish assientists, it carries forward in its own favour. The terms of the French contract, the figure of 48,000 over ten years, the capital of 100,000 livres, the quarter shares held by the kings of France and Spain, and the year and day of the French grant are carried by nothing read here.
    Printed contractThe Assiento, or Contract for Allowing to the Subjects of Great Britain the Liberty of Importing Negroes into the Spanish America, signed by the Catholick King at Madrid the twenty sixth day of March 1713, printed by John Baskett, London, 1713, Articles I, XVIII and XXXIX, read in a scanned copy of the printed edition on the Internet ArchiveOn: The War of the Spanish Succession Begins (1700 to 1702)
  162. The second Grand Alliance was concluded at The Hague on 7 September 1701 between the Emperor, the King of Great Britain and the States General of the United Provinces. Its terms bound the confederates to seek "an equitable and reasonable satisfaction to his Imperial Majesty, for his pretension to the Spanish succession" together with security for the British and Dutch kingdoms and for their navigation and commerce; to recover the provinces of the Spanish Low Countries so that they might be "a fence and rampart, commonly called a barrier, separating and distancing France from the United Provinces", along with the duchy of Milan, the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and the lands and islands on the coasts of Tuscany; to seize and keep what they could of the Spanish dominions in the Indies; and to make no peace unless British and Dutch subjects enjoyed the privileges of commerce in Spain, the Mediterranean and the late king of Spain's possessions that they had enjoyed before his death. It did not at that stage propose to place the Archduke Charles on the Spanish throne. The treaty as printed makes the barrier a belt of provinces and does not stipulate Dutch garrisons in the barrier fortresses, and it says nothing of the Protestant succession.
    Printed treaty textThe second grand alliance, or the treaty concluded between the Emperor, the King of Great Britain, and the States General, September 7. 1701, Articles II, III, V, VI and VIII, printed in A Collection of All the Treaties of Peace, Alliance, and Commerce, between Great-Britain and Other Powers, from the Revolution in 1688 to the Present Time, volume 1 (London, 1772), pp. 40-45, read in a scanned copy on the Internet Archive; the printed subscription reads "At the Hague, the 7th Day of September, 1701"On: The War of the Spanish Succession Begins (1700 to 1702)
  163. William III died at Kensington at eight in the morning on 8 March 1701 Old Style, that is 1702 by modern reckoning, and Anne was proclaimed the same afternoon before the gate of St James's, at Charing Cross, Temple Bar and the Royal Exchange, the proclamation being given at the Court at St James's the eighth day of March. England declared war on France and Spain in a single instrument dated 4 May 1702 Old Style, proclaimed that morning before the gates of St James's by Clarenceux King of Arms. The dates of the Dutch, Imperial and Diet declarations, and the New Style equivalents, are carried by nothing read here.
    Official gazetteThe London Gazette, numb. 3790, from Thursday 5 March to Monday 9 March 1701, read in the scanned page: "St. James's, March 8. On Wednesday last Our late most Gracious Sovereign King William the Third was seized with an Ague Fit and a Feaver, which returning upon him the following days, reduced him to a very weak and languishing Condition; All proper Remedies were applied, but not having the wished-for Effect His Majesty expired at Kensington at Eight a Clock this Morning; whereupon the Lords of the Privy Council assembling together at St. James's, Her present Majesty made a most Gracious Declaration to them", with the accession proclamation "Given at the Court at St. James's the Eighth Day of March, 1701"; and The London Gazette, numb. 3807, from Monday 4 May to Thursday 7 May 1702: "St. James's, May 4. This Morning, pursuant to Her Majesty's Warrant in Council, for Declaring War against France and Spain, Clarenceux King of Arms... read the Declaration", the Declaration itself "Given at Our Court at St. James's the Fourth Day of May, 1702. In the First Year of Our Reign"On: The War of the Spanish Succession Begins (1700 to 1702)
  164. The peace was made in stages. An Anglo-French treaty of suspension of arms was signed on 8 August 1712, the suspension to commence on 11 August and continue four months until 11 December, and Queen Anne proclaimed it at Windsor on 18 August 1712, reciting that a treaty for putting an end to the war was then carrying on at Utrecht. The Anglo-French peace was concluded at Utrecht on 11 April 1713, and a treaty of commerce between the same two powers was made the same day.
    Proclamation in the London Gazette and printed treatyThe London Gazette, No. 5043, from Saturday August 16 to Tuesday August 19, 1712, p. 1: "A PROCLAMATION, Declaring the Suspension of Arms, as well by Sea as Land, agreed upon between Her Majesty and the Most Christian King", reciting "a Treaty hath for some time been set on Foot, and is now carrying on at Utrecht", and "That there shall be a General Suspension of all Warlike Actions... during the Term of Four Months, to Commence from the Eleventh of this Instant August, and to continue until the Eleventh of December next", the treaty of suspension having been signed on "the Eighth of this Instant August"; given at Windsor 18 August 1712. With Tractatus pacis et amicitiae... A Treaty of Peace and Friendship between... Anne... and... Lewis the XIV (London, by Her Majesty's Special Command, 1713), the Latin and English text of the Anglo-French treaty concluded at Utrecht, article IX referring to "the Treaty of Commerce this Day made between the two Nations", subscribed "Trajecti ad Rhenum, Die [un]decimo Aprilis, Anni millesimi septingentesimi decimi tertii" by Strafford, Bristol, Mesnager and Huxelles; read in the Internet Archive copy of the eighteenth-century collections scanOn: The Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
  165. The Anglo-French treaty concluded at Utrecht on 11 April 1713 restored to Great Britain the Bay and Straits of Hudson with all lands, seas, coasts, rivers and places belonging to them; gave her the island of Newfoundland with the town and fortress of Placentia, sole possession of the island of Saint Christopher's, and all Nova Scotia or Acadia with its ancient boundaries, including Port Royal, thereafter Annapolis Royal; while France kept Cape Breton and the islands in the mouth and gulf of the Saint Lawrence with full liberty to fortify them, and a fishery on the Newfoundland coast between Cape Bonavista and Point Riche. The treaty further required that all the fortifications of the city of Dunkirk be razed, the harbour filled up and the sluices or moles levelled, never to be repaired. The reading of the Dunkirk article as aimed squarely at destroying a privateering base is the Archive's own inference and is not stated in the treaty.
    Printed treatyTractatus pacis et amicitiae... A Treaty of Peace and Friendship between... Anne... and... Lewis the XIV, concluded at Utrecht 11 April 1713 (London, printed by Her Majesty's Special Command, 1713), Latin and English in parallel columns, read in the Internet Archive copy of the eighteenth-century collections scan. Article IX: "The most Christian King shall take care that all the Fortifications of the City of Dunkirk be razed; that the Harbour be filled up, and that the Sluices or Moles which serve to cleanse the Harbour be Levelled... And on this express Condition also; that the said Fortifications, Harbour, Moles, or Sluices be never Repaired again". Article X: "restore to the Kingdom and Queen of Great Britain, to be possessed in full Right for ever, the Bay and Streights of Hudson, together with all Lands, Seas, Sea-Coasts, Rivers, and Places situate in the said Bay, and Streights, and which belong thereunto". Article XII: "the Island of Saint Christophers is to be possessed alone hereafter by British Subjects, likewise all Nova Scotia or Accadie, with its ancient Boundaries, as also... Port Royal, now called Annapolis Royal". Article XIII: "The Island called Newfoundland, with the adjacent Islands, shall from this time forward, belong of Right wholly to Britain; and to that end the Town and Fortress of Placentia... shall be yielded and given up... But the Island called Cape Breton, as also all others, both in the Mouth of the River of St. Lawrence, and in the Gulph of the same Name, shall hereafter belong of Right to the French"On: The Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
  166. The Asiento, signed by the Catholic King at Madrid on 26 March 1713 and printed in English under royal licence in June 1713, ran thirty years from the first day of May 1713 to the like day in 1743, and bound the contractors to bring into the Spanish West Indies one hundred and forty four thousand Negroes, Piezas de India, of both sexes and of all ages, at the rate of four thousand eight hundred a year. The duty was thirty three and one third pieces of eight for each Negro, Pieza de India, of the regular standard of seven quarters, not being old or defective, and covered all other duties of importation. An additional article granted a ship of five hundred tons yearly to trade to the Indies, its goods to be sold only in the time of the fair and free of all duties. Both crowns were concerned for one half of the trade, a quarter part each, so the quarter share of the profits was not reserved to the King of Spain alone. The contractual unit was the pieza de India in the contract's own words, and not an inference drawn by the Archive.
    Printed treatyThe Assiento, or Contract for Allowing to the Subjects of Great Britain the Liberty of Importing Negroes into the Spanish America, signed by the Catholick King at Madrid, the 26th day of March 1713 (London, printed by John Baskett and the assigns of Thomas Newcomb and Henry Hills, licence dated at Kensington 20 June 1713), read in the Internet Archive copy of the CIHM microfiche scan. Article I: "One hundred and forty four thousand Negroes, Piezas de India, of both Sexes, and of all Ages, at the Rate of Four thousand and eight hundred Negroes, Piezas de India, in each of the said Thirty years", the term "to Commence on the First Day of May, One thousand seven hundred and thirteen, and Determine on the like Day, which will be in the Year One thousand seven hundred and forty three". Article II: "That for each Negro, Pieza de India, of the regular Standard of Seven Quarters, not being old or defective... the Assientists shall pay Thirty three" [and one third, printed later in the same article as 33 1/3] "Pieces of Eight, in which Sum shall be accounted to be, and shall be comprehended, all and all manner of Duties". Article XXVIII: "both Their Majesties shall be concern'd for One half of this Trade, each of them a Quarter part". Additional Article: a ship "of Five hundred Tons Yearly... during the Thirty Years" to trade to the IndiesOn: The Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
  167. The Special Court of Admiralty sat at the Court House in Boston on 4 and 5 July 1726 under Lieutenant Governor William Dummer; sixteen men were arraigned on six articles, twelve were acquitted and discharged without fees, four were condemned, and George Condick was reprieved at the place of execution for a year and a day, while William Fly, Samuel Cole and Henry Greenvill were hanged on 12 July 1726 at what the calendared warrant calls the usual place for the execution of pirates, in or near Charles River, Fly's body being afterwards hung in chains on the island the warrant calls Nix's Mate at the entrance to Boston harbour.
    Trial pamphlet and calendared state papersThe Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, &c., printed for Joseph Edwards, Boston, 1726, Evans no. 2819; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 35, 1726 to 1727, nos. 276 and 277; Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out Upon the Sea, Boston, 1726, Evans no. 2779On: The Final Anti-Piracy Campaigns (1726 to 1728)
  168. On 20 July 1726, eight days after Fly was hanged, the Governor at New York received an express carrying a deposition sworn at New Castle on 16 July that the sloop Rachel had been taken off Cape May by a pirate snow commanded by one William Fly, and on the strength of it Captain Norris in His Majesty's ship Lowestoff sailed that morning before break of day in quest of him with Captain Pearce in the Tartar expected to follow that afternoon; the deposition did not report Fly at large, and that he was believed still at large is an inference from the authorities' action rather than a statement in the document.
    Period serial carrying colonial dispatchesThe Political State of Great Britain, volume XXXII, London, September 1726, pages 271 to 273, edited by Abel Boyer, carrying the New York dispatch of 20 July 1726On: The Final Anti-Piracy Campaigns (1726 to 1728)
  169. Lieutenant Governor William Dummer forwarded the printed trial to the Council of Trade and Plantations and to the Duke of Newcastle on 22 August 1726, recommending George Condick for the King's grace and promising an inventory of the piratical goods; both despatches are calendared at nos. 276 and 277, with the pamphlet enclosed at 276.ii and the manuscript referenced C.O. 5, 869. ff. 381 to 406v.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 35, 1726 to 1727, edited by Cecil Headlam and Arthur Percival Newton, London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1936, nos. 276 and 277On: The Final Anti-Piracy Campaigns (1726 to 1728)
  170. The Piracy Act 1721 (8 Geo. 1. c. 24) attacked the pirate economy as well as the pirate, its section 1 making it piracy to trade with a pirate by truck, barter, exchange or in any other manner, its section 6 forfeiting the wages of any officer or seaman of an armed merchant ship who failed to fight and endeavour to defend her, and its section 10 extending the Act to all his Majesty's dominions in Asia, Africa and America; section 7 of the Unlawful Games Act 1728 (2 Geo. 2. c. 28) made that Act perpetual, two years after the last pirate company was hanged.
    StatutePiracy Act 1721, 8 Geo. 1. c. 24, Statute Law Database; Unlawful Games Act 1728, 2 Geo. 2. c. 28, section 7, Statute Law DatabaseOn: The Final Anti-Piracy Campaigns (1726 to 1728)
  171. The Board of Admiralty was an executive body, not a court. The powers and functions of the Admiralty were vested in the office of Lord High Admiral, which was held by individuals in 1660 to 1673, 1702 to 1709 and 1827 to 1828 and at other times placed in commission, appointments being made by letters patent under the great seal and tenure being during pleasure. The judicial side stood apart: the Act for the more effectual suppression of piracy of 1698 to 1699 provided for trials under commissions issued under the Great Seal of England or the Seal of the Admiralty of England and directed to admirals, vice-admirals, rear-admirals, judges of vice-admiralties and commanders of the King's ships of war.
    Scholarly work of record and statuteJ. C. Sainty, ed., Office-Holders in Modern Britain, volume 4, Admiralty Officials 1660 to 1870 (London, 1975), "Lord High Admiral and Commissioners of the Admiralty 1660-1870", pp. 18 to 31, read at British History Online: "The powers and functions of the Admiralty were vested in the office of Lord High Admiral throughout the period except for the years 1684-9 when they were exercised directly by the crown. The office was held by individuals during the years 1660-73, 1702-9 and 1827-8; at other times it was placed in commission. Appointments were made by letters patent under the great seal." And Statutes of the Realm, volume 7, 1695 to 1701, "William III, 1698-9: An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy" (Chapter VII; pp. 590 to 594), read at British History Online, for trials "to be appointed for that Purpose by the Kings Commission or Commissions under the Great Seale of England or the Seale of the Admiralty of England directed to all or any of the Admiralls Vice-Admiralls Reer-Admiralls Judges of Vice-Admiralties or Commanders of any of His Majesties Ships of Warr". Neither document carries the foundation of the Navy Board in 1546 or its abolition in 1832.On: The Board of Admiralty
  172. Pirates were tried not by naval court martial but under special commission. The Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (11 and 12 William III) allowed piracies, felonies and robberies at sea to be tried in any of the King's islands, plantations, colonies, dominions, forts or factories "to be appointed for that Purpose by the Kings Commission or Commissions under the Great Seale of England or the Seale of the Admiralty of England", before a court "of Seaven Persons at the least", who were to hear and determine "according to the Civill Law and the Methods and Rules of the Admiralty" and might give sentence of death; only known merchants, factors or planters, or sea officers, could sit and vote. The Act was to be in force for seven years, and from 29 September 1700 its commissioners had the sole power of trying such offences in the American colonies governed by proprietors or under charters. It was still the working instrument twenty years later: Sir Nicholas Lawes tried Rackham's company at Jamaica in November 1720 under a commission "grounded on the Statute of the 11th and 12th of King William", which he reports had by then been made perpetual by an Act of the previous session.
    Statute and official correspondenceStatutes of the Realm, volume 7, 1695 to 1701, "William III, 1698-9: An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy. [Chapter VII. Rot. Parl. 11 Gul. III. p. 2. n. 5.]", pp. 590 to 594, read at British History Online; quotations from sections I, III, IV, XIII and XIV. And Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 13 November 1720, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 32, no. 288, C.O. 137, 13. No. 45, read at British History Online. The printed Act carries no commencement date of 16 November 1699, so that date is not verified here; the Act's own operative date is 29 September 1700 for the proprietary and charter colonies. The characterisation of the Board of Admiralty's own role, and the statement about naval courts martial, are not carried by either document.On: The Board of Admiralty
  173. The East India Company was incorporated by charter of Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies, with a monopoly of English trade to the East Indies for a term of years and the ordinary corporate privileges of perpetual succession, a common seal, the holding of property and the making of by-laws, renewed and enlarged by successive monarchs across the seventeenth century.
    Royal charterCharter granted by Queen Elizabeth to the Governor and Company of Merchants of London, Trading into the East-Indies, dated the 31st December in the 43rd year of her reign, Anno Domini 1600, printed in Charters Relating to the East India Company from 1600 to 1761, read in the Internet Archive copy (archive.org/details/charters-relating-to-the-east-india-company-from-1600-to-1761). The grantees "shall be one Body Corporate and Politick, in Deed and in Name, by the Name of The Governor and Company of Merchants of London, Trading into the East-Indies"; they "shall have Succession", are "capable in Law to have, purchase, receive, possess, enjoy and retain, Lands, Rents, Priviledges, Liberties, Jurisdictions, Franchises and Hereditaments", "may have a Common Seal, to serve for all the Causes and Business of them and their Successors", and may "make, ordain and constitute such, and so many reasonable Laws, Constitutions, Orders and Ordinances, as to them, or the greater Part of them... shall seem necessary and convenient, for the good Government of the same Company"; the trade is granted "by the Space of Fifteen Years". The same volume prints the confirming and enlarging charters of 31 May 1609, 3 April 1661, 5 October 1677, 9 August 1683 and 12 April 1686, and the charter of William and Mary confirming the former charters.On: The East India Company
  174. Beyond its trade monopoly the Company's charters vested it with delegated public powers unusual in a private corporation, to make war and peace with non-Christian powers in the East, to raise and command armed forces, to erect fortifications, to exercise civil, criminal and admiralty jurisdiction within its settlements, and to seize interlopers trading without its licence.
    Royal charterCharter granted by Charles II to the Governor and Company of Merchants of London, Trading into the East-Indies, dated 3 April 1661, printed in Charters Relating to the East India Company from 1600 to 1761, read in the Internet Archive copy. The Company may choose commanders and officers and "give them Power and Authority, by Commissions under their Common Seal or otherwise, to continue or make Peace or War with any Prince or People, that are not Christians, in any Places of their Trade"; it may "send either Ships of War, Men or Ammunition, into any their Factories", and "erect and build such Castles, Fortifications, Forts, Garrisons, Colonies or Plantations, at St. Helena, as also elsewhere, within the Limits and Bounds of Trade"; "the Governor and his Council, of the several and respective Places where the said Company have, or shall have any Factories... may have Power to judge all Persons, belonging to The said Governor and Company, or that shall live under them, in all Causes, whether civil or criminal, according to the Laws of this Kingdom, and to execute Judgment accordingly"; and the Company has "full Power and Lawful Authority, to seize upon the Persons of all such English, or any other Our Subjects, in the said East-Indies, which shall sail in any Indian or English Vessel, or inhabit in those Parts, without the Leave and Licence of The said Governor and Company". Admiralty jurisdiction rests on the further charter of 9 August 1683, printed in the same volume as the charter "establishing Courts of Admiralty at such places as the Company shall think fit".On: The East India Company
  175. A printed proclamation for apprehending Henry Every, issued in 1696 in the name of the Privy Council of Scotland, survives, contemporary official evidence that the hunt for him was pressed across the three kingdoms.
    Printed proclamationProclamation for apprehending Henry Every, Scotland, Privy Council, 1696 (Internet Archive, digitised from Early English Books 1641 to 1700)On: The East India Company
  176. The Act for the more effectual suppression of piracy, 11 William III c. 7, received royal assent on 11 April 1700 and is conventionally dated from 16 November 1699, the first day of the parliamentary session in which it passed; it removed the requirement to carry accused pirates to England by authorising trial in the colonies before specially constituted courts of at least seven commissioners sitting without a jury, courts the governor convened and constituted, and it was made perpetual by an Act of 1719.
    StatutePiracy Act 1698, 11 William III c. 7, An Act for the more effectual suppression of piracy, underlying text in Statutes of the Realm volume 7On: The Colonial Governor
  177. Pardon rested on royal proclamation rather than on statute. George I's proclamation for suppressing of pirates was given at Hampton Court on 5 September 1717 and printed on the front page of the London Gazette, and Secretary Craggs's circular of the following year describes it as "the King's last Proclamation bearing date the 5th of September 1717, relating to the surrender of the pirates in the West Indies". Governors could not grant that pardon until commissioned to do so: an Order in Council of 1 July 1718 directed warrants for passing under the Great Seal commissions empowering the governors of the plantations to pardon, a royal warrant to the governors followed on 11 July, the commission to Sir Nicholas Lawes of Jamaica is dated 23 July, and on 24 July Craggs told the Board of Trade that the commissions were passing the seals and were to be sent to the several governments by the first conveyance. Woodes Rogers arrived at Nassau on 26 July 1718, landed on the twenty seventh, took possession of the fort and read His Majesty's Commission before his officers, soldiers and about three hundred of the people found there.
    Royal proclamation, state papers and official correspondenceThe London Gazette, no. 5573, 14 to 17 September 1717, front page, carrying "By the King, A PROCLAMATION, For Suppressing of PIRATES", dated "Given at our Court at Hampton-Court the fifth Day of September, 1717, in the fourth Year of our Reign", read from the scanned page (the proclamation's body is set in italic and the scan's optical text of it is too corrupt to quote verbatim, so no wording from the body is quoted here). Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718, read at British History Online: no. 589, Order of King in Council, Kensington 1 July 1718, "ordering warrants to be prepared for passing under the Great Seal Commissions empowering the Governors of Plantations to pardon all such pirates as shall have surrendred themselves according to the Proclamation in that behalf" (C.O. 323, 7. No. 130); no. 614, Kensington 11 July 1718, "H. M. Warrant to Governors of Plantations to grant pardon to pirates surrendered in accordance with the Proclamation of 5th Sept., 1717" (C.O. 324, 33. pp. 170 to 178); no. 638, Westminster 23 July 1718, copy of the commission to Governor Sir N. Lawes for granting pardon to pirates (C.O. 137, 13. No. 13); no. 639, Whitehall 24 July 1718, Craggs to the Council of Trade and Plantations, "Commissions for pardoning pirates being now passing the Seals, they are to be transmitted to the respective Governmts. by the first conveyance" (C.O. 323, 7. No. 131); no. 640, 25 July 1718, the Board having perused "a copy of H.M. Commission under the Great Seal, whereby the sevl. Govrs. of the Plantations are impowered to pardon such pirates as shall surrender themselves"; no. 580, 1 July 1718, reporting that several who had surrendered "are gone out again because the Govrs. were not impowerd to pardon them"; no. 803, Craggs's circular of 24 December 1718 to the governors of plantations, quoted above (C.O. 324, 33. pp. 202 to 204); and no. 737, Governor Woodes Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Nassau on Providence, 31 October 1718, "I arriv'd in this port 26th July in company with the men of warr ordered to assist me... On the 27th I landed and took possession of the fort, where I read H.M. Commission in the presence of my officers, soldiers and about 300 of the people found here" (C.O. 23, 13. ff. 20 to 24v). The description of Rogers as the first royal governor of the Bahamas is not carried by these documents.On: The Colonial Governor
  178. Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes's own despatch of 13 November 1720 describes the taking of John Rackham not as the work of a commissioned pirate hunter but of a merchantman. He writes that "About a fortnight ago a trading sloop belonging to the Island being well manned and commanded by a brisk fellow one Jonathan Barnet did us a very good peice of service he was met by a pirate vessel at the Leward part of this Island commanded by one Rackum in which were 18 pirates more whom he took and are now in goal", and that he intended to have them tried that week "by a Commission which was sent me some time agoe grounded on the Statute of the 11th and 12th of King William which by an Act of Parliament passed the last Sessions I find is made perpetuall". Lawes names no commission to Barnet, so the reference statement that he had renewed a standing one to him is not borne out by the governor's own report. The trial followed as he intended: the printed Tryals of 1721 record a Court of Admiralty held at the town of St Jago de la Vega on 16 and 17 November 1720, at which Rackham and his men were condemned for piracy, the execution of Rackham with four others at Gallows Point by Port Royal on Friday 18 November 1720 and the hanging of three of the bodies in chains, and a further sitting at St Jago de la Vega on 28 November 1720 at which Mary Read and Ann Bonny were tried.
    State papers and printed trialGovernor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 13 November 1720, calendared as no. 288 in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 32, 1720 to 1721 (pp. 187 to 195), read at British History Online; endorsed "Recd. Jan. 17th, Read March 21st, 1721", 5 pp., C.O. 137, 13. No. 45. And The Tryals of Captain John Rackam and other Pirates... who were all Condemn'd for Piracy, at the Town of St. Jago de la Vega, in the Island of Jamaica, on Wednesday and Thursday the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Days of November 1720; as also the Tryals of Mary Read and Anne Bonny (Jamaica, 1721), read in the copy digitised by the National Library of Jamaica held in the project cache: "ARTICLES Exhibited at a Court of Admiralty, held at the Town of St. Jago de la Vega in the said Island, the Sixteenth Day of November, in the Seventh Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George"; "On Friday the 18th Day of November 1720. Five of the said Condemn'd Pirates, viz. Capt. John Rackam, George Fetherston, Master, Richard Corner Quarter-Master, John Davies and John Howell, were executed, at Gallows-Point, at the Town of Port-Royal, according to the aforesaid Sentence; and the Bodies of Rackam, Fetherston and Corner, were afterwards carried to Plumb-point, Bush-Key, and Gun-Key; where they were hung on Gibbits in Chains"; and the sitting of "Monday, November the 28th, 1720" at which "the Prisoners, Mary Read, Ann Bonny" were brought to the bar. The scan's optical text garbles some figures and letterforms, and the quotations above reproduce that reading. Neither document names any commission held by Barnet, and no commission of Lord Archibald Hamilton has been traced in this pass.On: The Colonial Governor
  179. Alexander Spotswood, lieutenant governor of Virginia, judged the pardoned Edward Teach a continuing menace on the North Carolina coast and mounted an expedition against him at his own charge. In his despatch to the Council of Trade and Plantations of 22 December 1718 he records that Teach and his crew had surrendered to the governor of North Carolina but had gone out again, that he "judged it high time to destroy that crew of villains", that the men of war could not enter the shallow channels so he hired two sloops and put pilots aboard while the captains of the King's ships furnished 55 men "under the command of the first Lieutenant of the Pearle and an officer from the Lyme", and that "they came up with Tach at Ouacock Inlett on the 22nd of last month", that is 22 November 1718, where after a close action "Tach with nine of his crew were killed, and three white men and six negros were taken alive". Spotswood does not name Robert Maynard.
    State papers and official correspondenceLieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Virginia, 22 December 1718, calendared as no. 800 in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718 (pp. 424 to 446), read at British History Online; signed A. Spotswood, endorsed "Recd. 13th, Read 29th April, 1719", 13 pp., C.O. 5, 1318. Nos. 61, 61 i. to vi. Quotations as given.On: The Colonial Governor
  180. The Piracy Act 1698, titled "An Act for the more effectuall Suppression of Piracy," ended the requirement to ship pirates home for trial by authorising vice-admiralty courts to try, condemn and punish them in any of the King's islands, plantations, colonies, dominions, forts or factories before a panel of at least seven commissioners drawn from named categories including merchants, planters and naval officers; the Act carries both the 1698 and the 1700 label because the parliamentary session was styled 1698 to 1699, and several of its clauses, among them those on accessories, take effect from 29 September 1700.
    Statute text"William III, 1698 to 9: An Act for the more effectuall Suppression of Piracy," Statutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590 to 594, British History Online, for the text and the seven-commissioner provision. The two labels refer to the same statuteOn: The High Court of Admiralty
  181. William Kidd was tried at the Admiralty Sessions held by royal commission at the Old Bailey on 8 and 9 May 1701, on six indictments, one for the murder of his gunner William Moore and five for piracy, and was found guilty on all six and executed at Execution Dock at Wapping on 23 May 1701 together with Darby Mullins of his crew and possibly two more, the number hanged with him being open between one and three, the proceedings being printed at the time and showing the Admiralty judge and commissioners, the indictments framed as offences on the high seas, the jury, the verdict and the sentence.
    Printed contemporary trial"The Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, for Murther and Piracy, Upon Six several Indictments... at the Admiralty-Sessions, held by His Majesty's Commission at the Old-Baily, on... the 8th and 9th of May, 1701... executed at Execution-Dock, May the 23rd," London, 1701; Library of Congress item 18011064On: The High Court of Admiralty
  182. Captain William Kidd was tried at the Admiralty Sessions held by the King's commission at the Old Bailey on 8 and 9 May 1701 for murder and piracy and was hanged at Execution Dock on 23 May 1701, Nicholas Churchill and James Howe being tried in the same sessions.
    Printed trial reportThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, for Murther and Piracy, at the Admiralty-Sessions at the Old-Baily, 1701On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  183. The Act for the More Effectual Suppression of Piracy, 11 William III chapter 7, passed in the session of 1698 to 1699 and commonly cited as the Piracy Act 1698, allowed pirates to be tried in the colonies before commissioned vice-admiralty courts instead of being sent to England for trial at the High Court of Admiralty, and so supplied the judicial complement to naval capture.
    Statute"William III, 1698 to 9: An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy", 11 Gul. III c. 7, Statutes of the Realm vol. 7 (British History Online)On: The Royal Navy
  184. The South Sea Company was created by an Act of the 1710 to 1711 session which received the royal assent from Queen Anne on 12 June 1711, and the Act's own title joins the public finances to a trading monopoly: an Act for making good deficiencies and satisfying the public debts, and for erecting a corporation to carry on a trade to the South Seas, and for the encouragement of the fishery. Separately, by the Asiento signed by the King of Spain at Madrid in March 1713, the subjects of Great Britain obtained the contract to import enslaved Africans into Spanish America.
    Parliamentary journal and printed treatyJournal of the House of Lords, volume 19, sitting of Tuesday 12 June 1711 (pp. 321 to 323), read at British History Online, recording the titles read by the Clerk of the Crown of the bills to which the royal assent was pronounced, the first being "An Act for making good Deficiencies, and satisfying the Public Debts; and for erecting a Corporation to carry on a Trade to The South Seas; and for the Encouragement of the Fishery; and for Liberty to trade in unwrought Iron with the Subjects of Spain; and to repeal the Acts for registering Seamen"; and The Assiento, or Contract for Allowing to the Subjects of Great Britain the Liberty of Importing Negroes into the Spanish America, "Sign'd by the Catholick King at Madrid" in March 1713 and printed in London under royal licence given at Kensington 20 June 1713, read in the copy digitised by the Internet Archive (item cihm_28677). Neither document carries the chapter citation 9 Ann. c. 21, the royal charter of 10 September 1711, the promotion of the scheme by Harley and Blunt, the description of the company as an instrument of Tory financial policy, or the statement that the company itself worked the Asiento; those remain unverified. The text was read in a digitised scan; the long s and other letterforms are imperfectly rendered by the scan's optical text, and the quotations above reproduce that reading rather than a fresh transcription of the original type.On: The South Sea Company
  185. The enabling legislation for the South Sea Company was an Act of the 1710 to 1711 session entitled "An Act for making good Deficiencies, and satisfying the Public Debts; and for erecting a Corporation to carry on a Trade to The South Seas; and for the Encouragement of the Fishery; and for Liberty to trade in unwrought Iron with the Subjects of Spain; and to repeal the Acts for registering Seamen", which received the royal assent from Queen Anne on Tuesday 12 June 1711.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, volume 19, "DIE Martis, 12 Junii" 1711 (pp. 321 to 323), read at British History Online: the Queen being seated on the throne, the Speaker delivered the money bills and "the Clerk of the Crown read the Titles of them, as also the Titles of the other Bills to be passed", the first being the Act quoted, to which "the Clerk of the Parliaments pronounced the Royal Assent". The Journal does not give a chapter number, so the citation 9 Ann. c. 21 is not verified here; nor are the promotion of the scheme by Robert Harley, the part of John Blunt, the figure of nine to ten million pounds of debt converted, or the royal charter dated 10 September 1711.On: The South Sea Company
  186. The South Sea Company was governed by a Sub-Governor, a Deputy-Governor and a body of Directors, served by a Deputy-Cashier and an Accomptant, and its house of business in the City of London was known as the South Sea House.
    Printed parliamentary papersThe Particulars and Inventories of the Estates of the Late Sub-Governor, Deputy-Governor and Directors of the South-Sea Company; and of Robert Surman late Deputy-Cashier, and of John Grigsby late Accomptant of the said Company, volume I (London, printed for Jacob Tonson, Bernard Lintot and William Taylor, 1721), read in the copy digitised by the Internet Archive: each deponent swears as "one of the late Directors of the South Sea Company", and Surman's inventory covers his household goods "As they stood in his Apartment at the South-Sea House". The volume does not state the number of directors, does not say that the governorship was honorary or held by the monarch, and does not place the South Sea House in Threadneedle Street; those points remain unverified.On: The South Sea Company
  187. By the Asiento signed by the King of Spain at Madrid in March 1713 the subjects of Great Britain undertook to bring into the Spanish West Indies 144,000 enslaved Africans, described as piezas de India of both sexes and all ages, in the space of thirty years commencing on 1 May 1713 and determining in 1743, at the rate of 4,800 a year, and Spain further allowed one ship of five hundred tons a year through those thirty years to trade to the Indies; Cartagena, Portobello, Panama and Buenos Ayres are among the ports named in the contract.
    Printed treatyThe Assiento, or Contract for Allowing to the Subjects of Great Britain the Liberty of Importing Negroes into the Spanish America, signed by the Catholick King at Madrid in March 1713, printed in London under royal licence given at Kensington 20 June 1713 and countersigned Dartmouth; read in the copy digitised by the Internet Archive (item cihm_28677). Article I binds the undertakers to bring in "One hundred and forty four thoufand Negroes, Piezas de India, of both Sexes, and of all Ages, at the Rate of Four thoufand and eight hundred Negroes, Piezas de India, in each of the faid Thirty years", the term "to Commence on the Firft Day of May, One thoufand feven hundred and thirteen"; the annual ship article allows "a Ship of Five hundred Tons Yearly" (Spanish: "vn Navio de quinientas toneladas, en cada vn ano"). The contract does not name the South Sea Company, does not mention the Royal African Company as supplier, and does not list Caracas, Havana or Veracruz as factory ports; those points remain unverified. The text was read in a digitised scan; the long s and other letterforms are imperfectly rendered by the scan's optical text, and the quotations above reproduce that reading rather than a fresh transcription of the original type.On: The South Sea Company
  188. In June 1720, at the height of the South Sea affair, Parliament passed the Act commonly called the Bubble Act, entitled "An Act for better securing certain Powers and Privileges, intended to be granted by His Majesty by Two Charters, for Assurance of Ships and Merchandizes at Sea, and for lending Money upon Bottomry; and for restraining several extravagant and unwarrantable Practices therein mentioned", which received the royal assent on Saturday 11 June 1720; and in 1721 Parliament required the late Sub-Governor, Deputy-Governor and Directors of the company, with its Deputy-Cashier and Accomptant, to deliver on oath full particulars and inventories of their estates as they stood on 1 June 1720 and of everything they had since disposed of, and these were printed.
    Parliamentary journal and printed parliamentary papersJournal of the House of Lords, volume 21, "DIE Sabbati, 11 o Junii" 1720 (pp. 342 to 360), read at British History Online, listing the bills passed and the words of the royal assent; and The Particulars and Inventories of the Estates of the Late Sub-Governor, Deputy-Governor and Directors of the South-Sea Company, volume I (London, 1721), read in the copy digitised by the Internet Archive, where Sir Theodore Janssen closes his return by saying he has delivered his particulars and accounts "in Purfuance of the Act of Parliament lately pafs'd in that Behalf". Neither document gives the chapter citation 6 Geo. 1 c. 18, the reported share price of about 1,000 pounds in early August or the fall toward 100 pounds in the autumn, the findings of fraud and insider dealing, or the part of Robert Walpole; those remain unverified.On: The South Sea Company
  189. The Navigation Act of 1696, 7 and 8 William III chapter 22, "An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade", provided that the penalties and forfeitures it imposed might be recovered in any of the King's courts at Westminster, in the Kingdom of Ireland, or in the court of admiralty held in the plantations where the offence was committed, at the pleasure of the officer or informer, so that offences against the trade laws could be tried in admiralty in the colonies.
    Statute"William III, 1695-6: An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade", 7 and 8 William III chapter 22, section VI, in Statutes of the Realm, volume 7, 1695 to 1701, ed. John Raithby (1820), pp. 103 to 107, read on British History Online: the penalties and forfeitures are "To bee recovered in any of His Majesties Courts att Westminster or in the Kingdome of Ireland or in the Court of Admiralty held in His Majesties Plantations respectively where such Offence shall bee committed att the Pleasure of the Officer or Informer"On: The Colonial Vice-Admiralty Courts
  190. Before the piracy statute of 1698 to 1700, piracy was tried under the Offences at Sea Act 1536, 28 Henry VIII chapter 15, which the later Act recites as enacting that treasons, felonies, robberies, murders and confederacies committed on the sea should be enquired of, tried and determined according to the common course of the laws of the land, and which in practice meant sending offenders into England to be tried within the realm at great trouble and charge. William Kidd was tried accordingly in London, at the Admiralty Sessions held by the King's commission at the Old Bailey on 8 and 9 May 1701, on six indictments, before a grand jury and a sworn petty jury, and not by a colonial commission; he was executed at Execution Dock on the 23rd.
    Statute and a printed trial"William III, 1698-9: An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy", 11 and 12 William III chapter 7, in Statutes of the Realm, volume 7, 1695 to 1701, ed. John Raithby (1820), pp. 590 to 594, read on British History Online, reciting the earlier statute: "Whereas by an Act of Parliament made in the Twenty eighth Yeare of the Reigne of King Henry the Eighth it is enacted that Treasons Felonies Robberies Murthers and Confederacies committed on the Sea shall be enquired of tryed and determined according to the common Course of the Laws of this Land used for such Offences upon the Land within this Realme", and that offenders in remote parts "cannot be brought to condign Punishment without great Trouble and Charges in sending them into England to be tryed within the Realme as the said Statute directs"; The Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, for Murther and Piracy, upon Six several Indictments, at the Admiralty-Sessions, held by His Majesty's Commission at the Old-Baily, on Thursday the 8th and Friday the 9th of May, 1701 (London, printed for J. Nutt, 1701), read from the Internet Archive scan, whose proceedings open "The King's Commission for holding the Court, being first read" and record "The Jury Sworn, were", and whose title page adds that he "was accordingly Executed at Execution-Dock the 23d"On: The Colonial Vice-Admiralty Courts
  191. The Act for the more effectual suppression of piracy, printed in the Statutes of the Realm as chapter 7 of 11 William III, authorised the Crown to commission courts of admiralty "in any Place at Sea or upon the Land in any of His Majesties Islands Plantations Colonies Dominions Forts or Factories" to try, condemn and execute pirates, the court to "consist of Seaven Persons at the least".
    Statute"William III, 1698-9: An Act for the more effectuall Suppression of Piracy [Chapter VII]", Statutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594, British History OnlineOn: The Colonial Vice-Admiralty Courts
  192. Under the commissions the court could arraign, try, convict, sentence and order the execution of persons charged with piracy, robbery and felony on the high seas, one member presiding as president and at the close collecting "all the Votes of the Persons who doe sit and have Voices in the said Court", guilt and sentence being decided by those votes with no petty jury at any stage.
    Statute"William III, 1698-9: An Act for the more effectuall Suppression of Piracy [Chapter VII]", Statutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594, British History OnlineOn: The Colonial Vice-Admiralty Courts
  193. Commissioned courts of admiralty tried Stede Bonnet at Charles Town in 1718 under Nicholas Trott, John Rackham and his company at St Jago de la Vega in Jamaica in November 1720, and the captured crews of Bartholomew Roberts at Cape Coast Castle in the spring of 1722 under Mungo Herdman of the Royal Navy.
    Printed trial report and institutional secondary sources"The Tryals of Captain John Rackam and other Pirates", printed 1721, National Library of Jamaica copy digitised via Internet Archive; Charleston County Public Library (Charleston Time Machine), "The Charleston Pirate Trials of 1718" and "The Pirate Executions of 1718"; Royal Museums Greenwich, "Death of Bartholomew Roberts"; Matthew Norton, The Punishment of Pirates: Interpretation and Institutional Order in the Early Modern British Empire, 2023On: The Colonial Vice-Admiralty Courts
  194. The French passes were not produced when Kidd was tried in London in May 1701, he claimed that Bellomont had withheld them, and they were later found in a Colonial Office volume now held at The National Archives, Kew, as CO 5/860, Board of Trade and Secretaries of State, America and West Indies, Original Correspondence, New England, covering 1698 to 1699.
    National archive blog and archival catalogue recordA rough deal for Captain Kidd (The National Archives, Kew); CO 5/860, The National Archives, Kew, Discovery record C347355On: The French East India Company
  195. The Act 7 and 8 Will. III c. 22, "An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade", of the session of 1695 to 1696, required colonial governors to swear before 25 March 1697 to see its clauses "punctually and bona fide observed" on pain of removal and a forfeiture of one thousand pounds, required naval officers appointed by governors to give security to the Commissioners of the Customs in England, gave plantation revenue officers the same powers of visiting, searching and seizing that English officers held under the Act of Frauds of 13 and 14 Car. II c. 11 together with the same penalties "for any Corruptions Frauds Connivances or Concealements", and divided the penalties under the Act in three, one third to the Crown, one third to the governor of the colony and one third to the person who sued.
    Statute textWilliam III, 1695-6: An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade, chapter XXII, 7 and 8 Will. III c. 22, Statutes of the Realm vol. 7, 1695-1701, pp. 103-107, ed. John Raithby, via British History Online; sections III, IV, V and VIOn: The Customs Service
  196. Letters patent of 15 October 1681 granted Edward Randolph the office of Collector, Surveyor and Searcher of the Customs in the colonies of New England at one hundred pounds a year and expressly "vnder the management of our Commissioners of our Customes in this our Kingdome of England"; the Act of 1696 then empowered the Treasury and the Commissioners of the Customs in England to appoint customs officers in plantation ports directly, and on 20 October 1698 the Council of Trade and Plantations minuted the evidence of the collector for New England that "In all the Proprietory Governments the Collectors were appointed by the Custom-house in England."
    Letters patent in scholarly edition, statute text and calendared state papersEdward Randolph's Commission as Collector, Surveyor, and Searcher of Customs in the Colonies of New England, 15 October 1681, in Massachusetts Royal Commissions 1681-1774, Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts vol. 2, original cited as Public Record Office, Patent Roll, 33 Charles II, Part 7, No. 15; 7 and 8 Will. III c. 22, section X, Statutes of the Realm vol. 7, pp. 103-107; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies vol. 16, 1697-1698, ed. J. W. Fortescue, journal of the Council of Trade and Plantations, 20 October 1698On: The Customs Service
  197. Piracy on the high seas lay outside this court's jurisdiction and was tried at Admiralty sessions of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery held for the jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England, in the same building but under a different commission and before a different bench.
    Trial pamphlets and archival catalogue descriptionThe tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis and John Sparkes, London 1696; The arraignment, tryal, and condemnation of Captain William Kidd, London 1701; The National Archives, HCA 1, High Court of Admiralty: Oyer and Terminer RecordsOn: The Old Bailey Criminal Court
  198. The Admiralty sessions that tried Henry Every's crew opened at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey on Monday 19 October 1696, acquitted all the defendants at the first trial, adjourned to Saturday 31 October, convicted them on a new indictment for conspiring to run away with the Charles the Second, and ended on 6 November 1696.
    Trial pamphletThe tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis and John Sparkes, printed for John Everingham, London 1696On: The Old Bailey Criminal Court; William May
  199. At his arraignment at the Admiralty sessions in the Old Bailey on 8 May 1701, William Kidd asked for counsel and was refused in open court with the words "We admit of no counsel for him", the Recorder's stated ground, that no issue had been joined and therefore no counsel could be assigned, resting on the condensed state trials edition alone and no higher than Probable.
    Trial pamphlet and condensed state trials editionThe arraignment, tryal, and condemnation of Captain William Kidd, London 1701, corroborated against the 1899 condensed edition of the state trials of Hargrave and HowellOn: The Old Bailey Criminal Court
  200. Finding it impracticable for the men of war to enter the shallow channels of North Carolina and the King's captains unwilling to hire sloops they had no orders to hire, Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood supplied at his own charge the sloops and pilots that killed Edward Teach at Ocracoke Inlet on 22 November 1718, the captains of the King's ships putting fifty five men aboard under the first lieutenant of the Pearl and an officer from the Lyme.
    Calendared state paperItem 800, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717-1718, December 1718 (C.O. 5, 1318. Nos. 61, 61 i.-vi.)On: Colonial Militias and Private Defence
  201. "A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth" is a single-volume printed book issued at London in 1735, written by John Atkins, and combining a running narrative of the ships' movements down the Guinea coast and on to Brazil and the West Indies with topical descriptive chapters on peoples, trade and health at sea.
    Period narrativeJohn Atkins, "A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies; in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth" (London, 1735), digitised at the Internet Archive, item bim_eighteenth-century_a-voyage-to-guinea-bras_atkins-john_1735, and transcribed at Project Gutenberg, ebook 72102, for the title, the place and date of publication and the mixed narrative and descriptive structure (Confirmed)On: Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies (1735)
  202. When the captured pirates were tried, Atkins served as register of the court of admiralty held at Cabo Corso Castle on the coast of Africa from 28 March 1722, sitting under a commission from the King under the seal of the Admiralty. The printed journal of the proceedings is subscribed at each adjournment "By Command of the Court, John Atkins, Register", and Atkins himself sets out the court's charge for the office at 26 days' attendance at thirty shillings a day.
    Printed trial and period narrativesA Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of All the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, printed and sold by J. Roberts, 1723), read from the Internet Archive scan: "A Journal of the Proceedings of the Court of Admiralty, held at Cabo Corso Castle on the Coast of Africa, March the 28th, 1722", each day's journal closing "By Command of the Court. John Atkins, Register"; A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), attributed to Charles Johnson, read in the Project Gutenberg text, naming those present at the sealing of the indentures on 26 April 1722, "And Mr. John Atkins, Register"; John Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies (London, 1735), read in the Project Gutenberg transcription, ebook 72102: "the Court allowing for the Office of Register, 26 Days Attendance, at 30s. per Diem"On: Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies (1735)
  203. The Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies is a calendar of transcripts and abstracts drawn mainly from CO 1 and CO 5 rather than a full transcript, edited across many volumes by W. Noel Sainsbury, then J. W. Fortescue, then Cecil Headlam and others and published by His or Her Majesty's Stationery Office across the reigns of the series, with the volume for 1685 to 1688 edited by Fortescue and published in London in 1899; it serves as the standard finding aid to the CO manuscripts and its abstracts can omit detail that a close argument requires.
    Archive research guide and printed calendarThe National Archives, America and the West Indies in the Calendar of State Papers Colonial 1573-1739 research guide; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 12, 1685-1688, ed. J. W. Fortescue, London, 1899, British History OnlineOn: The Colonial Office Records (TNA CO)
  204. The English publication of Exquemelin provoked a public controversy over Sir Henry Morgan. William Crooke, who published the English translation, wrote in his preface to Bucaniers of America, The Second Volume that he had been traduced the previous year by persons transported with too much passion and partiality on Morgan's behalf, and answered their particular charges: that Esquemeling had mistaken Morgan's Christian name; that he had misrepresented him for the son of a rich yeoman in Wales; and that Sir Henry Morgan did not burn Panama.
    Publisher's preface in a printed bookWilliam Crooke's preface "To the Reader" in Bucaniers of America, The Second Volume, Containing the Dangerous Voyage and Bold Attempts of Captain Bartholomew Sharp... written by Mr. Basil Ringrose (London, printed for William Crooke, at the Sign of the Green Dragon without Temple-bar), read in the Internet Archive copy of the Early English Books scan catalogued under 1684: "being traduced, the last year, by some persons, who being transported with too much passion and partiality, would have no body else to be an admirer of the person and valorous Actions of Sir Henry Morgan"; "what dishonour can it be reputed, unto the merits of Sir Henry Morgan to be misrepresented by John Esquemeling, for the Son of a Rich Yeoman in Wales"; "But then Sir Henry Morgan did not burn Panama. And what disgrace were it, to that worthy person, if he had set fire unto it"On: Exquemelin, The Buccaneers of America
  205. The Piracy Act of 1698 to 1699 (11 and 12 William III c. 7) empowered vice-admiralty commissions of oyer and terminer to try pirates in the colonies rather than sending them to England for trial, and the Piracy Act of 1721 (8 George I c. 24) extended and hardened that regime.
    StatuteAn Act for the more effectuall Suppression of Piracy, 11 and 12 William III c. 7, Statutes of the Realm vol. 7, pp. 590 to 594, British History OnlineOn: The High Court of Admiralty Records (TNA HCA)
  206. The Calendar of State Papers Colonial prints transcripts and summaries rather than full texts, and its editors state as much, so wording quoted from it is a later editor's abstract rather than manuscript wording.
    Archive research guideThe National Archives research guide, America and the West Indies in the Calendar of State Papers Colonial 1573-1739 (SRC007-003)On: Mughal and Armenian Petitions and Complaints
  207. The compiler of the 1724 General History records that Bartholomew Roberts's company threw the signed and sworn original of their articles overboard, and gives the printed text only as "the Substance of the Articles, as taken from the Pyrates own Informations".
    Period narrativeA general history of the pyrates, London, printed for and sold by T. Warner, 1724, Boston Public Library copy digitised as Internet Archive generalhistoryof00defo (SRC009-001)On: Pirate Articles and Crew Agreements
  208. Exquemelin describes the buccaneer compact as articles put in writing and subscribed by the company, operating on the principle of "no prey, no pay", with a fixed maiming schedule running from 600 pieces of eight for a right arm down to 100 pieces of eight for an eye or a finger, the 1684 English version adding an alternative in enslaved people at each step.
    Period narrativeAlexandre Olivier Exquemelin, The history of the Bucaniers of America, English translation, 1699 printing digitised on the Internet Archive; first English edition 1684 (SRC009-003)On: Pirate Articles and Crew Agreements
  209. The New England items were produced inside a tight commercial circuit in which a special Court of Admiralty condemned, the ministers of the town were admitted to the gaol to preach at, catechise and interrogate the condemned, and a Boston bookseller had the sermon, the conferences and the dying words in print within weeks: the 1704 broadside carries the imprint "Printed for and Sold by Nicholas Boone, at his shop near the Old Meeting-House in Boston. 1704" and then advertises the forthcoming Quelch trial report from the same bookseller, Boone financed Mather's Whydah pamphlet of 1717, and in 1726 Mather and Colman published on the same condemned company from different printing houses.
    Printed broadside and execution sermons"An account of the behaviour and last dying speeches of the six pirates", Boston, 1704, Library of Congress, digital identifier rbpe.03303400, for the ministerial regime, the Boone imprint and the advertisement of the trial report (Confirmed as printed wording); Cotton Mather, "Instructions to the living, from the condition of the dead", Boston, printed by John Allen for Nicholas Boone, 1717, Evans-TCP N01600, for Boone's second investment and for the same regime in the gaol (Confirmed); Cotton Mather, "The vial poured out upon the sea", Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726, Evans-TCP N02345, and Benjamin Colman, "It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God", Boston, printed for John Phillip and Thomas Hancock, 1726, Evans-TCP N02300, for the two rival imprints on one execution (Confirmed)On: Execution Sermons, Broadsides and Ballads
  210. Mather's 1717 pamphlet is the principal printed narrative of the aftermath of the loss of the Whydah, recording the wreck on the coast of New England on 26 April 1717, the special Court of Admiralty at Boston on 22 October 1717 and the executions of 15 November 1717, and printing John Brown's defiant gallows speech, of which Mather records that "He broke out into furious Expressions", while the appendix to the 1723 pamphlet is the fullest printed account of the twenty-six pirates executed at Newport, Rhode Island, on 19 July 1723, out of twenty-eight condemned and eight cleared.
    Execution sermons with appended narrativesCotton Mather, "Instructions to the living, from the condition of the dead", Boston, printed by John Allen for Nicholas Boone, 1717, Evans-TCP N01600, for the wreck of 26 April 1717, the court of 22 October, the executions of 15 November and the wording of John Brown's speech (Confirmed as printed); Cotton Mather, "Useful remarks", New London, printed and sold by T. Green, 1723, Evans-TCP N02066, for the twenty-six executed at Newport on 19 July 1723 and for the arithmetic of twenty-eight condemned and eight cleared (Confirmed as the printed statement); "Tryals of thirty-six persons for piracy", Boston, printed and sold by Samuel Kneeland, 1723, Evans 39785, Evans-TCP N29929, for the number tried (Confirmed)On: Execution Sermons, Broadsides and Ballads
  211. Port Royal, Jamaica, sank in the earthquake of 7 June 1692, losing about thirteen hectares of a town of about twenty-one hectares, and has been excavated systematically from 1981 under Donny L. Hamilton for the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Texas A and M University and the Jamaica National Heritage Trust, on Lime Street at its intersections with High Street and Queen Street.
    Modern archaeology, conference and heritage-risk paperDonny L. Hamilton, Port Royal, Jamaica: Archaeological Past and Development Potential, ICOMOS, Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk, 2006 (SRC015-018); Port Royal Harbor Excavation, Institute of Nautical Archaeology (SRC015-017)On: Modern Archaeological Reports
  212. The printed Virginia executive journals contain no council order fitting out, manning or paying the two hired sloops sent against Edward Thach, the expedition appearing only incidentally in the session of 24 November 1718, where a residence bill leads the Council to instance the officers of the sloops sent to North Carolina for the suppression of pirates; Lieutenant Governor Spotswood explained to London on 22 December 1718 that the men of war could not enter the shallow channels, that the naval captains were unwilling to bear the charge of hiring sloops, and that he undertook the supplying of sloops and pilots at his own charge, which is why no council order was required or entered.
    Printed edition of a colonial council minute book and calendar of state papersH. R. McIlwaine, editor, Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia, volume 3, 1928, session of 24 November 1718 and the absence of any fitting-out order in the printed volume (Confirmed); Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, edited by Cecil Headlam, 1930, entry 800, Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 22 December 1718, CO 5/1318, Nos. 61 and 61 i to vi (Confirmed as calendared)On: Colonial Council Minutes
  213. A pamphlet of this class typically reproduces the commission of the court, the charge or articles of piracy, the indictments naming each prisoner and his aliases, the depositions of witnesses, the prisoners' defences, the verdicts and the sentences, and often a prefatory narrative of how the pirates were taken.
    Trial pamphletsThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (1721); The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and other Pirates (London, 1719); A Full and Exact Account... taken by Captain Ogle (London, 1723)On: The Printed Pirate Trial Pamphlets
  214. The Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates records trials held at St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, on 16 and 17 November 1720, includes the trials of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, and was printed in 1721.
    Trial pamphlet and archive catalogueThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (1721), National Library of Jamaica copy; The National Archives, Discovery catalogue record for the copy at CO 137/14/1On: The Printed Pirate Trial Pamphlets
  215. The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and other Pirates covers the Charles Town Admiralty sessions of 28 October to 12 November 1718, names roughly thirty prisoners condemned and four acquitted, and carries the imprint London, printed for Benjamin Cowse, 1719.
    Trial pamphlet and catalogue recordsThe Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and other Pirates (London, printed for Benj. Cowse, 1719), Library of Congress digital item llscd.201000158861859; WorldCat catalogue recordsOn: The Printed Pirate Trial Pamphlets
  216. A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle documents the Cape Coast Castle trials of the surviving crew of Bartholomew Roberts and was printed and sold by J. Roberts at London in 1723.
    Trial pamphlet and catalogue recordsA Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, J. Roberts, 1723); WorldCat catalogue recordsOn: The Printed Pirate Trial Pamphlets
  217. A Cruising Voyage Round the World is a single-volume octavo voyage narrative first printed at London in 1712 for the booksellers A. Bell and B. Lintot, written up from his shipboard journal by Woodes Rogers, commander of a two-ship expedition fitted out by Bristol merchants that cruised under letters of marque against Spanish and French shipping in the War of the Spanish Succession and returned by way of a circumnavigation; it is a separate work from Edward Cooke's rival account of the same voyage and from Daniel Defoe's novel of 1719.
    Period narrativeWoodes Rogers, "A Cruising Voyage Round the World" (London, printed for A. Bell and B. Lintot, 1712), described in the catalogue of Bauman Rare Books, item 108586, for the London imprint, the printers, the octavo format, the five folding maps and the Selkirk element of the title (Confirmed); the same work digitised at the Internet Archive, item cruisingvoyagero00roge_0, in the Seafarers' Library reprint of 1928, for the text itself (Confirmed); Edward Cooke, "A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World... by the Ships Duke and Dutchess of Bristol" (1712), Internet Archive item voyagetosouthsea02cook, for the separate rival account (Confirmed)On: Woodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712)
  218. The voyage was fitted out by a syndicate of Bristol merchants, among them Thomas Goldney, to whom with fourteen others Rogers dedicated his book as his surviving owners. It was made by two private men of war, the Duke of about 320 tons, 30 guns and 117 men under Woodes Rogers, and the Dutchess of about 260 tons, 26 guns and 108 men under Stephen Courtney, with Edward Cooke as her second captain. Thomas Dover, a doctor of physick, sailed as second captain of the Duke and President of the ship's council, and the buccaneer and hydrographer William Dampier as pilot for the South Seas. They weighed from King road near Bristol at about four in the afternoon of 1 August 1708 and came to an anchor at Erith in the Thames on 14 October 1711. The command of the Dutchess is not open on the printed journal, which gives her to Courtney and makes Cooke her second captain; the popular attribution of the command to Cooke is an error.
    Period narrative, the commander's printed journalWoodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World: Begun August 1. 1708. and Finished October 14. 1711 (London, 1712), read in the Seafarers' Library reprint edited by G. E. Manwaring (London, 1928) on the Internet Archive. The dedication runs "To the Worthy Gentlemen my surviving Owners, the Worshipful Christopher Shuter Esq., Sir John Hawkins Kt., John Romsey Esq; Capt. Philip Freake, Mr. James Hollidge, Francis Rogers, Thomas Goldney, Thomas Clements, Thomas Contes, John Corsely, John Duckinfield, Richard Hawksworth, William Saunders, John Grant, Laurence Hollister, and Daniel Hickman, Merchants in Bristol." The first entry runs "1708. August 2. Yesterday about four in the Afternoon we weigh'd from King road near Bristol, on board the Duke frigate, whereof Capt. Woodes Rogers was Commander, in Consortship with the Dutches, Capt. Stephen Courtney Commander; both private Men of War... the Duke Burden about 320 Tuns, having 30 Guns and 117 Men; and the Dutches Burden about 260 Tuns by Measure, 26 Guns and 108 Men." The lists of officers give "Thomas Dover, a Doctor of Physick, second Captain, President of our Council, and Captain of the Marines", "William Dampier, Pilot for the South-Seas, who had been already three times there, and twice round the World", and, for the Dutchess, "Stephen Courtney, Captain, a Mariner; Edward Cook, second Captain". The last entry runs "Octob. 14. This Day at 11 of the Clock, we and our Consort and Prize got up to Erith, where we came to an Anchor, which ends our long and fatiguing Voyage"On: Woodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712); William Dampier; Duke; Dutchess
  219. The author of the 1712 narrative, Woodes Rogers, was afterwards appointed to the government of the Bahamas by royal commission and arrived at Nassau on 26 July 1718 to put down the pirate haven there. He reported that he met with little opposition coming in, that Charles Vane, who commanded the pirates, fled the next morning with about ninety men in a sloop wearing the black flag, and that on 27 July he landed, took possession of the fort and read His Majesty's commission before his officers, soldiers and about 300 of the people found there, who received him under arms and readily surrendered. He administered the King's Act of Grace, and by 4 November complained that above a hundred men who had accepted it at that place were out pirating again.
    State papersGovernor Woodes Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Nassau on Providence, 31 October 1718, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 30, 1717-1718, ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1930), no. 737, read on British History Online: "Pursuant to my Instructions I take leave to acquaint your Lordships, I arriv'd in this port 26th July in company with the men of warr ordered to assist me. I met with little opposition in coming in"; "by one Charles Vane who command'd the pirates and at ours and H.M.S. the Milford's near approach the next morning they finding it impossible to escape us, he with about 90 men fled away in a sloop wearing the black flag"; "On the 27th I landed and took possession of the fort, where I read H.M. Commission in the presence of my officers, soldiers and about 300 of the people found here, who received me under armes and readily surrendered"; and "above 100 men that accepted H.M. Act of Grace in this place are now out pirating again"On: Woodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (1712)
  220. Bartholomew Roberts was killed off Cape Lopez on 10 February 1722 in the action against HMS Swallow under Captain Chaloner Ogle, the grapeshot to the neck and throat being Johnson's detail, carried as Possible on his own record.
    Museum secondary accountDeath of Bartholomew Roberts, Royal Museums GreenwichOn: Death: Battle, Disease and the Gallows
  221. Captured pirates were tried before Admiralty courts: in London at the Admiralty Sessions held by royal commission at the Old Bailey, where William Kidd was tried on 8 and 9 May 1701 upon six indictments; and in the colonies under commissions issued for particular centres, among them the Court of Vice-Admiralty at Charles Town in South Carolina before Nicholas Trott, Judge of the Vice-Admiralty, opened on 28 October 1718; the Court of Admiralty at St Jago de la Vega in Jamaica on 16 November 1720; the Court of Admiralty at Cape Corso Castle on the Guinea coast in 1722; and a special Court of Admiralty at Boston on 12 May 1724. On conviction they were hanged: Kidd was accordingly executed at Execution Dock on 23 May 1701, and the Cape Corso Castle sentence and warrant directed the condemned to be carried to the place of execution without the gates of the castle and there, within the flood-marks, to be hanged by the neck till they were dead.
    Printed trial and printed history of the piratesThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, for Murther and Piracy, upon Six several Indictments, at the Admiralty-Sessions, held by His Majesty's Commission at the Old-Baily, on Thursday the 8th and Friday the 9th of May, 1701... who, upon full Evidence, was found Guilty, received Sentence, and was accordingly Executed at Execution-Dock the 23d (London, printed for J. Nutt, 1701), title page, read in the Internet Archive copy of the eighteenth-century collections scan; with A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), attributed to Charles Johnson, for the colonial commissions: "On the 28th of October, 1718, a Court of Vice-Admiralty was held at Charles-Town, in South-Carolina... before Nicholas Trot, Esq; Judge of the Vice-Admiralty"; "November 16, 1720, a Court of Admiralty was held at St. Jago de la Vega"; "On the 12th of May, 1724, a special Court of Admiralty was held" at Boston; and the sentence at Cape Corso Castle, "to be carried back to the Place from whence ye came, from thence to the Place of Execution, without the Gates of this Castle, and there within the Flood-Marks, to be hanged by the Neck till ye are dead"On: Death: Battle, Disease and the Gallows
  222. One case of buried treasure is authenticated because the state recovered it: on his return in 1699 William Kidd left goods and treasure with John Gardiner on Gardiners Island off Long Island, and after his arrest the authorities under Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont, retrieved the deposit and inventoried it as evidence against him.
    Colonial records summarised in the Kidd literatureaccounts of Kidd's Gardiners Island cache and its recovery by the Earl of Bellomont, 1699, with the primary inventory in the Colonial Office and state papersOn: Prizes, Cargoes and Fencing
  223. The two golden-age share tables that survive are both printed in the 1724 General History of the Pyrates: in Bartholomew Roberts's articles the captain and quartermaster took two shares each, the master, boatswain and gunner one and a half, other officers one and a quarter and every other man a single share, while the articles of George Lowther and Edward Low give the captain two shares, the master one and a half, and the doctor, mate, gunner and boatswain one and a quarter apiece.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates, attributed to Captain Charles Johnson, 1724, articles of Bartholomew Roberts and articles of George Lowther and Edward LowOn: Plunder, Shares and Compensation
  224. Both printed article-sets charge the common stock for injury before the plunder is divided: Roberts's ninth article allows a man who loses a limb or becomes a cripple in the company's service eight hundred pieces of eight out of the public stock with lesser hurts paid proportionally, and names a thousand pounds as the sum a man should have before giving over the life, while Lowther's articles fix a flat one hundred and fifty pounds sterling for a limb lost in time of engagement; the same eight articles printed under Low's name from the Boston News-Letter of 8 August 1723 give six hundred pieces of eight instead.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates, attributed to Captain Charles Johnson, 1724, articles of Bartholomew Roberts (ninth article) and of George Lowther and Edward LowOn: Plunder, Shares and Compensation
  225. Deep-draught men-of-war could not follow pirates into the shoal inlets and sounds where they careened and sheltered, so colonial governors hired shallow-draught sloops, put pilots aboard, manned them with seamen drawn from the station ships and sent them in under a naval officer. The model case is the action at Ocracoke Inlet on 22 November 1718: finding it impracticable for the men of war to go into the shallow and difficult channels of North Carolina, Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood hired two sloops at his own charge, and the captains of the King's ships, the Pearl and the Lyme lying in the James River, put 55 men aboard them under the first Lieutenant of the Pearl, named in the printed history of 1724 as Robert Maynard. Blackbeard was killed with nine of his crew in a short boarding action, ten of the King's men being killed and twenty four wounded.
    Colonial state papers and a period narrativeLieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Virginia, 22 December 1718, C.O. 5, 1318, no. 61, calendared as Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718, no. 800, read on British History Online: "It was found impracticable for the men of war to go into the shallow and difficult channells of that country... Accordingly I hyred two sloops and put pilotes on board, and the Captains of H.M. ships having put 55 men on board under the command of the first Lieutenant of the Pearle and an officer from the Lyme, they came up with Tach at Ouacock Inlett on the 22nd of last month", and, of the outcome, "Tach with nine of his crew were killed... there being (?) ten killed in the action, and four and twenty wounded of whom one is since dead of his wounds"; for the officer's name, A General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), attributed to Charles Johnson, read in the Project Gutenberg text: "the Command of them given to Mr. Robert Maynard, first Lieutenant of the Pearl"On: Naval Suppression and Its Tactics
  226. Woodes Rogers, holding the King's commission as Governor of the Bahama Islands, arrived at Nassau on 26 July 1718 in company with the men of war ordered to assist him, among them the Rose, the Milford and the Shark sloop; he landed on the 27th, took possession of the fort and read the King's commission before his officers, soldiers and about 300 of the people found there, who received him under arms. The inhabitants and their black servants were set to repairing the fort and mounting guns, and by the end of 1718 Rogers reported it tenable, with 112 men mustered in his Independent Company and 152 of the marooners and inhabitants at the last muster. Charles Vane refused the terms: a French prize of 22 guns that he had taken was set on fire in the harbour to drive out the Rose, which cut her cables and ran out in the night, and the next morning Vane and about 90 of his men made off in a sloop, outsailing the two sloops sent after them.
    Colonial state papers and official gazetteGovernor Woodes Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Nassau on Providence, 31 October 1718, C.O. 23, 1, no. 10, calendared as Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717 to 1718, no. 737, read on British History Online: "I arriv'd in this port 26th July in company with the men of warr ordered to assist me... found a French ship (that was taken by the pirates of 22 guns) burning in the harbour, which we were told was set on fire to drive out H.M.S. the Rose who got in too eagerly the evening before me, and cut here cables and run out in the night for fear of being burnt, by one Charles Vane who command'd the pirates... he with about 90 men fled away in a sloop wearing the black flag... On the 27th I landed and took possession of the fort, where I read H.M. Commission in the presence of my officers, soldiers and about 300 of the people found here, who received me under armes and readily surrendered", with the same letter for the musters of 112 and 152 men and for the Shark sloop "that came wth. us"; The London Gazette, issue 5706, for 23 to 27 December 1718, front page, letter from the Town of Nassau, read from the scanned issue, for the repair of the fort by "a Number of the Inhabitants and of their Negroes"; Governor Rogers to Mr Secretary Craggs, Nassau, 24 December 1718, C.O. 23, 13, ff. 20 to 24v, calendared as the same volume, no. 807: "the fort is now made tenible"On: Naval Suppression and Its Tactics
  227. HMS Swallow, rated at fifty guns, under Captain Chaloner Ogle, ran down Bartholomew Roberts's squadron off Cape Lopez, taking the consort Ranger first, on 5 February 1722, and bringing Roberts's own ship to action on the 10th, in which Roberts was killed, struck in the throat by a grape-shot on the printed history's account, which is the only one to describe the manner. About 200 Englishmen and 60 or 70 enslaved black men were found in the three ships, together with a large quantity of gold dust reckoned by the ship's surgeon at eight or ten thousand pounds, and the prisoners were carried to Cabo Corso Castle on the Gold Coast, where a court of admiralty sat on them from 28 March 1722 under a commission from the King under the seal of the Admiralty.
    Period narratives and a printed trialA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), attributed to Charles Johnson, read in the Project Gutenberg text, for the Swallow and Weymouth as "two Men of War, of 50 Guns each", for the sighting at Cape Lopez Bay on the 5th and for the action of the 10th, in which "Death, who took a swift Passage in a Grape-Shot, had not interposed, and struck him directly on the Throat"; John Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies (London, 1735), read in the Project Gutenberg text of the 1735 edition: "We found in the three Ships about 200 Englishmen, 60 or 70 stout Negro Slaves, great plenty of trading Goods, and, what more attracted the Eye, a large quantity of Gold Dust, by computation, 8 or 10000l."; A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of All the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle (London, printed and sold by J. Roberts, 1723), read from the Internet Archive scan, for "A Journal of the Proceedings of the Court of Admiralty, held at Cabo Corso Castle on the Coast of Africa, March the 28th, 1722" and for the summons issued "By Virtue of the Power and Authority to Us given from the King, under the Seal of Admiralty"On: Naval Suppression and Its Tactics
  228. The pirate articles as printed contain compensation clauses and no medical provision, Bartholomew Roberts's ninth article allowing 800 dollars out of the public stock for the loss of a limb or becoming a cripple in their service and proportionably for lesser hurts, and the eighth article of John Phillips's company allowing 400 pieces of eight for a joint and 800 for a limb.
    Period narrative incorporating trial evidenceA General History of the Pyrates, second edition, London, printed for T. Warner, 1724, the printed articles of Roberts and of Phillips's companyOn: Disease and Shipboard Medicine
  229. A pewter urethral syringe recovered from the wreck at Beaufort Inlet, site 31CR314, is described by the excavating project as hallmarked for Paris in 1701 or 1708, attributed to the pewterer Laurent Chatelain, and found to retain a low concentration of mercury, the project describing the instrument as one used to administer mercury for the treatment of venereal disease.
    Modern archaeologyQueen Anne's Revenge Shipwreck Project, North Carolina Office of State Archaeology, artefact pages for the urethral syringe and for tools and instrumentsOn: Disease and Shipboard Medicine
  230. Wrecking was a period word for going to a wreck to get goods off it with or without title, preserved as slang by a naval officer: Captain Balchen of HMS Diamond reported "20 sloops fitted out for the wrecks" and of his own crew "I lost ten in two days before I sail'd being all mad to go a wrecking as they term it", while a separate representation in the same calendared file speaks instead of "14 sloops mann'd with about 3,000 men" fitted out at Jamaica under the pretext of clearing the seas of pirates, the two counts describing different fittings-out and not being reconciled here.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29, 1716 to 1717, item 158 with enclosures, C.O. 137/11On: Hurricanes and Wrecking
  231. Thomas Davis, ship's carpenter and one of two survivors of the Whydah, deposed at Boston that the ship lay at anchor when she was lost on the outer shore of Cape Cod on the night of 26 April 1717, that "they cut their Cables and ran a shoar, in a quarter of an hour after the Ship struck, the Main-mast was carried by the board, and in the Morning She was beat to pieces", that "One hundred and forty-four in all" were lost including about sixteen prisoners, and that "The riches on board were laid together in one heap."
    Printed trial record containing sworn depositionsThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy, Justiciary Court of Admiralty, Boston, 1717, printed 1718, Evans N01688On: Hurricanes and Wrecking; Samuel Bellamy
  232. Sir Charles Hedges, Judge of the High Court of Admiralty, charging the grand jury at the Old Bailey on 31 October 1696, had already defined piracy so as to include the mutinous seizure without any further act, holding that if "the Mariners of any Ship shall violently dispossess the Master, and afterwards carry away the Ship it self, or any of the Goods, or Tackle, Apparel, or Furniture, with a felonious Intention" in any place within the Lord Admiral's jurisdiction, "this is also Robbery and Piracy".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, printed for John Everingham, London 1696, Wing T2252, ESTC R38357On: Mutiny and Desertion
  233. A London jury acquitted six of Henry Every's men on 19 October 1696 of the robbery of the Gunsway, a verdict Lord Chief Justice Holt afterwards called in open court "a dishonour to the Justice of the Nation", and a second jury at the sessions of 31 October 1696 convicted the same men for the mutiny itself, the piratical taking of the Charles the Second from Captain Charles Gibson about three leagues off A Coruna; the indictment lays that rising on 30 May 1694 where later writers give 7 May 1694, and popular accounts have Gibson drunk where Mr Justice Turton stated in court that the captain lay sick of a fever, neither conflict being resolved.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson and others, London 1696On: Mutiny and Desertion; William May
  234. The courts answered the forced-man plea with an evidential presumption stated by Holt in 1696, that "When a Ship is run away with, and People are aboard that Ship so run away with, that proves their Consent, unless they can produce Evidence to the contrary", the mutineers' offer of a boat to the unwilling and the taking of a share being treated as destroying the plea; the presumption was not applied mechanically thereafter, and at the special court of Admiralty at Boston in July 1726 twelve of the sixteen persons tried were acquitted.
    Trial pamphlet and printed colonial trialThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson and others, London 1696; the printed Boston trial of Fly's company, July 1726On: Mutiny and Desertion
  235. Under the Act of 4 William and Mary for continuing the acts prohibiting trade with France and for the encouragement of privateers, the net proceeds of the sale of a prize taken by a private man of war were divided into five parts, of which four went to the persons interested in the privateer and the fifth to the Crown, while the prize ship herself and all her arms, ammunition, tackle, cables, anchors, sails and furniture were had and enjoyed by the captors. The citation is settled: the statute is 4 William and Mary c. 25, the same Act that legislation.gov.uk styles the Trade with France Act 1692. The Act of 1708 said to have abolished the Crown's share in goods taken by privateers and to have required the Admiralty to issue letters of marque to all who applied is not carried here, its text not having been read.
    Statute"William and Mary, 1692: An Act for continuing the Acts For prohibiting all Trade and Commerce with France and for the encouragement of Privateers. [Chapter XXV. Rot. Parl. pt. 5. nu. 7.]", in Statutes of the Realm: Volume 6, 1685-94, ed. John Raithby (1819), pp. 419-425, read on British History Online: "the neat proceed of the said sale after such deductions in case where such Prize was taken by any private Man of Warr shall be divided into five parts of which foure parts shall be answered to the Persons interested in the Privateer or Privateers which took the said Prize and the other fifth part shall be answered and paid to their Majesties their Heirs and Successors And in case any such Prize was taken by any private Man of Warr the Shipp or Vessell so surprized or taken as Prize and all the Arms Ammunition Tackle Cables Anchors Sails and Furniture thereof shall bee had taken and enjoyed by the Persons interested in the private Man of Warr which took the same"On: Privateering and Letters of Marque
  236. Lord Archibald Hamilton, governor of Jamaica, granted privateering commissions in late 1715 nominally against pirates, a list of ten vessels commissioned by him being laid before the Council of Trade and Plantations, among them the sloops Eagle and Barsheba on 21 November for six months and the sloop Bennet on 12 December, and Captain John Balchen of HMS Diamond reported on 13 May 1716 that two of the sloops "had my Lord Hamilton's Commission for suppressing of piracys, but this design, as they said themselves was upon the wrecks", so that the commissions used on the Florida wrecks were genuine and current rather than forged or expired.
    Calendared state papers with enclosuresMr Secretary Stanhope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 19 May 1716, item 158 with enclosures ii, iv and v, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 29, 1716 to 1717, C.O. 137, 11On: Privateering and Letters of Marque
  237. The deposition of Samuel Page, secretary of Jamaica, sworn 15 May 1716, records that a Spanish sloop taken by the commissioned sloop Bennet was sent into Port Royal "to be condemned" after her captor had taken out the money, jewels and fine goods, the captor undertaking that he "wou'd remain at sea with the mony until she was condemn'd", and that she was condemned with her whole cargo on 7 March; Secretary Stanhope directed on 19 May 1716 that Hamilton's commissions be annulled, and the merchants' representation records that the captor held an estate in Jamaica and had "given good security for his navigation" while calling the business "downright robbery".
    Calendared state papers with enclosuresMr Secretary Stanhope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 19 May 1716, item 158 with enclosures v and vii, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 29, 1716 to 1717, C.O. 137, 11On: Privateering and Letters of Marque
  238. Capture at sea gave possession but only the sentence of a competent court gave title, the period's own term for that sentence being condemnation as lawful prize, a formula preserved in the Lords' description of the Ambuscade in 1708 as a French privateer taken by Her Majesty's ship the Dover and condemned and sold as prize.
    Primary statute text and parliamentary recordTrade with France Act 1692, 4 Will. and Mar. c. 25; Journal of the House of Lords vol. 18, 2 March 1708; High Court of Admiralty monitions series HCA 31On: Prize Law and Condemnation
  239. The Act of 1692, 4 Will. and Mar. c. 25, required prizes to be brought into an English port and there put immediately without breaking of bulk into the possession of the Commissioners for Prizes, and directed that goods adjudged good and lawful prize be sold by inch of candle to the best advantage.
    Primary statute textTrade with France Act 1692, 4 Will. and Mar. c. 25, as enactedOn: Prize Law and Condemnation
  240. Under the 1692 Act the net proceeds of a privateer's prize were divided into five parts, four to the persons interested in the privateer and one to the Crown, while a naval prize was divided into three equal parts, to the captors, to the Treasurer of the Navy for the wounded and for widows, and to the Crown.
    Primary statute textTrade with France Act 1692, 4 Will. and Mar. c. 25, as enactedOn: Prize Law and Condemnation
  241. On the outward passage in 1696 William Kidd took a French banker, carried her to New York and had her condemned there, Robert Bradinham deposing that they carried her to New York where they condemned her, and both prosecution witnesses swearing that Kidd never carried or offered to carry any other prize for condemnation, Joseph Palmer answering that he never did, nor talked of any such thing.
    Primary printed trial reportThe arraignment, tryal, and condemnation of Captain William Kidd, London, 1701On: Prize Law and Condemnation
  242. The cargo of the Quedagh Merchant was shared among Kidd's company instead of being brought in for adjudication, and Lord Chief Baron Ward told him from the bench that if there was a French pass in the ship he ought to have condemned her as prize, telling the jury that he ought to have had the ship and goods inventoried and condemned according to law and that by his not condemning them he seemed to show his aim, mind and intention.
    Primary printed trial reportThe arraignment, tryal, and condemnation of Captain William Kidd, London, 1701On: Prize Law and Condemnation
  243. The Admiralty's jurisdiction was geographical, running to acts done upon the high seas and, in the words the statute of 1700 took from its predecessors, in or upon the sea or in any haven, river, creek or place where the admirals have power, authority or jurisdiction, so that piracy was an offence committed outside the body of any county and beyond the reach of an ordinary commission of oyer and terminer directed to a county.
    Primary statute textAn Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy, 11 Will. 3 c. 7, Statutes of the Realm vol. 7, pp. 590 to 594; the commissions of oyer and terminer for the Admiralty sessions at the Old BaileyOn: The Admiralty Courts
  244. The Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy, cited as 11 Will. 3 c. 7 and catalogued variously as the Piracy Act of 1698, 1699 and 1700, operated from 29 September 1700 and authorised commissions to admirals, judges of vice admiralties and commanders of the King's ships to assemble a court of admiralty on shipboard or upon the land consisting of seven persons at the least, in which only known merchants, factors or planters and sea officers of the King's ships or of English merchant ships could sit and vote, the president swearing that he had no interest in the ship or goods concerned and collecting the votes beginning at the junior first and ending with himself.
    Primary statute textAn Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy, 11 Will. 3 c. 7, Statutes of the Realm vol. 7, pp. 590 to 594; legislation.gov.uk record of the Piracy Act 1698On: The Admiralty Courts
  245. Sections XIV and XV of the Act of 1700 gave the commissioners the sole power of trying these offences within the proprietary and charter colonies notwithstanding any letters patent, grants or charters of government, and declared that a refusal by a governor or person in authority to obey the Act was a forfeiture of the charters granted for the government or propriety of that plantation.
    Primary statute textAn Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy, 11 Will. 3 c. 7, sections XIV and XV, Statutes of the Realm vol. 7On: The Admiralty Courts
  246. The Piracy Act 1721, 8 Geo. I c. 24, made trading with, supplying or corresponding with pirates itself piracy, declared accessories under the Act of 1700 to be principals, forfeited ships and goods fitted out to supply pirates in two moieties, one to the Crown and one to the first discoverer, who might sue for and recover the ship or vessel in the High Court of Admiralty, and extended itself to all his Majesty's dominions in Asia, Africa and America.
    Primary statute textThe Piracy Act, 8 Geo. I c. 24, sections I to X, transcribed from Pickering, Statutes at Large, vol. 14On: The Admiralty Courts
  247. Courts of this system demonstrably acquitted: twelve of the sixteen persons tried at Boston on 4 and 5 July 1726 were acquitted and discharged without fees, the London printing of the Charles Town trials names four men acquitted beside Bonnet and twenty-nine others condemned, the Jamaica commission that condemned Rackham's company acquitted William Mething and Robert Sparkes at a later session, and at the Old Bailey in October 1696 a jury acquitted Every's men before a second jury convicted them on a fresh indictment.
    Printed trial pamphletsThe printed trial of William Fly and others before the Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726; The tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and other pirates, London, 1719; the printed trial of Rackam's company at St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, November 1720; the printed Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey of October and November 1696On: The Admiralty Courts
  248. The familiar rule that a pirate captain was absolute in action and governed by the company in everything else rests on a single clause of a single sentence in the General History of 1724, which says of the captain's power that it "is absolute and uncontroulable, by their own Laws, viz. in fighting, chasing, or being chased; in all other Matters whatsoever, he is governed by a Majority", and the same book is deflationary about the office, saying that "they only permit him to be Captain, on Condition, that they may be Captain over him"; no other source located states the rule, so it stands as a well attested description rather than as a proved general practice.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, second edition, London, 1724, the Vane narrative and the account of the pirates' governmentOn: Captain Election and Removal
  249. A colonial piracy court treated a man's vote as consent that destroyed the plea of compulsion: at the Cape Coast Castle trial of 1722, as printed in the General History of 1724, prisoners who said that Roberts had commanded them into the boat and that the order could not be refused were answered by the president of the court that "those are still your own Acts, since done by Orders from Officers of your own Election", and asked why honestly disposed men would give their votes for such a captain and such a quartermaster; Thomas Davis, who had told the Boston examiners that he was allowed no vote, was acquitted, the printed record giving as its reasons the proof that he was forced aboard and the absence of evidence that he was accessory, so no causal connection between the two is shown.
    Printed trial material and period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, 1724, the Cape Coast Castle trial section; The Trials of eight persons indited for piracy, Boston, 1718, TCP N01688On: Captain Election and Removal
  250. The act of Anne exempting men in America from impressment is An Act for the Encouragement of the Trade to America, 6 Anne chapter 64 in the Statutes of the Realm and chapter 37 in the common printed editions, of the session dated 1707 but with provisions taking effect from 24 June 1708, which accounts for later accounts dating it variously to 1707 and to 1708. It enacts that no mariner or other person serving or retained to serve on board any privateer or trading ship employed in any part of America, nor any mariner or other person being on shore there, shall be liable to be impressed by any officer of any of the Queen's ships of war, unless he had before deserted from one of the Queen's ships of war after 14 February 1707, on pain of twenty pounds a man forfeit to the master or owners. Whether the exemption survived the war of the Spanish succession, and so ran through the Spanish war of 1718 to 1720, is not settled by the act itself, and the section number could not be read in the copy used here.
    StatuteAn Act for the Encouragement of the Trade to America, 6 Anne c. 64, in Statutes of the Realm: Volume 8, ed. John Raithby (1820), with the editor's footnote "This is Chapter XXXVII. 6 Ann. in the Common printed Editions" and the running head giving the year as 1707; read in the Internet Archive scan of the volume (archive.org/details/pp63095177). The impressment clause: "And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid That no Mariner or other Person who shall serve on board or be retained to serve on board any Privateer or Trading Ship or Vessel that shall be imployed in any Part of America nor any Mariner or other Person being on Shore in any Part thereof shall be liable to be impressed or taken away by any Officer or Officers of or belonging to any of Her Majesties Ships of War impowered by the Lord High Admiral or any other Person whatsoever unless such Mariner shall have before deserted from such Ship of War belonging to Her Majesty at any Time after the Fourteenth Day of February One thousand seven hundred and seven", the offender to "forfeit to the Master or Owner or Owners of any such Ship or Vessel Twenty Pounds for every Man he or they shall so impress or take". The first section suppresses all prize offices in America "from and after the Four and twentieth Day of June One thousand seven hundred and eight". The section numerals are lost in this scan except for the second, so the clause is cited by its words and not by a section number.On: Naval Impressment
  251. The Jamaican rising of 1690 that stands behind the island's most durable maroon community is reported in the contemporary record with details that differ from those usually given. The Earl of Inchiquin wrote from Jamaica on 31 August 1690 that on the 29th of July last all the negroes on Mr Salter's estate in the mountains in the middle of the island broke out into rebellion, to the number of more than five hundred, forced the dwelling house, killed the caretaker and seized fifty fusees and other arms with quantities of ammunition; that there were but six or seven whites in that plantation to five hundred negroes; and that after skirmishes and pursuit, and two hundred coming in, what with killed and wounded the rebellion was looked upon as over. The date of 31 July, the name Sutton, the parish of Clarendon, and the figures of more than two hundred or of three to four hundred left permanently free are not carried by the despatch.
    Colonial state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, ed. J W Fortescue (London, 1901), read on British History Online: no. 1,041, Earl of Inchiquin to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 31 August 1690, pp. 316-317: "On the 29th July last all the negroes on Mr. Salter's estate in the mountains in the middle of the Island broke out into rebellion, to the number of more than five hundred, forced the dwelling house, killed the caretaker and seized fifty fusees and other arms with quantities of ammunition"; "There were but six or seven whites in that plantation to five hundred negroes"; "Since my writing, two hundred negroes have come in altogether so that, what with killed and wounded, we look upon the rebellion as over"On: Maroon Communities and Fugitive Networks
  252. John Dann's examination of 3 August 1696 states that Henry Every's company, lying off Eleuthera, wrote to Nicholas Trott, Governor of Providence, offering to bring their ship in if assured of protection, "which he promised them", and that they "made a collection of 20 peices of 8 a man and the Captain 40, to present the Governor with, besides Elephants Teeth and some other things", and Philip Middleton's affidavit of 11 November 1696 gives the same transaction in more detail and adds two pieces of gold a man; the two deponents left Providence in the same sloop and are not independent witnesses, and Trott's recorded answer was a plea of duress rather than a denial.
    Examination and affidavitExamination of John Dann, 3 August 1696, and Affidavit of Philip Middleton, 11 November 1696 (Public Record Office C.O. 5:1257, no. 47 I), in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (1923), nos. 63 and 64On: Pirate Ports and Informal Economies
  253. No period count states whether the men counted as Black held shares and votes, were forced men or were held as property, and the one eyewitness who addresses their status calls them slaves: John Atkins, surgeon of the squadron and Register of the court that tried the prisoners, wrote that "We found in the three Ships about 200 Englishmen, 60 or 70 stout Negro Slaves, great plenty of trading Goods, and, what more attracted the Eye, a large quantity of Gold Dust".
    Eyewitness narrative and period narrativeJohn Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil and the West Indies, London, 1735; A General History of the Pyrates, 1724On: Race, Empire and Maritime Labour
  254. The Act of 1700 let the Crown commission courts of Admiralty in its colonies and forts rather than ship accused pirates home for trial, required each court to "consist of Seaven Persons at the least" drawn from known merchants, factors and planters and from sea officers of the navy and the merchant service, directed judgment "according to the Plurality of Voices" on a poll of the bench, and gave the prisoner cross examination through the president, witnesses "sworne and examined upon Oath as the Witnesses were that testified against him" and the right to be "fairly heard what he can say for himselfe", while treating a prisoner who would not plead as having confessed.
    Statute textAn Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy, 11 Will. 3 c. 7, sections I to V, Statutes of the Realm VII, pp. 590 to 594On: Trials, Evidence and Defence Rights
  255. The plea that the accused was a forced man was entered in every printed proceeding behind this record, Edward Foreseith being answered at the Old Bailey in 1696 with "You all compell'd one another" and the Advocate General at Boston in 1726 attacking it as "that Hackney Defence made by every Pirate upon Trial", and the courts tested it on evidence of conduct, two prisoners at Newport in 1723 producing newspaper advertisements placed by their owners as documentary proof of duress, of whom Joseph Swetser was acquitted and Joseph Libbey convicted and hanged.
    Trial pamphletsThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, London 1696, EEBO-TCP A63217; Tryals of Thirty-Six Persons for Piracy, Newport, printed by Samuel Kneeland, Boston 1723, Evans-TCP N29929; The Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, Boston 1726, the printed proceedings against William Fly's companyOn: Trials, Evidence and Defence Rights
  256. The number of women documented between 1690 and 1725 as serving in an armed pirate company, on evidence taken on oath in a court of record, is two, Mary Read and Ann Bonny, who were tried on one day, in one court, on the same four articles.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates... As Also, the Tryals of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, alias Bonn, Jamaica: printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721On: Women at Sea
  257. Mary Read and Ann Bonny, alias Bonn, described in the articles as "late of the Island of Providence, Spinsters", were tried at St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, on Monday 28 November 1720, before Sir Nicholas Lawes as President with William Norris as Register; four articles were exhibited, both pleaded not guilty, five deponents gave evidence in four statements, and the court convicted them on the third and fourth articles only.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, Jamaica: printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721On: Women at Sea
  258. After sentence of death was pronounced, "both the Prisoners inform'd the Court, that they were both quick with Child, and prayed that Execution of the Sentence might be stayed", whereupon the court ordered "that Execution of the said Sentence should be respited, and that an Inspection should be made", and the printed record nowhere states the result of that inspection.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, Jamaica: printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721On: Women at Sea
  259. Dorothy Thomas deposed that she was "being in a Canoa at Sea, with some Stock and Provisions, at the North-side of Jamaica" when the pirate sloop took her and stripped the canoe of most of what it held; her deposition carries no date and her robbery is laid in none of the four articles.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, Jamaica: printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721, deposition of Dorothy ThomasOn: Women at Sea
  260. Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes's letter to the Council of Trade and Plantations of 13 November 1720, as calendared, reports Jonathan Barnet taking a pirate vessel commanded by "one Rackum in which were 18 pirates more whom he took and are now in goal", and no other entry on that calendar page mentions the two women.
    State paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 32, 1720 to 1721, entry 288; manuscript reference C.O. 137, 13, Nos. 45 and 45.i to iiiOn: Women at Sea
  261. William Kidd commanded the Adventure Galley on the voyage of 1696 to 1698 and is named as her commander in his own Narrative of the Voyage and in the printed 1701 account of his trial.
    State paper and trial pamphletKidd's Narrative of the Voyage, 7 July 1699, TNA CO 5/860 no. 64, printed in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (1923), document 76; The Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701)On: Adventure Galley
  262. Kidd killed his gunner William Moore aboard the Adventure Galley on 30 October 1697, striking him on the head with an iron-hooped bucket during a dispute over the Loyal Captain, an English ship met at sea which most of the company had wanted to take and Kidd had refused to attack; Moore died the next day.
    Trial pamphlet and state paperThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd (London, 1701); Kidd's Narrative of the Voyage, 7 July 1699, TNA CO 5/860 no. 64, printed in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (1923), document 76On: Adventure Galley
  263. The galley was careened at Mehila (Moheli) about 22 to 23 March 1697, where about fifty of the company died within a week from a cause no contemporary source states, and on the passage to St Mary's she became so leaky that eight men were needed every two glasses to pump her and she was woolded round with cables to hold her together.
    State paperKidd's Narrative of the Voyage, 7 July 1699, TNA CO 5/860 no. 64, printed in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (1923), document 76On: Adventure Galley
  264. A proclamation of Oliver, Lord Protector, of 10 October 1655 states that the island of Jamaica is in the possession of this State and that the enemy found upon it fled into the mountains with intention to escape.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 9, Addenda 1655, item 229, Proclamation of Oliver, Lord Protector, giving encouragement to such as shall transport themselves to Jamaica, 10 October 1655On: Jamaica
  265. The same proclamation offers every settler removing to Jamaica twenty acres of land for every male twelve years old and upwards and ten acres for every other male or female.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 9, Addenda 1655, item 229, Proclamation of Oliver, Lord Protector, giving encouragement to such as shall transport themselves to Jamaica, 10 October 1655On: Jamaica
  266. Instructions of the same day to Richard Fortescue, Major-General of the Forces in America, direct him to fortify the harbour of St. Jago, where the fleet first arrived.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 9, Addenda 1655, item 230, Instructions to Richard Fortescue, Major-General of the Forces in America, 10 October 1655On: Jamaica
  267. Captain William Godfrey, writing from the Marmaduke at Jamaica on 30 April 1656, reported the raging fury of mortality in the Army, which he described as almost destroyed.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 9, Addenda 1656, item 257, Capt. Wm. Godfrey to Robt. Blackborne, Marmaduke, Jamaica, 30 April 1656On: Jamaica
  268. The same letter reports that most of the Spaniards had deserted the island and that the English met opposition now and then from the negroes and mulattoes, who had slain about forty soldiers about a month before.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 9, Addenda 1656, item 257, Capt. Wm. Godfrey to Robt. Blackborne, Marmaduke, Jamaica, 30 April 1656On: Jamaica
  269. The Earl of Inchiquin reported from Jamaica on 31 August 1690 that on 29 July more than five hundred enslaved people on Mr. Salter's estate in the mountains in the middle of the island had risen.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, America and West Indies: August 1690, item 1041, Earl of Inchiquin to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 31 August 1690On: Jamaica
  270. Inchiquin's letter states that there were but six or seven white people to five hundred enslaved people on that plantation, and that this was the usual proportion in the island.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, America and West Indies: August 1690, item 1041, Earl of Inchiquin to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 31 August 1690On: Jamaica
  271. Inchiquin closed the same letter by reporting that two hundred of the risen had come in and that the rising was looked upon as over.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, America and West Indies: August 1690, item 1041, Earl of Inchiquin to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 31 August 1690On: Jamaica
  272. The minutes of the Council of Jamaica of 28 November 1671 assign named officers to take account of enslaved people parish by parish, naming Clarendon, St. Elizabeth, St. John's, St. George's, St. Mary's, St. Ann's, St. James's and St. Katherine's.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7, America and West Indies: November 1671, item 662, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 28 November 1671On: Jamaica
  273. The same minute orders that writs be issued for choosing an Assembly to meet at St. Jago on 1 February next.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7, America and West Indies: November 1671, item 662, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 28 November 1671On: Jamaica
  274. The same minute opens by reciting that His Majesty had adjusted a peace with his Catholic Majesty in America and strictly commanded the Governor to release all prisoners, and that suits and disputes had arisen about freeing Indians, negroes and mulattos.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7, America and West Indies: November 1671, item 662, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 28 November 1671On: Jamaica
  275. The Council of Jamaica ordered on 28 November 1671 that all persons give account of all Spanish negroes they held, with their age, sex and country, on pain of being sent prisoners to the Council for contempt.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7, America and West Indies: November 1671, item 662, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 28 November 1671On: Jamaica
  276. The same minute records that Major Beeston and Captain Read had by order treated with the Governor of Cartagena for eighty pieces of eight for each Spanish negro.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7, America and West Indies: November 1671, item 662, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 28 November 1671On: Jamaica
  277. An address of the Council and Assembly of Jamaica to King James II states that though some thousands of enslaved Africans had been imported into the island by the Royal African Company within the past six years, few had fallen to the planters' share.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, America and West Indies: July 1689, 22-31, item 295, Address of the Council and Assembly of Jamaica to King James IIOn: Jamaica
  278. Inchiquin reported on 31 August 1690 that a drier and hotter season than usual had hindered the transport of sugar to the coast and so delayed the fleet.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, America and West Indies: August 1690, item 1041, Earl of Inchiquin to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 31 August 1690On: Jamaica
  279. On 2 December 1670 the captains, thirty-seven in number, resolved that it stands most for the good of Jamaica and safety of us all to take Panama.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7, 1669-1674, item 504, Henry Morgan's relation of 20 April 1671On: Jamaica
  280. A warrant of 17 November 1671 directed that Sir Thomas Modyford, late Governor of Jamaica, be kept close prisoner in the Tower for several misdemeanours committed during the time of his government.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7, 1669-1674, item 653, warrant to Sir John Robinson, Lieutenant of the Tower, 17 November 1671On: Jamaica
  281. Sir Thomas Lynch wrote to Secretary Lord Arlington from Jamaica on 29 November 1671 that he would do nothing without positive directions, for he had rather sustain the charge of the whole nation in Jamaica than of one ambassador in the Tower.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7, America and West Indies: November 1671, item 663, Sir Thos. Lynch to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 29 November 1671On: Jamaica
  282. Captain Balchen of HMS Diamond reported that two sloops were fitted out of Jamaica, one belonging to Capt. Edward James and the other to Capt. Jennings, which held Lord Hamilton's commission for suppressing of piracys.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29, item 158 iv, Captain Balchen, H.M.S. Diamond, to Mr Burchet, The Nore, 13 May 1716On: Jamaica
  283. Balchen reported that the design of those two sloops, as they said themselves, was upon the wrecks, and that they went to sea and returned in a shorter time than could be expected with a considerable sum of money.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29, item 158 iv, Captain Balchen, H.M.S. Diamond, to Mr Burchet, The Nore, 13 May 1716On: Jamaica
  284. Balchen wrote that he could not forbear saying he thought it the greatest of piracy, that it was blamed by some of the island, but that those who had a share of the money thought it just.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29, item 158 iv, Captain Balchen, H.M.S. Diamond, to Mr Burchet, The Nore, 13 May 1716On: Jamaica
  285. On 19 May 1716 Mr Secretary Stanhope directed the Council of Trade and Plantations to prepare a commission superseding the commission granted to Lord Archibald Hamilton and appointing Peter Heywood to the government of Jamaica.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29, item 158, Mr Secretary Stanhope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Whitehall, 19 May 1716On: Jamaica
  286. The Act for the more effectual suppression of piracy, 11 and 12 William III c. 7, allows a Court of Admiralty to be assembled on shipboard or upon the land as often as occasion requires, the court to consist of seven persons at the least.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, 1695-1701, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy, 11 and 12 William III c. 7, pp. 590-594On: Jamaica
  287. The same Act provides that nobody may sit and vote in that court but known merchants, factors or planters, or captains, lieutenants or warrant officers in the King's ships of war, or captains, masters or mates of some English ship.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, 1695-1701, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy, 11 and 12 William III c. 7, pp. 590-594On: Jamaica
  288. After sentence of death was pronounced, Mary Read and Anne Bonny informed the court that they were both quick with child and prayed that execution be stayed, and the court ordered the sentence respited and an inspection made.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, printed by Robert Baldwin, St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1721On: Jamaica
  289. Charles Vane was tried at the same Court of Admiralty at St Jago de la Vega on Wednesday 22 March 1720/21 before Sir Nicholas Lawes as President, and was found guilty of the piracy charged in the first and second articles.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, printed by Robert Baldwin, St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1721On: Jamaica
  290. Dorothy Thomas deposed that she was in a canoe at sea with some stock and provisions at the north side of Jamaica when the pirate sloop took her and stripped the canoe of most of what it held.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, printed by Robert Baldwin, St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1721On: Jamaica
  291. The fourth article of the indictment lays the taking of Thomas Dillon's sloop Mary upon the high sea about one league from Dry Harbour Bay in the island of Jamaica, and values her with her apparel and tackle at three hundred pounds of current money of Jamaica.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates, printed by Robert Baldwin, St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1721On: Jamaica
  292. A paper of proposals touching Jamaica, calendared under April 1660, states that the island cannot be preserved for the English unless the harbour of Cagway be made capable of defending the ships, being the chief port, and the fortifications begun be completed.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 9, Addenda 1660, item 340, 'Proposals touching Jamaica'.On: Port Royal
  293. The merchants of Bristol, arguing in November 1703 for the resettlement of Port Royal, put first that it was navigable without the help of pilots, whereas Kingston lay about two leagues within the harbour up a channel of shoal water and many turnings.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 21 (1702-1703), item 1239.i, Reasons offered by the merchants of Bristol for the resettlement of Port Royal, 8 November 1703.On: Port Royal
  294. Governor Sir Thomas Modyford reported to the Privy Council in 1666 that a Spanish prize had been sold in the usual manner and the money disposed of towards the finishing of the fort at Port Royal.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), item 1266, Sir Thomas Modyford to the Privy Council, August 1666.On: Port Royal
  295. By a law of Jamaica every ship arriving at the island had to lodge a quantity of gunpowder in the Fort at Port Royal for the use of the country, so that the fort served as the island's magazine.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), item 158.xii, An account of the maladministration in Jamaica during the Government of Lord Hamilton.On: Port Royal
  296. Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes found the fortifications at Port Royal very much out of repair in the summer of 1718, and reported on 6 December 1719 that a new line there was finished and named Hanover Line, an incomparable piece of work that would have the entire command of the harbour once the thirty-two thirty-six pounders he asked for were supplied.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 681, Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 1 September 1718; and vol. 31 (1719-1720), item 479, same to same, 6 December 1719.On: Port Royal
  297. Governor the Duke of Albemarle complained in February 1688 that the only wharf fit to careen the King's ships on at Port Royal was held by a merchant without a patent, who had refused to let the Falcon be careened there until he was compelled.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 12 (1685-1688), item 1624, Governor the Duke of Albemarle to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 11 February 1688.On: Port Royal
  298. John Style wrote from Jamaica in January 1669 that the island's trade consisted principally in plate, money, jewels and other things brought in by the privateers, sold cheap to the merchant and sent on to New England and the Madeiras, and that about 800 privateers were out on that employment.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7 (1669-1674), item 7, John Style to Secretary Sir William Morrice, Jamaica, 14 January 1669.On: Port Royal
  299. Modyford reported on 21 August 1666 that the guards of Port Royal, six hundred strong under Colonel Morgan, had fallen to a hundred and thirty-eight by the beginning of March, and that the Council could think of no way to fill the place with men but commissions against the Spaniards.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), item 1264, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Secretary Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 21 August 1666.On: Port Royal
  300. Modyford reported that after he declared his intention to grant commissions against the Spaniards there was a universal change at Port Royal, with ships repairing, a great resort of workmen and labourers to the town, many returning and many debtors released out of prison.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), item 1264, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Secretary Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 21 August 1666.On: Port Royal
  301. Henry Morgan and six of his captains gave in an information at Port Royal on 7 September 1668 stating that Modyford had commissioned him about eight months before to draw together the English privateers and take Spanish prisoners, and that he had assembled ten sail of ships.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), item 1838, Information of Admiral Henry Morgan and his officers, Port Royal, 7 September 1668, calendar pages 610-612.On: Port Royal
  302. The Council of Jamaica sat at Port Royal when it suited, swearing in Sir Thomas Lynch there on 15 May 1682, and at the sailing of Morgan's fleet it ordered every victualling house in the town to draw no more drink to any person of the fleet on pain of imprisonment.
    Calendared council minutesCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 11 (1681-1685), item 501, Minutes of Council of Jamaica, Port Royal, 15 May 1682; and vol. 7 (1669-1674), item 543, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica.On: Port Royal
  303. The Governor and Council of Jamaica ordered on 29 February 1668 against the buying or selling of enslaved Africans taken upon the Spanish coast and brought into the island anywhere except at Port Royal.
    Calendared council minutesCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), item 1708, Orders of the Governor and Council of Jamaica, 29 February 1668.On: Port Royal
  304. London merchants petitioning in October 1703 stated that Port Royal had been separated from the mainland by the earthquake, and argued that it was thereby so adapted for defence that no force of vessels brought against it could conquer it if well defended.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 21 (1702-1703), item 1220.i, Sir B. Gracedieu and others to the Council of Trade and Plantations, London, 30 October 1703.On: Port Royal
  305. The agents for Jamaica told the Council of Trade in 1697 that impressment had driven the island's seafaring men away, that many had turned pirates, and that of twelve hundred sailors in Jamaica four years earlier not above three hundred remained.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 15 (1696-1697), item 324, Considerations offered by the Agents for Jamaica and the merchants trading thereto, to the Council of Trade and Plantations.On: Port Royal
  306. The Jamaica Assembly passed laws disfranchising Port Royal and divesting its freeholders of their properties there, and the laws were proclaimed at Port Royal, Kingston and Spanish Town in 1703.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 21 (1702-1703), item 1238, Sir B. Gracedieu and others to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 8 November 1703.On: Port Royal
  307. The Bristol merchants stated in November 1703 that since the burning of Port Royal above a fourth of the people who had removed thence to Kingston were already dead, and that one reason for sailors deserting the island for Curacao was that they could not be permitted to continue at Port Royal.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 21 (1702-1703), item 1239.i, Reasons offered by the merchants of Bristol for the resettlement of Port Royal, 8 November 1703.On: Port Royal
  308. About three hundred families were settled at Port Royal in August 1703, most of them fled from Kingston.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 21 (1702-1703), item 1220.i, Sir B. Gracedieu and others to the Council of Trade and Plantations, London, 30 October 1703.On: Port Royal
  309. Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes wrote on 21 June 1718 that the town of Port Royal had almost lost its trade because the men of war carried goods that would otherwise have gone in island vessels, and that the seafaring men had no bread for want of employment, which was the chief occasion of so many of them going pirating.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 566, Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 21 June 1718.On: Port Royal
  310. The 1721 Jamaica trial print describes Robert Hudson, one of Charles Vane's crew, as late of the Town and Parish of Port Royal in the island of Jamaica, mariner, describes the nine men arraigned at the adjourned sitting of the same court as all late of that parish, and gives the seat of the Court of Admiralty as the town of St Jago de la Vega.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (1721; National Library of Jamaica digitisation), heading and articles against Robert Hudson, 10 March 1721, and articles against John Eaton and eight others.On: Port Royal
  311. John Rackham and four of his crew were executed at Gallows Point at the town of Port Royal on 18 November 1720.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1721), notice of execution following the sentence of 17 November 1720.On: Port Royal
  312. The bodies of Rackham, Fetherston and Corner were afterwards carried to Plumb Point, Bush Key and Gun Key and hung on gibbets in chains, in the words of the trial print, for a publick Example.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (1721; National Library of Jamaica digitisation), notice of execution following the sentence of 17 November 1720.On: Port Royal
  313. Charles Vane was hanged at Gallows Point, Port Royal, on Wednesday 29 March 1721, and his body was afterwards hung in chains on a gibbet at Gun Key.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1721), containing the trials of Charles Vane and Robert Deal.On: Port Royal
  314. John Eaton, Thomas Quick and Thomas Baker were executed at Gallows Point at Port Royal on 17 February 1720/21, and John Cole, John Howard and Benjamin Palmer at Kingston the next day.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (1721; National Library of Jamaica digitisation), notice of execution following the adjourned sitting.On: Port Royal
  315. A commission of 10 November 1666 appointed Sir James Modyford Lieutenant-Governor of the island of Providence, also Sta. Catarina, to exercise the government according to such instructions as he should from time to time receive from Sir Thomas Modyford, Governor of Jamaica.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: November 1666, no. 1307, calendar page 424; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 166, with a fair copy at no. 1308 (library file csp_v5_pp422-428.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  316. In his letter to Lord Arlington of 16 June 1666 Sir Thomas Modyford writes that he considered the island's good situation for favouring any design on the rich main, lying near the river which leads to the Lake of Nicaragua, and held it his duty to reinforce that garrison and send down some able person to command it.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: June 1666, no. 1216, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 16 June 1666, calendar pages 388 to 389; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  317. Sir Thomas Modyford's letter to Lord Arlington of 16 June 1666 describes the island of Providence as formerly English, taken from the English by the Spaniards' whole armada in 1641, and carefully garrisoned by Spain ever since.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: June 1666, no. 1216, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 16 June 1666, calendar pages 388 to 389; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  318. In a letter to the Duke of Albemarle of 5 October 1668 Sir Thomas Modyford asserts that the island of Providence had never any white men on it until the English came, who first felled the trees and planted the land, and argues from that to an ancient English right restored.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: October 1668, no. 1851, Gov. Sir Thomas Modyford to the Duke of Albemarle, Jamaica, 5 October 1668, calendar page 616; Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 60 (library file csp_v5_pp615-622.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  319. In a letter to the Duke of Albemarle of 8 June 1666 Sir Thomas Modyford reports that two vessels of the Curacao fleet had gone to Tortuga and the other four, joined by two French rovers, had gone to attempt the retaking of the island of Providence, where they intend to set up for themselves.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: June 1666, no. 1213, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to the Duke of Albemarle, Jamaica, 8 June 1666, calendar page 387; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 98 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  320. In the letter of 16 June 1666 Modyford calls Mansvelt the old fellow and reports him resolved never to see the Governor's face until he had done some service to his Majesty, and that with 200 men, about 80 of them French, being all that were left him, he resolved to attempt the island of Providence.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: June 1666, no. 1216, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 16 June 1666, calendar pages 388 to 389; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  321. A letter written at Plymouth on 21 August 1666 reports that the Oporto merchant, Capt. James Alford, had arrived from Jamaica the day before with news that about the middle of May last four privateers from Jamaica took the island of Providence from the Spaniards, and that one Capt. Sam. Smith was to be sent there as Governor.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: August 1666, no. 1267, John Clarke to Joseph Williamson, Plymouth, 21 August 1666, calendar page 407; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 137 (library file csp_v5_pp402-411.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  322. The same letter states that Mansvelt was an excellent coaster, which Modyford calls his chief if not only virtue, and that he brought his ships within half a mile of the island by night through an unusual passage among rocks where they say ship never came, landed early in the morning, marched four leagues, and surprised the Governor, who was taken prisoner.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: June 1666, no. 1216, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 16 June 1666, calendar pages 388 to 389; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  323. The same letter states that about 200 soldiers got into the fort and yielded on conditions to be landed on the main, that 27 pieces of ordnance, 100 double jars of powder, shot and all things necessary were found, that the fort was very strongly built, and that the men acknowledged very little plunder, only 150 enslaved people.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: June 1666, no. 1216, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 16 June 1666, calendar pages 388 to 389; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  324. The same letter states that the privateers brought off 100 of the enslaved people, left 35 men and Capt. Hattsell, keeper of the magazine, on the island, rendered it to Modyford for his Majesty's account, and said that many of the guns had Queen Elizabeth's arms engraven on them.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: June 1666, no. 1216, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 16 June 1666, calendar pages 388 to 389; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  325. In the same letter Modyford states that he has yet only reproved Mansvelt for taking Providence without orders, and that he dare not go further than rebukes without his Majesty's express orders, lest he drive the privateers from the allegiance they now profess more than ever.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: June 1666, no. 1216, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 16 June 1666, calendar pages 388 to 389; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  326. In a letter of 21 August 1666 to the Duke of Albemarle, Modyford states that he has despatched Major Samuel Smith with a small supply of men to govern the Isle of Providence for his Majesty.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: August 1666, no. 1263, Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to the Duke of Albemarle, Jamaica, 21 August 1666, calendar page 405; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 133 (library file csp_v5_pp402-411.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  327. Henry Wasey, master of the Concord of 400 tons, deposed that he was seized with his ship lying at anchor in Portobello on 25 May 1666 and put in irons on pretence of being a spy, and that the Spaniards manned his ship and sailed her to Providence to retake the island.
    Sworn deposition in the calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: August 1668, no. 1827, Deposition of Henry Wasey, master of the Concord, 19 August 1668, calendar page 605; Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 43 (library file csp_v5_pp600-608.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  328. Robert Rawlinsone, Isaac Webber and Richard Cree deposed before Sir Thomas Modyford that on 1 August 1666 they espied six sail of Spanish men-of-war, that the Governor, Major Samuel Smith, commanded the inhabitants, in their words we were but one and fifty men, to keep in five or six forts on the Lesser Island, and that they fought the Spaniards four days until four forts were taken and they surrendered.
    Sworn deposition in the calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: October 1668, no. 1851 enclosure, Deposition of Robt. Rawlinsone, Isaac Webber, and Richard Cree, before Sir Thomas Modyford, calendar pages 616 to 617; Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 60 I. (library file csp_v5_pp615-622.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  329. Major Samuel Smith, late Governor of Providence, deposed on 19 August 1668 that he held the island in quiet possession by commission from Sir Thomas Modyford and that in August 1666 he was summoned to surrender by three Spanish vessels, a New England ketch taken from the English, and the English ship Concord of 30 guns commanded by Henry Wasey and manned by Spaniards, and that he refused.
    Sworn deposition in the calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: August 1668, no. 1826, Deposition of Major Samuel Smith, late Governor of Providence, 19 August 1668, calendar page 605; Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 42 (library file csp_v5_pp600-608.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  330. In a letter to the Duke of Albemarle of 14 January 1667 Sir Thomas Modyford reports, on the word of prisoners lately escaped from Porto Bello, that the Spaniards, having notice how weak the English party at Providence was, being but forty-eight, pressed the English ship Concord under Capt. Wasy and with other vessels manned with six hundred men recovered the island in three days.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: January 1667, no. 1383, Gov. Sir Thomas Modyford to the Duke of Albemarle, Jamaica, 14 January 1667, calendar page 441; Col. Papers, Vol. XXI., Nos. 5, 5 I. (library file csp_v5_pp437-444.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  331. Smith's deposition states that the enemy landed and that after three days' siege he was forced to surrender upon articles for good quarter, which the Spaniards did not in the least perform, the English, about forty, being immediately made prisoners.
    Sworn deposition in the calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: August 1668, no. 1826, Deposition of Major Samuel Smith, late Governor of Providence, 19 August 1668, calendar page 605; Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 42 (library file csp_v5_pp600-608.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  332. The Rawlinsone, Webber and Cree deposition states that after the English laid down their arms the Spaniards refused them the barque promised to carry them to Jamaica and carried them slaves to Porto Bello, where they were chained to the ground in a dungeon twelve foot by ten in which there were thirty-three prisoners.
    Sworn deposition in the calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: October 1668, no. 1851 enclosure, Deposition of Robt. Rawlinsone, Isaac Webber, and Richard Cree, before Sir Thomas Modyford, calendar pages 616 to 617; Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 60 I. (library file csp_v5_pp615-622.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  333. The same deposition states that the prisoners were forced to work in the water from five in the morning till seven at night, and at such a rate that the Spaniards confessed they made one of them do more work than any three enslaved men.
    Sworn deposition in the calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: October 1668, no. 1851 enclosure, Deposition of Robt. Rawlinsone, Isaac Webber, and Richard Cree, before Sir Thomas Modyford, calendar pages 616 to 617; Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 60 I. (library file csp_v5_pp615-622.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  334. Smith's deposition states that all the English except Sir Thomas Whetstone, the deponent and Captain Stanley, who were commanders, were forced to work in irons and chains at the Spaniards' forts with many stripes, that many had since died through want and ill-usage, and that the three commanders were sent to Panama and cast into a dungeon and bound in irons for seventeen months.
    Sworn deposition in the calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: August 1668, no. 1826, Deposition of Major Samuel Smith, late Governor of Providence, 19 August 1668, calendar page 605; Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 42 (library file csp_v5_pp600-608.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  335. A warrant of 12 December 1666 directed the clerk of the Crown to prepare a commission to Sir James Modyford giving him power to divide the island into lordships and manors and to grant letters of incorporation to towns.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: December 1666, no. 1349, Warrant to Thos. Agar, clerk to the Crown, 12 December 1666, calendar page 432; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 196 (library file csp_v5_pp428-437.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  336. In an undated memorandum for the Duke of Albemarle, calendared under November 1666, Sir James Modyford states that the Isle of Providence must be furnished from Jamaica or it may be lost, as it was in 1641, and asks how the fifty men now going are to be maintained and whether it were not better to allow pay at first until the island be better filled with planters.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: November 1666, no. 1327, Mem. by Sir James Modyford for the Duke of Albemarle, calendar page 427; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 182 (library file csp_v5_pp422-428.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  337. In a letter to Joseph Williamson of 29 July 1667 Sir James Modyford writes that it will be no news that Providence was retaken by the Spaniard long since, but that the English may certainly have it again if his Majesty pleases, and that he arrived at Jamaica on the fifteenth of that month.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 5, 1661 to 1668, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1880), America and West Indies: July 1667, no. 1536, Sir James Modyford to Williamson, Jamaica, 29 July 1667, calendar page 485; Col. Papers, Vol. XXI., No. 88 (library file csp_v5_pp478-490.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  338. In a letter to Sir Joseph Williamson of 19 May 1671 Sir James Modyford states that he has given a commission to one Col. Blodre Morgan, a good old soldier, to go before him to Providence Island as Deputy Governor, that Morgan may depart in four or five days in a ship hired on purpose, and that he may have three hundred men by the time he arrives at the island.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 7, 1669 to 1674, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1889), America and West Indies: May 1671, no. 534, Sir James Modyford to Sir Joseph Williamson, Jamaica, 19 May 1671, calendar page 219; Col. Papers, Vol. XXVI., No. 63 (library file csp_v7_pp209-222.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  339. In his signed relation of the Panama expedition, calendared under 20 April 1671, Henry Morgan states that the fleet sailed on 8 December, arrived at Old Providence on the 14th, and that on the 15th the Governor there submitted and was transported with his men to the main, four of his soldiers becoming guides to the English.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 7, 1669 to 1674, ed. W. Noel Sainsbury (London, 1889), America and West Indies: April 1671, no. 504, A true account and relation [by Henry Morgan] of this my last expedition against the Spaniards, calendar page 202; Col. Papers, Vol. XXVI., No. 51 (library file csp_v7_pp189-209.txt)On: Providence Island (Providencia)
  340. The calendar of Kidd's own narrative records the Adventure Galley sailing for the Cape of Good Hope, meeting four English men-of-war on 12 December, sailing a week in their company, then parting and sailing to Telere in Madagascar.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17, pp. 366-380, item 680 XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. Kidd, enclosed in Governor the Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 26 July 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, lines 88-90)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  341. The prize act of 1692 provides that a ship taken as prize in the East Indies, or in any place beyond the Cape of Good Hope, may be carried by her captors into any port or place where an English factory is established, put into the possession of the Governor or chief person of that factory, and kept there until condemnation by such persons as shall be lawfully commissioned.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 6, pp. 419-425, William and Mary, 1692: An Act for continuing the Acts For prohibiting all Trade and Commerce with France and for the encouragement of Privateers (chapter XXV), section XVII, Prizes in the East Indies, &c. to any English Port there (library file sr6_pp419-425.txt, lines 248-251)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  342. Governor Cranston of Rhode Island wrote to the Council of Trade and Plantations that as to Captain Want they did not know the man and had never seen his ship, and that William Mayes is the only man commissioned by that government who has been to the south of the Cape of Good Hope.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16, pp. 191-206, item 434, Governor Cranston to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Newport, Rhode Island, 8 May 1698, endorsed received and read 12 September 1698 (library file csp-col-v16-pp191-206.txt, line 99)On: The Cape of Good Hope
  343. Philip Middleton's evidence at the Every trial places the company's anchorage at Bobs Key, by the mouth of the Red Sea.
    Trial printThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), The evidence of Philip Middleton at the trial of 31 October 1696 (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, line 1370)On: The Red Sea
  344. Joseph Palmer deposed at Kidd's trial that they put in at a place called Mabbee in the Red Sea and took in water there, and corn that Kidd took from the natives.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), The evidence of Joseph Palmer (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, lines 2619-2620)On: The Red Sea
  345. John Dann's evidence at the Every trial states that they came up into the Red Sea in a little time and came to an anchor at Bobs Key.
    Trial printThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), The evidence of John Dann at the trial of 31 October 1696 (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, line 1212)On: The Red Sea
  346. The abstract of the Every trial states that the company were informed the next day that the fleet had gone by them, called a council, agreed to follow, and came up with one of the ships, of about 250 tons.
    Trial printThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the abstract of the trial of Friday 6 November 1696 (library file every_tryals_1696.txt).On: The Red Sea
  347. John Dann's evidence at the Every trial states that about three days after they made land they came up with one of the fleet, of about two or three hundred tons.
    Trial printThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), The evidence of John Dann at the trial of 31 October 1696 (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1222-1223)On: The Red Sea
  348. Robert Bradinham deposed at Kidd's trial that Kidd went to Babs Key and lay there three weeks looking for the Moco fleet.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), The evidence of Robert Bradinham (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, lines 4309-4311)On: The Red Sea
  349. The summing-up at Kidd's trial states that they had expectations of the Moco fleet that lay at Moco and sent out to get intelligence of it three times.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), The summing-up of the evidence (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, line 3737)On: The Red Sea
  350. Joseph Palmer deposed at Kidd's trial that when Kidd came to Babs Key he ordered his men to look out on the highlands.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), The evidence of Joseph Palmer (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, line 6413)On: The Red Sea
  351. Robert Bradinham deposed at Kidd's trial that the boat brought word that fourteen or fifteen ships were there, and that when Kidd had fetched up with them he found they were under convoy.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), The evidence of Robert Bradinham (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, lines 2069-2075)On: The Red Sea
  352. Joseph Palmer deposed at Kidd's trial that among the ships there was a great ship with red colours ready to sail.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), The evidence of Joseph Palmer (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, line 6418)On: The Red Sea
  353. Joseph Palmer deposed at Kidd's trial that in the morning Kidd went among the ships and fired at them, but took none of them.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), The evidence of Joseph Palmer (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, line 6427)On: The Red Sea
  354. The summing-up at Kidd's trial states that the company stayed at Babs Key about three weeks in expectation of meeting with the Moco fleet, which he intended to make a prize.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), The summing-up of the evidence (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, line 6807)On: The Red Sea
  355. The Earl of Bellomont reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 18 May 1698 that the pirates who had given the greatest disturbance in the Red Sea and the East Indies had either been fitted from New York or from Rhode Island and manned at New York, and that the ships commanded by Mason, Tew, Glover and Hore had their commissions from the Governor of New York, the last three from Colonel Fletcher.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 16 (1697-1698), Item 473, Governor the Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, New York, 18 May 1698, calendar page 224 (library file csp-col-v16-pp217-234.txt, line 106)On: The Red Sea
  356. Bellomont reported that Tew, Glover and Hore received their commissions from Colonel Fletcher when they had no ship within the Government of New York, and that they were permitted to raise men in New York with the open design of being bound to the Red Sea.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697-1698), item 473, Governor the Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, New York, 18 May 1698, calendar page 225.On: The Red Sea
  357. Colonel Fletcher, answering the charges against him, stated that he never knew nor heard that any of the men he had commissioned intended for the Red Sea or had ever been there, except Tew, who openly vowed and protested never to return thither again.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 16 (1697-1698), Colonel Fletcher's answer to the charges made against him, December 1698, calendar page 586 (library file csp-col-v16-pp578-594.txt, line 392)On: The Red Sea
  358. Captain John Evans deposed on 3 January 1699 that he had heard an affidavit read before the Governor and Council of New York in which Edward Taylor stated that he and company had been roving in the Red Sea and taken much spoil from the subjects of the Mogul, and returning with the ship Jacob had bargained with William Nicoll and Governor Fletcher to obtain protection for money.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), America and West Indies, January 1699, 1-14, item 8, Deposition of Capt. John Evans, 3 January 1699 (library file csp-col-v17-pp1-19.txt, lines 226-228)On: The Red Sea
  359. Captain John Evans deposed that Edward Taylor afterwards owned to him that he had never changed a word with Colonel Fletcher in his life, and that what he had sworn was extorted from him by fear, threats and promises of favour.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), America and West Indies, January 1699, 1-14, item 8, Deposition of Capt. John Evans, 3 January 1699 (library file csp-col-v17-pp1-19.txt, line 228)On: The Red Sea
  360. The Act to settle the trade to Africa recites that the forts and castles then on the coast of Africa had been and still were maintained at the sole cost and charge of the present Royal African Company of England.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7: William III, 1697-8, An Act to settle the Trade to Africa (chapter XXVI), preamble to section I.On: The Royal African Company
  361. The same Act binds the Company from 24 June 1698 to maintain, support and defend all such forts and castles as it then held or should afterwards purchase or erect.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7: William III, 1697-8, An Act to settle the Trade to Africa (chapter XXVI), section I.On: The Royal African Company
  362. Alexander Cleeve wrote to the Company from James Island in Gambia in June 1688 that he had put himself in a state of defence until a French man of war sailed away, and that she then met the Company's ship Lady Mary at Goffoda and treacherously captured her.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 12 (1685-1688), item 1,803, Alexander Cleeve to the Royal African Company, James Island, Gambia, 20 June 1688.On: The Royal African Company
  363. The Act opened the African trade between Cape Mount and the Cape of Good Hope to all subjects as well as to the Company, on payment of a duty of ten pounds per centum ad valorem on the goods exported.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 393-397, William III, 1697-8, An Act to settle the Trade to Africa (9 and 10 Will. III c. 26), the enacting clause opening the Cape Mount to Cape of Good Hope stretch.On: The Royal African Company
  364. The Act gives every subject trading to the coast and paying the duty the same protection, security and defence for person, ship and goods from the forts and castles as the Company had, with liberty to settle factories of his own within the limits without hindrance or molestation from the Company or its agents.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7: William III, 1697-8, An Act to settle the Trade to Africa (chapter XXVI), section XIV.On: The Royal African Company
  365. The Act appropriates the duties to the forts and castles and requires the account of them to be kept in a book lying open at the African House in London, to be perused at all seasonable times by all persons trading to Africa.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7: William III, 1697-8, An Act to settle the Trade to Africa (chapter XXVI), section XVI.On: The Royal African Company
  366. The Act was to continue in force thirteen years and from thence to the end of the next session of Parliament and no longer.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7: William III, 1697-8, An Act to settle the Trade to Africa (chapter XXVI), section XXI.On: The Royal African Company
  367. The same Act requires the Company to supply its forts and castles with men, artillery, ammunition and provision and all other necessaries and incident charges.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7: William III, 1697-8, An Act to settle the Trade to Africa (chapter XXVI), section I.On: The Royal African Company
  368. Sir Thomas Lynch wrote from Jamaica in June 1684 that the Royal Company now began to supply the island well, two ships lying in port with seven hundred enslaved people aboard.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 11 (1681-1685), item 1,759, Sir Thomas Lynch to the Lord President of the Council, Jamaica, 20 June 1684.On: The Royal African Company
  369. In the same letter Lynch wrote that interloping would entirely cease if the Lords of the Admiralty ordered their captains to seize interlopers, and that the African Company ought to have a man of war on the coast of Africa also.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 11 (1681-1685), item 1,759, Lynch to the Lord President of the Council, 20 June 1684.On: The Royal African Company
  370. The Act forbids any governor, deputy governor or judge in the American plantations to be a factor or agent for the Company in the sale or disposal of any negroes, on forfeit of five hundred pounds.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7: William III, 1697-8, An Act to settle the Trade to Africa (chapter XXVI), section XX.On: The Royal African Company
  371. Governor Sir William Beeston reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 5 December 1698 that the clause had reached Jamaica and put the island in such disorder that he saw nothing but that law and justice must cease among them, and the King's authority with them, several officers having resigned already.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697-1698), item 1,028, Governor Sir William Beeston to Council of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 5 December 1698.On: The Royal African Company
  372. The indictment of John Jessop at Cape Coast Castle charges that the Hannibal brigantine, belonging to the Royal African Company, was violently and unlawfully wrested from John Wingfield and others sailing in the Company's service.
    Trial printA Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), the indictment of John Jessop.On: The Royal African Company
  373. Thomas Castles deposed on oath that on 5 January, about two leagues from Assinee, the Diligence sloop belonging to the African Company was taken by Roberts and his consort.
    Trial printA Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), the trial of Richard Hardy, deposition of Thomas Castles.On: The Royal African Company
  374. On 11 April 1700 the King came into the House of Lords arrayed in his regal robes and crown, attended with his officers of state, ascended his royal throne and sent the Deputy Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod to command the Commons to attend him presently.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, vol. 16, 11 April 1700, printed pp. 577-580On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  375. Among the bills passed on 11 April 1700 the fourteenth was an Act to punish Governors of Plantations in this Kingdom, for Crimes committed by them in the Plantations, and the fifteenth an Act for the more effectual Suppression of Piracy.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, vol. 16, 11 April 1700, printed pp. 577-580On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  376. The royal assent to those bills was pronounced severally by the Clerk of the Parliaments in the words Le Roy le veult.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, vol. 16, 11 April 1700, printed pp. 577-580On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  377. The Whitehall notice printed in the London Gazette of 17 September 1717 states that complaint had been made to the King by great numbers of merchants, masters of ships and others, and by the several governors of his islands and plantations in the West Indies, that the pirates were grown so numerous that they infested the seas near Jamaica and even those of the northern continent of America.
    Official gazette printThe London Gazette, issue 5573, 14 to 17 September 1717On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  378. The same notice states that the King had acted upon mature deliberation in Council.
    Official gazette printThe London Gazette, issue 5573, 14 to 17 September 1717On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  379. The proclamation for suppressing of pirates states that the King issued it by and with the advice of his Privy Council, having already appointed such a force as he judged sufficient.
    Royal proclamationThe London Gazette, issue 5573, 14 to 17 September 1717On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  380. The proclamation required surrender in or before the fifth day of September 1718 and pardoned piracies committed before the fifth day of January next ensuing.
    Royal proclamationThe London Gazette, issue 5573, 14 to 17 September 1717On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  381. The proclamation set the reward for taking a pirate who would not surrender at forty pounds for every lieutenant, master, boatswain, carpenter and gunner, thirty pounds for every inferior officer and twenty pounds for every private man.
    Royal proclamationThe London Gazette, issue 5573, 14 to 17 September 1717On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  382. The proclamation promised two hundred pounds to any man of a pirate crew who seized and delivered his own commander so that he was brought to justice and convicted, and required the Lord Treasurer or the Commissioners of the Treasury for the time being to pay.
    Royal proclamationThe London Gazette, issue 5573, 14 to 17 September 1717On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  383. The official Gazette print sets the head of the reward scale against every commander of any pirate ship.
    Official gazette printThe London Gazette, issue 5573, 14 to 17 September 1717On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  384. The proclamation is dated at the court at Hampton Court on the fifth day of September 1717, in the fourth year of the reign.
    Royal proclamationThe London Gazette, issue 5573, 14 to 17 September 1717On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  385. A second royal proclamation in the same form moved the day of surrender to the first day of July 1719 and again named one of the Principal Secretaries of State in Great Britain or Ireland, or a governor or deputy governor of the plantations, as the officer to receive it.
    Royal proclamationThe London Gazette, issue 5706, December 1718On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  386. The Virginia council read the Duke of Shrewsbury's letter of 25 September 1697 on 1 June 1698 and gave orders then for publishing the royal proclamation against pirates.
    Calendared colonial council minuteCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16, item 533, Minutes of Council of Virginia, 1 June 1698On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  387. The Privy Council's letter about the pirate Henry Every was read in the Maryland council on 10 June 1697 and sent down to the Delegates, the same sitting asking whether the militia as then armed were a sufficient land force.
    Calendared colonial council minuteCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 15, Minutes of Council of Maryland, 10 June 1697On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  388. The Maryland council agreed to ask the Council of Trade to send several copies of any proclamations in future.
    Calendared colonial council minuteCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16, Minutes of Council of Maryland, 1 July 1698On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  389. Lt. Governor Bennett of Bermuda, having received some of the King's proclamations relating to the pirates, sent a sloop with them to Providence on 19 December, where he was told they were accepted with great joy, there being near three hundred pirates there.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, item 345, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 3 February 1718On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  390. Peter Heywood sent two vessels out of Jamaica with the King's proclamation of pardon; one came up with Hornigold and one or two more of his consorts, who sent in their resolution in writing, and six of them came in with it.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, item 357, Peter Heywood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Jamaica, 7 February 1718On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  391. Spotswood asked the Council of Trade and Plantations whether the remitting of all forfeitures was intended only to restore pardoned pirates to the estates they had before their piracies, or to grant them a property also in the effects they had piratically taken.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, no. 800, Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and PlantationsOn: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  392. Lt. Governor Hope reported that on 2 September one Mr Jones, a merchant, arrived at Bermuda from London and at the next council day presented him with an Order of the Lords Justices signed by Temple Stanyan repealing the Act for the five per cent duty.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33, item 741, Lt. Governor Hope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 11 November 1723On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  393. Hope did not doubt the order an authentic copy, but it was directed to nobody, so no manner of notice was taken of it.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33, item 741, Lt. Governor Hope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 11 November 1723On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  394. Hope told the Council of Trade and Plantations in the same letter that he did not find in his instructions that he could execute any orders but such as were transmitted to him by His Majesty's Secretary of State or by their Lordships.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33, item 741, Lt. Governor Hope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 11 November 1723On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  395. The Council of Trade and Plantations ordered on 10 June 1697 that notice be given to the Clerks of the Privy Council to send the Orders in Council either sealed or signed.
    Calendared board journalCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 15, Journal of Council of Trade and Plantations, 10 June 1697On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  396. On 19 May 1716 Mr Secretary Stanhope signified the King's pleasure to the Council of Trade and Plantations that it forthwith prepare the draft of a commission determining, annulling and superseding the former commission granted to Lord Archibald Hamilton, and appointing Peter Heywood to the government of Jamaica.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29, no. 158, Mr. Secretary Stanhope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Whitehall, 19 May 1716On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  397. Stanhope's letter states that several abuses had been committed of late under the covert of commissions granted by Lord Archibald Hamilton, to the prejudice of the treaties between this Crown and that of Spain.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29, no. 158, Mr. Secretary Stanhope to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Whitehall, 19 May 1716On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  398. An Order of the Lords Justices in Council of 6 August 1723 repealed three Acts of Jamaica, among them the Act for making His Majesty's revenue perpetual, and directed that a letter to Governor the Duke of Portland be transmitted to the King and sent to the Duke under the sign manual.
    Calendared order in councilCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33, item 676, Order of Lords Justices in Council, Whitehall, 6 August 1723On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  399. Mr Secretary Walpole wrote to Lord Carteret on 13 August 1723 that he was directed by the enclosed Order in Council to transmit to the King the report of the Lords of the Committee of Council upon three Acts passed by the Duke of Portland in Jamaica.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33, item 681, Mr. Secretary Walpole to Lord Carteret, Whitehall, 13 August 1723On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  400. On 14 August 1723 the Lords of the Committee of Council for hearing appeals and complaints from the Plantations took into consideration a representation referred to them by the Lords Justices proposing the removal of Thomas Brooke from the Council of Bermuda.
    Calendared order in councilCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33, item 682, Order of the Lords of the Committee of Council for hearing appeals and complaints from the Plantations, 14 August 1723On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  401. Benjamin Fletcher, governor of New York, reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 22 June 1697 that he had given Captain Tew a commission and instructions after Tew told him he had a sloop well manned and gave bond to fight the French at the mouth of Canada river.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 15, no. 1,098, Governor Fletcher to the Council of Trade and Plantations, New York, 22 June 1697On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  402. Benjamin Fletcher petitioned the Council of Trade and Plantations that he understood by common fame that it had laid a very heavy representation against him before the Lords Justices and Privy Council in October, and that their Lordships had directed that he should be heard in his defence.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16, item 1,040, Petition of Benjamin Fletcher to the Council of Trade and Plantations, December 1698On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  403. The Council of Trade and Plantations reported to the King on 9 March 1699 that the Lords Justices in Council had ordered it, upon its representation of 19 October last, to hear Colonel Fletcher upon the complaints made against him.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17, item 167, Council of Trade and Plantations to the King, Whitehall, 9 March 1699On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  404. The Council of Trade and Plantations reported to the Lords Justices on 4 August 1699 that Colonel William Markham, acting as lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania for Mr Penn, had not the King's approbation as the Act for preventing frauds required.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17, item 694, Council of Trade and Plantations to the Lords Justices, 4 August 1699On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  405. The same report states that Markham had received presents from some pirates and had considerable effects of others in his hands.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17, item 694, Council of Trade and Plantations to the Lords Justices, 4 August 1699On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  406. The Council of Trade and Plantations resolved on 18 August 1699 to consider depositions sent to it by Mr Secretary Vernon when it had notice what had been resolved by the Lords Justices upon its last representation about pirates in Pennsylvania and West New Jersey.
    Calendared board journalCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17, item 722, Journal of Council of Trade and Plantations, Whitehall, 18 August 1699On: The Privy Council and the Secretaries of State
  407. The first indictment of 1696 lays the taking of the Gunsway upon the high seas ten leagues from the Cape St. Johns near Surat.
    Trial printThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate (London, 1696), the first indictment (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 126-128)On: Surat
  408. The 1696 indictment for the Moorish ship taken on 28 September 1695 lays that taking in a place forty leagues distant from Surat.
    Trial printThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson and others (London, 1696), the reading of the two indictments before Dr Newton's address to the jury (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 2335-2337)On: Surat
  409. A memorandum by Under-Secretary Williamson on the West Indies, calendared under 1667 and indorsed as taken from Major Scott's mouth, lists Tortuga among the French islands with the note that it was lost by us in 1654 and sold to the French by one Watts, governor there.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5, 1661-1668, item 1661, memorandum by Under-Secretary Williamson relating to the West Indies, indorsed 'From Major Scott's mouth', p. 534 (library file csp_v5_pp520-534.txt)On: Tortuga
  410. Governor Sir Thomas Modyford wrote to Lord Arlington from Jamaica on 5 June 1666 that he would be forced to continue the encouragement begun to the privateers, and thereby lessen the numbers of the French at Tortudos.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5, 1661-1668, item 1209, Gov. Sir Thos. Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 5 June 1666, pp. 384-385 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Tortuga
  411. Governor Sir Thomas Modyford reported to the Duke of Albemarle on 8 June 1666 that two ships of the fleet that had been bound for Curacao were gone to Tortuga, and that the other four, joining with two French rovers, were gone to attempt the retaking of the island of Providence.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5, 1661-1668, item 1213, Governor Sir Thos. Modyford to the Duke of Albemarle, Jamaica, 8 June 1666, p. 387 (library file csp_v5_pp384-392.txt)On: Tortuga
  412. Governor Sir Thomas Modyford told the Duke of Albemarle on 21 August 1666 that his brother would show him a letter from David Marteene, the best man of Tortuga, who had two ships with a hundred and sixty men and would bring both in.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5, 1661-1668, item 1263, Governor Sir Thos. Modyford to the Duke of Albemarle, Jamaica, 21 August 1666, pp. 405-406 (library file csp_v5_pp402-411.txt)On: Tortuga
  413. A paper of 1666 arguing that the private men-of-war were advantageous to Jamaica states that Captains David Martin and Murran and divers of the English privateers, on the news that the commissions against the Spaniards were called in, resolved never to return to Jamaica unless there were a war, but daily preyed upon the Spaniards from Tortuga.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5, 1661-1668, item 1265, Reasons why the private men-of-war are advantageous to the Island of Jamaica, 1666, pp. 407-408 (library file csp_v5_pp402-411.txt)On: Tortuga
  414. The Council of Jamaica resolved at St. Jago de la Vega on 19 December 1666 that it was imprudent to attempt the French at Tortuga and Hispaniola, there being nothing to be got by it, the French leaving Tortuga as unhealthy, and the island not worth keeping.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5, 1661-1668, item 1357, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, St. Jago de la Vega, 19 December 1666, pp. 433-434 (library file csp_v5_pp428-437.txt)On: Tortuga
  415. The same minute of the Council of Jamaica of 19 December 1666 instructed the commanders of the men-of-war to receive into their ships all buccaneers of the Protestant religion and others who would take the oath of fidelity to the King, and to be industrious to disable the rest of all barques, boats and vessels whatsoever.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5, 1661-1668, item 1357, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, St. Jago de la Vega, 19 December 1666, pp. 433-434 (library file csp_v5_pp428-437.txt)On: Tortuga
  416. The same minute of the Council of Jamaica of 19 December 1666 directed that the General second his declaration in favour of the buccaneers and put the whole fault and miscarriage on Ogeron, whom the councillors describe as an agent of the Royal Company of France intending to keep them from trade with any but their ships.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5, 1661-1668, item 1357, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, St. Jago de la Vega, 19 December 1666, pp. 433-434 (library file csp_v5_pp428-437.txt)On: Tortuga
  417. A brief account of the loss of the ship Hope, taken near Hispaniola on 8 November 1667 by the French man-of-war Fortune, records that on 6 December the Governor of Jamaica sent her master and some of her company to Tortuga to demand of the Governor, M. Ogeron, and of Captain Champaine the restoration of ship, goods and damages, and that the ship and a few of the servants and goods were delivered up.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 5, 1661-1668, item 1907, Brief account of the loss of the ship Hope in 1667, calendared under 1668, p. 641 (library file csp_v5_pp629-642.txt)On: Tortuga
  418. Sir Thomas Lynch wrote from Jamaica to Lord Arlington on 29 November 1671 that he had pressed the Governor of Tortuga to send down Thurstone and Diego, whom he calls two of our men-of-war.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 7, 1669-1674, item 663, Sir Thos. Lynch to Sec. Lord Arlington, Jamaica, 29 November 1671, p. 276 (library file csp_v7_pp271-282.txt)On: Tortuga
  419. Sir Thomas Lynch reported from Jamaica on 20 June 1684 that a new Governor, Monsieur Cussy, had arrived at Petit Guavos, and that he had asked him to forbid his subjects at Isle des Vaches to receive or succour pirates and to return a sloop of Captain Kempthorn's that they had surprised at Tortugas.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 11, 1681-1685, item 1759, Sir Thomas Lynch to the Lord President of the Council, Jamaica, 20 June 1684, pp. 656-658 (library file csp_v11_pp645-664.txt)On: Tortuga
  420. Colonel Hender Molesworth wrote to the Earl of Shrewsbury on 17 April 1689 that Jamaica was close to Tortudos, Petit Guavos and the Isle of Ash, where French privateers abounded and could reach it in two days.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689-1692, item 74, Colonel Hender Molesworth to the Earl of Shrewsbury, 17 April 1689, pp. 22-23 (library file csp_v13_pp20-33.txt)On: Tortuga
  421. The report of the Lords of Trade and Plantations of 26 April 1689, entered on the Order of the King in Council of 2 May 1689, states that the northern part of Hispaniola, the Islands of Ash, Petit Guavos and Tortugas are inhabited by the French and harbour many privateers.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689-1692, item 102, Order of the King in Council, Hampton Court, 2 May 1689, reciting the report of the Lords of Trade and Plantations of 26 April 1689, p. 34 (library file csp_v13_pp34-39.txt)On: Tortuga
  422. A memorial of the merchants trading to Jamaica, received on 26 July 1689, states that the French could sail to Jamaica in twenty-four hours from Petit Guavos or Tortugas, which were but thirty leagues away.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 13, 1689-1692, item 298, Memorial of the merchants trading to Jamaica, received from Col. Beckford 26 July 1689, p. 108 (library file csp_v13_pp100-113.txt)On: Tortuga
  423. Governor Kendall wrote from Barbados on 22 August 1690 that the island was the beautifullest spot of ground he ever saw, that the people were very industrious, and that sugar, cotton and ginger were the three staple commodities but sugar was what they depended on.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 13, 1689-1692, ed. J. W. Fortescue (London, 1901), August 1690, no. 1,034, Governor Kendall to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Barbados, 22 August 1690, read on British History Online (library file csp_v13_pp301-317.txt)On: Barbados
  424. At the Council of Barbados on 18 December 1688 the Lieutenant-Governor delivered the Assembly three bills, for securing possession of negroes, to regulate outcries, and to prevent depopulation of the island.
    Calendared council minutesCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 12, 1685-1688 and Addenda 1653-1687, ed. J. W. Fortescue (London, 1899), read on British History Online (library file csp_v12_pp620-623.txt), December 1688, no. 1,953, Minutes of Council of Barbados, 18 December 1688, Col. Entry Bk., Vol. XII., pp. 105-109On: Barbados
  425. Governor Kendall wrote on 22 August 1690 that a recent tax on negroes made their numbers exceed six hundred thousand and that the whites were not above twenty thousand men, women and children, a pair of figures no other paper read for this record supports.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 13, 1689-1692, ed. J. W. Fortescue (London, 1901), August 1690, no. 1,034, Governor Kendall to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Barbados, 22 August 1690, read on British History Online (library file csp_v13_pp301-317.txt)On: Barbados
  426. At the Council of Barbados on 15 May 1688 the King's letter of 22 January concerning pirates was read and the proclamation ordered to be published.
    Calendared council minutesCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 12, 1685-1688 and Addenda 1653-1687, ed. J. W. Fortescue (London, 1899), read on British History Online (library file csp_v12_pp539-550.txt), May 1688, no. 1,758, Minutes of Council of Barbados, 15 May 1688, Col. Entry Bk., Vol. XII., pp. 85-89On: Barbados
  427. At the Council of Barbados on 18 December 1688 payment was ordered for the gunner of Denmark fort.
    Calendared council minutesCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 12, 1685-1688 and Addenda 1653-1687, ed. J. W. Fortescue (London, 1899), read on British History Online (library file csp_v12_pp620-623.txt), December 1688, no. 1,953, Minutes of Council of Barbados, 18 December 1688, Col. Entry Bk., Vol. XII., pp. 105-109On: Barbados
  428. In the arraignment as it is printed he is named Stede Bonnet, alias Edwards, alias Thomas, late of Barbadoes, mariner.
    Period narrative reprinting the trial recordA General History of the Pyrates (London, 1724), Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew, read in the Project Gutenberg text 40580, with The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates behind it, library text lines 3105-3113On: Barbados
  429. Jonathan Bull, commander of the ship Christiana of Boston, deposed at Antigua on 17 January 1718/19 that on 5 December he was taken and plundered off Barbados by a pirate brigantine of twelve guns and about ninety men commanded by Edward England, and that an hour before they had taken and sunk a sloop belonging to Col. Lesley of Barbados, a force John Bois of the Wade frigate contradicted at the same place on 24 February with twenty-six guns, four swivel guns and about 130 white men besides about 50 Spaniards, negroes and Indians.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717-1718, ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1930), December 1718, 11-19, no. 797 iv, deposition of Jonathan Bull, Antigua, 17 January 1718/19, read on British History Online (library file csp-col-v30-pp404-424.txt)On: Barbados
  430. Bull further swore that the night following his own taking the pirates took a vessel bound to Barbados from Guinea with 250 enslaved people aboard.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717-1718, ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1930), no. 797 iv, deposition of Jonathan Bull, commander of the Christiana of Boston, Antigua, 17 January 1718/19On: Barbados
  431. John Bois, carpenter of the Wade frigate, deposed at Antigua on 24 February 1718/19 that the same commander, Edward England, had twenty-six guns and four swivel guns and about 130 white men with about 50 Spaniards, negroes and Indians, a count that cannot stand with the twelve guns and about ninety men Jonathan Bull had sworn to on 17 January.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 30, 1717-1718, ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1930), no. 797 ii, deposition of John Bois, carpenter of the Wade frigate, Antigua, 24 February 1718/19On: Barbados
  432. Governor Worsley wrote to the Council of Trade and Plantations from Barbados on 24 November 1723 that he had heard the complaint of Sir Richard Davers against four members of Council.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 33, 1722-1723, ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1934), November 1723, no. 754 and no. 754 i, Governor Worsley to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Barbados, 24 November 1723, read on British History Online (library file csp-col-v33-pp355-372.txt)On: Barbados
  433. In dismissing the petition Worsley wrote that it had been proved by the minutes that the councillors complained of had consented to several Acts of Government which Mr. Lowther was censured for.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 33, 1722-1723, ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1934), November 1723, no. 754 and no. 754 i, Governor Worsley to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Barbados, 24 November 1723, read on British History Online (library file csp-col-v33-pp355-372.txt)On: Barbados
  434. The Lords Proprietors of Carolina told their governor in June 1684 that several lewd persons of various nations had got together in America and were committing piracies on the King's subjects, and that they might try to use some port in Carolina where they were not known.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 11 (1681-1685), item 1722, Lords Proprietors of Carolina to Governor Sir R. Kyrle, 3 June 1684 (library file csp_v11_pp645-664.txt, line 43)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  435. The same letter directed him, since a governor could not always be in Charlestown and the town was liable to surprise by pirates as had lately happened at Providence, to commission a regular governor for Charlestown answerable for its defence, with power to call out the militia.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 11 (1681-1685), item 1722, Lords Proprietors of Carolina to Governor Sir R. Kyrle, 3 June 1684 (library file csp_v11_pp645-664.txt, line 43)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  436. The same letter reported that everyone told the proprietors Charlestown was unhealthily situated and had no good water, so that all who landed there fell sick, and directed the governor to search out another site for a port town on Cooper River and reserve it.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 11 (1681-1685), item 1722, Lords Proprietors of Carolina to Governor Sir R. Kyrle, 3 June 1684 (library file csp_v11_pp645-664.txt, line 43)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  437. The same letter records that the proprietors had often recommended the building of towns to the people of Carolina but in vain, and that one or two villages would suffice to show the convenience of it.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 11 (1681-1685), item 1722, Lords Proprietors of Carolina to Governor Sir R. Kyrle, 3 June 1684 (library file csp_v11_pp645-664.txt, line 43)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  438. When the Lords Proprietors divided Berkeley county into election precincts on 18 October 1690, the first precinct ran from Charlestown to Goose Creek between the rivers Ashley and Cooper, and Charlestown precinct returned four members of the ten.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13 (1689-1692), item 1,119, Lords Proprietors of Carolina to the Governor and Deputies of Ashley River, 18 October 1690 (library file csp_v13_pp325-338.txt, line 116)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  439. Thomas Cutler reported that he arrived at Charlestown in Carolina on 4 December and found the friends he applied to there rebuilding their houses after a great loss by the late fire.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699), item 530A, Thomas Cutler to the Council of Trade and Plantations, June 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp283-291.txt, line 95)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  440. Robert Daniell, Deputy Governor of South Carolina, swore in Council on 14 July 1716 that Captain Howard, Colonel Rhett and a party carrying arms and hand grenades had come on board a sloop, broken open her hatches and begun taking out the goods.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), item 267, Deposition of Robert Daniell, Deputy Governor of South Carolina, sworn in Council 14 July 1716 (library file csp-col-v29-pp139-159.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  441. Daniell swore in the same deposition that he sent for Captain Porter and the town captains, ordered the flag out at Granville's Bastion, guns to be loaded and the companies called to arms, and believed about 140 men were instantly under arms.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), item 267, Deposition of Robert Daniell, Deputy Governor of South Carolina, sworn in Council 14 July 1716 (library file csp-col-v29-pp139-159.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  442. The same deposition opens with Daniell's renewal of Captain Mathew Musson's commission to take pirates, Musson intending to cruise about Cape Florida, which Daniell called a station now much frequented by pirates.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), item 267, Deposition of Robert Daniell, Deputy Governor of South Carolina, sworn in Council 14 July 1716 (library file csp-col-v29-pp139-159.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  443. The Governor and Council of South Carolina told London on 12 December 1718 that the province had in the past year shipped off 32,000 barrels of tar, 2,643 barrels of pitch and 473 barrels of turpentine, all stores very useful for the King's Navy.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 787, Governor and Council of South Carolina to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 12 December 1718; C.O. 5, 1265. No. 119 (library file csp-col-v30-pp404-424.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  444. Governor Robert Johnson wrote from Charles Towne on 18 June 1718 of the unspeakable calamity the province suffered from pirates and asked the Council of Trade and Plantations for a frigate or two to cruise upon them.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 556, Governor Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Charles Towne, South Carolina, 18 June 1718 (library file csp-col-v30-pp264-287.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  445. Johnson wrote in the same letter that twice in the nine months since he came the pirates had lain off the bar of the port, taking and plundering all ships that went out or came in.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 556, Governor Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Charles Towne, South Carolina, 18 June 1718 (library file csp-col-v30-pp264-287.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  446. Johnson reported in the same letter that about fourteen days before he wrote, four sail of the pirates appeared in sight of the town and took the pilot boat, and afterwards eight or nine sail with several of the best inhabitants of the place on board.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 556, Governor Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Charles Towne, South Carolina, 18 June 1718 (library file csp-col-v30-pp264-287.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  447. Johnson reported in the same letter that the pirates sent him word that unless he immediately sent a chest of medicines they would put every prisoner to death, that he complied for the prisoners' sakes, and that the prisoners were plundered of all they had and sent ashore almost naked.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 556, Governor Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Charles Towne, South Carolina, 18 June 1718 (library file csp-col-v30-pp264-287.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  448. Johnson reported in the same letter that the company was commanded by one Teach alias Blackbeard, with a ship of forty odd guns under him and three sloop tenders besides, above four hundred men in all.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 556, Governor Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Charles Towne, South Carolina, 18 June 1718 (library file csp-col-v30-pp264-287.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  449. The Governor and Council reported on 12 December 1718 that their fears of further insults had proved too true, that they had been blocked up with several ships taken in sight of the town, and that the Governor pressed several ships and vessels and fitted them out at very great expense to remove them.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 787, Governor and Council of South Carolina to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 12 December 1718; C.O. 5, 1265. No. 119 (library file csp-col-v30-pp404-424.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  450. The same letter reports that the Governor went himself in person, took a ship and a sloop and killed twenty-six men, among whom was one Worley the commander, and says nothing of any trial of that company.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 787, Governor and Council of South Carolina to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 12 December 1718; C.O. 5, 1265. No. 119 (library file csp-col-v30-pp404-424.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  451. The Governor and Council's letter of 12 December 1718 refers back to their letter of 21 October, which laid before the Council of Trade and Plantations the action of taking Major Stede Bonnet and his crew at Cape Fear by Colonel William Rhett.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 787, Governor and Council of South Carolina to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 12 December 1718; C.O. 5, 1265. No. 119 (library file csp-col-v30-pp404-424.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  452. The letter of 12 December 1718 is subscribed by six men, in the order Robert Johnson, A. Skene, Nicholas Trott, Thomas Broughton, Charles Hart and Francis Yonge.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), item 787, Governor and Council of South Carolina to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 12 December 1718; C.O. 5, 1265. No. 119 (library file csp-col-v30-pp404-424.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  453. Governor Johnson wrote from Charles Towne on 27 December 1719 that the people had one step after another and at last with one accord disclaimed any obedience to the Lords Proprietors, and that his honour would not permit him to accept the government in any other manner than as he was commissioned.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 31 (1719-1720), item 497, Governor Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Charles Towne, S. Carolina, 27 December 1719 (library file csp-col-v31-pp272-292.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  454. Johnson reported in the same letter that the people had elected another man, who had taken it upon him to hold the government in the King's name alone until the King's pleasure should be further known.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 31 (1719-1720), item 497, Governor Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Charles Towne, S. Carolina, 27 December 1719 (library file csp-col-v31-pp272-292.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  455. Johnson set down in the same letter that the poor profits of the government, the extraordinary expense he was at in suppressing several pirates and the short time of his being there had left him out of pocket by holding it.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 31 (1719-1720), item 497, Governor Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Charles Towne, S. Carolina, 27 December 1719 (library file csp-col-v31-pp272-292.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  456. Daniel Bell wrote from Charles Town on 4 March 1719/20, in expectation of a Spanish attack, that there were several very good ships in the place and between four and five hundred sailors, that the people did not fear the Spaniards in the least, and that the fortifications were much out of repair.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32 (1720-1721), item 9, Daniel Bell to William Wragg, merchant in London, Charles Town, 4 March 1719/20 (library file csp_v32_pp1-21.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  457. Othniel Beale wrote from South Carolina on 4 March 1719/20 that his ship of sixteen guns had been impressed with three others of eighteen guns, to receive the enemy soon after they entered the harbour, with a fireship.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32 (1720-1721), item 10, Othniel Beale to Samuel Waldo, merchant, South Carolina, 4 March 1719/20 (library file csp_v32_pp1-21.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  458. A letter from Carolina to Mr. Boone of 24 June 1720 reported that a periagua full of white men had lately gone from Charles Towne, which was supposed to be designed to turn pirates.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32 (1720-1721), item 125, [?] to Mr. Boone, Carolina, 24 June 1720 (library file csp_v32_pp44-60.txt)On: Charles Town (Charleston)
  459. The 1696 trial of Henry Every's men was held at sessions of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery for the jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England, at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey in the suburbs of the City of London.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the session heading printed at the head of the proceedings.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  460. The 1696 trial print records that the sentence was carried out at Execution Dock, which it calls the usual place for the execution of pirates.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the closing note following the judgment.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  461. The ordinary criminal sessions served by Newgate were held under the King's Commission of the Peace, and Oyer and Terminer, and Goal-Delivery of Newgate, for the City of London and County of Middlesex, at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey.
    Printed court proceedings (Old Bailey sessions paper)The Proceedings on the King's Commission of the Peace, and Oyer and Terminer, and Goal-Delivery of Newgate, held for the City of London and County of Middlesex, at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey, 10 and 11 July 1723, the heading of the printed proceedings.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  462. At the 1696 Admiralty sessions the clerk of arraigns directed the keeper of Newgate to set Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis and John Sparks to the bar.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the arraignment on the indictment for the Gunsway.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  463. An Act of Parliament charges the prison house, lands and gardens of the prison of the Marshal of the Marshalsea, with the offices and profits of the Marshalsea court and prison, to the parish of Saint George in the Borough of Southwark in the county of Surrey.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 8: a land tax Act of Queen Anne's reign, the proviso charging the King's Bench and Marshalsea prisons in the parish of Saint George, Southwark.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  464. At the 1696 Admiralty sessions Sir Charles Hedges, Lieutenant in the High Court of Admiralty of England and Judge of that court, sat with Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the list of commissioners in the session heading.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  465. At the opening of the 1696 Admiralty sessions the commission was read and proclamation made for attendance, after which the grand jury were called and sworn and received their charge from Sir Charles Hedges.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the account of the opening of the court.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  466. The Act for the more effectual suppression of piracy recites that persons committing piracies and robberies on the seas in or near the East and West Indies and in places very remote could not be brought to condign punishment without great trouble and charges in sending them into England to be tried within the realm.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), preamble to section I.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  467. The same Act was to be in force for seven years and to the end of the next session of Parliament after those seven years, and no longer.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section XIII.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  468. The same Act allowed the commissioners to issue warrants for seizing pirates and their confederates in the colonies and plantations in order to their being tried there or sent into England to be tried.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section XIV.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  469. The Act empowered the commissioners to assemble a court of admiralty on shipboard or upon the land as often as occasion required, and required that such a court consist of seven persons at the least.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section I.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  470. The Act allowed no person to sit and vote in such a court but known merchants, factors or planters, captains, lieutenants or warrant officers in the King's ships of war, or captains, masters or mates of some English ship.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section III.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  471. The Act required the president to swear in open court that he would truly and impartially try and adjudge the prisoners brought before him, and then to administer the same oath to every person who sat and voted on the trial.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section V, the oath of the president.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  472. The Act allowed a prisoner to have a witness cross-examined only by declaring to the court what questions he would have asked, the president then interrogating the witness accordingly, after which the prisoner was heard for himself and taken away into safe custody while all but the court and its officer of record withdrew.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section V.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  473. The Act required the president to collect the votes of those who sat and had voices in the court, beginning at the junior and ending with himself, sentence being given according to the plurality of voices and pronounced publicly.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section V.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  474. The Act required that the court's officer of record be a public notary, and that he transmit his minutes, with copies of all articles and judgments, to the High Court of Admiralty of England.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section VI.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  475. The Act required that persons attainted be put to death in such place upon the sea or within the ebbing or flowing thereof as the president or the major part of the court appointed by warrant directed to a provost marshal.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594: William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section V.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  476. The sentence passed on Every's men in 1696 was that they be taken from the bar to the place from whence they came, and from thence to the place of execution, and there hanged by the necks until dead.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the judgment delivered by the Judge of the Admiralty.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  477. The six men sentenced at Cape Corso Castle in April 1722 were adjudged to be carried to the place of execution without the gates of the castle and there within the flood marks hanged by the neck till they were dead, and afterwards taken down and their bodies hung in chains.
    Printed trial reportA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), the sentence against David Simpson, William Magnes, Richard Hardy, Thomas Sutton, Christopher Moody and Valentine Ashplant.On: Newgate, the Marshalsea and Admiralty Execution
  478. The Act for preventing frauds and regulating abuses in the plantation trade enacts that after 25 March 1698 no goods or merchandise whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any colony or plantation belonging to His Majesty, except in ships of English, Irish or plantation build wholly owned by the people of those places and navigated with the master and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 103-107, An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade (7 and 8 Will. III c. 22), section IOn: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  479. The same Act enacts that a governor or commander in chief who neglects to take the oath to observe the plantation trade laws, or is wittingly or willingly negligent in his duty, shall be removed from his government and forfeit one thousand pounds sterling.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 103-107, An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade (7 and 8 Will. III c. 22), section IIIOn: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  480. The same Act declares all laws, by-laws, usages or customs in practice in any of the plantations which are in any wise repugnant to it or to the trade laws it recites illegal, null and void to all intents and purposes whatsoever.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 103-107, An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade (7 and 8 Will. III c. 22), section VIIIOn: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  481. The same Act gives the officers who collect the revenue and inspect the plantation trade power to enter houses or warehouses to search for and seize prohibited or uncustomed goods, and makes those officers subject to the same penalties and forfeitures for corruptions, frauds, connivances or concealments as officers of the customs in England.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 103-107, An Act for preventing Frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade (7 and 8 Will. III c. 22), section VOn: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  482. Governor Kendall wrote to the Lords of Trade and Plantations from Barbados on 22 August 1690 that sugar, cotton and ginger were the three staple commodities but sugar was what they depended on, that the heavy tax laid on sugar in the late King's reign had been extremely destructive to the poor planters, and that twenty plantations were laid desolate by it.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 1,034, Governor Kendall to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Barbados, 22 August 1690, pp. 311-312On: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  483. In the same despatch Kendall wrote that the high price of freight and the scarcity of provisions caused by a long drought and by the war had caused great misery, and that unless the island were speedily relieved from Old or New England the commoner sort of people and the slaves must starve.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 1,034, Governor Kendall to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Barbados, 22 August 1690, pp. 311-312On: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  484. The address of the Council and Assembly of Jamaica to James II states that though some thousands of enslaved Africans had been imported into the island by the Royal African Company within the past six years few had fallen to the planters' share, the factors grasping all into their own hand, and that at a moderate computation a full third of the net proceeds of the island's produce passed into the Royal Exchequer.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 295, Address of the Council and Assembly of Jamaica to King James II, sworn 12 July 1689, pp. 106-107On: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  485. Mr Dunbar, Surveyor-General of the Customs in Barbados and the Leeward Islands and a member of the Antigua assembly, reported that in the debate on barring foreign sugar in December 1717 the planters urged that importation lowered the price on the island and overstocked the market in England, and that an open trade with the French islands supplied their rivals with provisions and enslaved people and helped them fix and extend their settlements, to the manifest injury of all the British sugar Colonies.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, 1717-1718, item 495 i, extract of letter from Mr Dunbar to the Commissioners of Customs, Antigua, 20 December 1717, p. 236On: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  486. Dunbar reports the traders of Antigua as answering that a free trade made the island a good mart for negroes, provisions and other goods necessary for the support of the colonies, and on the easiest terms.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, 1717-1718, item 495 i, extract of letter from Mr Dunbar to the Commissioners of Customs, Antigua, 20 December 1717, p. 236On: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  487. An anonymous paper on the sugar trade read by the Council of Trade and Plantations on 22 July 1724 complained that the station ships had left the headlands always unguarded so that the trade was exposed to the pirates and the Spanish guarda costas, that the pirates had risen up like mushrooms under the very noses of the men of war for near nine years, and that sugar works should be encouraged abroad and the planter relieved of all fears of disobliging governors.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, item 276, anonymous paper on the sugar trade, read 22 July 1724, pp. 168-170 (C.O. 388, 24, No. 155)On: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  488. Governor the Duke of Portland wrote from Jamaica to Lord Carteret on 25 July 1723 that great numbers of people who used to get their livelihood by going to sea in trading vessels were starving and, by their desperate condition, leaving the island, great numbers of them joining the pirates, and he laid the cause at the door of the captains of the men of war.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33, 1722-1723, item 659 viii, Governor the Duke of Portland to Lord Carteret, Jamaica, 25 July 1723, pp. 314-315On: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  489. Governor Hart reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations in 1724 that the first inhabitants of Anguilla were men who had fled Barbados and the greater islands of his government for debt or to avoid punishment for their crimes, and that these had since been increased by pirates who had come in upon acts of grace and were married and settled there.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, item 260, Governor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, read 1 October 1724, pp. 143-145On: The Caribbean Plantation Economies
  490. Dr Newton, opening for the Crown at the Admiralty sessions in the Old Bailey, told the court that the prisoners were indicted for piracy in robbing and plundering the ship Gunsway, belonging to the Great Mogul and his subjects, in the Indian seas, to a very great value.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the speech of Dr Newton at the first sitting (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 157-160)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  491. Dr Newton told the court that this piracy in the Indies was the company's last and the greatest in itself, and likely to be the most pernicious in its consequences, especially as to trade.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the speech of Dr Newton at the first sitting (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 172-174)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  492. Philip Middleton's evidence was that at Bobs Key the company found an English vessel already there on the same account, saw a second English vessel come in, and in the morning saw two more, May, Farrel and Wake being the captains.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of Philip Middleton (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1371-1375)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  493. Philip Middleton's evidence was that the Mocha fleet passed the company on a Saturday night, that on the Sunday morning they took another vessel which told them the fleet was gone by, that they consulted whether to follow or stay there, and that they then followed and overtook it.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of Philip Middleton (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1375-1380)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  494. Philip Middleton's evidence was that the first ship taken out of the fleet was of about three or four hundred tons, that gold and silver were taken out of her, and that men were sent aboard her to plunder her and keep her.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of Philip Middleton (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1379-1384)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  495. Philip Middleton's evidence put the taking of the Gunsway on the day after the first prize, the company spying another sail, getting up their anchor and standing to her; she was taken after a running fight of two to three hours, several of her men were killed, and when they had taken and plundered her they left her own men aboard to go to Surat again.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of Philip Middleton (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1384-1389)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  496. John Dann's evidence was that of the shares some men had a thousand pounds, some five hundred and others three hundred.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of John Dann (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1287-1290)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  497. The Lord Chief Justice Holt put it to John Dann that it was the best prize they had all the voyage, and Dann answered that it was and that all who were in the ship shared.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of John Dann (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1267-1269)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  498. The proclamation for apprehending Henry Every and the men named with him states that they may probably be known and discovered by the great quantities of Persian and Indian gold and silver which they have with them.
    Royal proclamationProclamation for apprehending Henry Every, alias Bridgeman, and sundry other pirates, given under the signet at Edinburgh, 18 August 1696 (library file every_proclamation_1696.txt, lines 42-43)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  499. The grand jury found bills against Henry Every, not yet taken, and against six prisoners, for feloniously and piratically taking and carrying away from persons unknown a ship called the Gansway.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the bills found by the grand jury at the first sitting (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 118-124)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  500. The Gunsway indictment values the ship with her tackle, apparel and furniture at 1000 l. and the goods at 110 l., names 100,000 pieces of eight and 100,000 chequins, and lays the taking ten leagues from the Cape St. John's near Surat in the East Indies.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the bill found by the grand jury, print p. 3 (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 124-128)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  501. The jury brought in all the prisoners Not Guilty on the Gunsway charge, against the expectation of the court; the sessions were adjourned to Saturday 31 October and the prisoners committed on a new warrant for several other piracies, on which they were convicted; and according to the sentence Edward Foreseth and the rest were executed on Wednesday 25 November 1696 at Execution Dock.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696) (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 191-195 and 2459-2462)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  502. The sentence named the crimes as committed upon the ships and goods of Indians, of Danes and their own fellow subjects, the head the court called the Indians being the other Moorish prize, set upon 28 September 1695 forty leagues from Surat, and not the Gunsway, on which they had been acquitted.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the two indictments read on 6 November 1696 and the sentence pronounced by the Judge of the Admiralty (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 2335-2337 and 2450-2451)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  503. John Dann's evidence was that about two days after the first prize they were lying at anchor at St. Johns when a great ship called the Gunsway appeared, and that they weighed anchor and fought her.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, for several Piracies and Robberies by them committed, in the Company of Every the Grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of John Dann (library file every_tryals_1696.txt, lines 1238-1243)On: Henry Every and the Ganj-i-Sawai (1695)
  504. Samuel Buck's memorial on the state of the Bahama Islands, laid before the Council of Trade and Plantations on 4 December 1719, states that before Governor Rogers arrived the pirates had brought about 40 sail of merchant ships into Providence, where they were burnt or sunk, and had plundered great numbers in the Gulf of Florida and the windward passage bound to England.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 31, 1719-1720, America and West Indies: December 1719, item 473, Samuel Buck to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Whitehall, 4 December 1719, calendar page 273 (library file csp-col-v31-pp272-292.txt, lines 206-210)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  505. Writing to the Lords Proprietors of the Bahama Islands in the summer of 1717, Woodes Rogers described the islands as lying without any form of government or settled inhabitants and proposed that the Proprietors surrender the government to the Crown on the same footing the Jerseys did, keeping the property of the lands.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 29, 1716-1717, America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 657 ii, Woodes Rogers to the Lords Proprietors of the Bahama Islands, calendar pages 345-346 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 277-283)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  506. In the same letter Rogers stated that gentlemen concerned with him had a ship ready to proceed on the design of dislodging the pirates and resettling Providence, of 400 tons burthen and carrying 34 guns, which they proposed to man with 150 seamen and artificers at their own expense.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 29, 1716-1717, America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 657 ii, Woodes Rogers to the Lords Proprietors of the Bahama Islands, calendar page 346 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 286-293)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  507. The King's instructions to Woodes Rogers as Governor of the Bahama Islands were signed at St James's on 6 February 1718.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 30, 1717-1718, America and West Indies: February 1718, 1-15, item 353, H.M. Instructions to Woodes Rogers, Governor of the Bahama Islands, St James's, 6 February 1718 (library file csp-col-v30-pp168-186.txt, lines 335-337)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  508. Benjamin Bennett, Lieutenant Governor of Bermuda, reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 3 February 1718 that on 19 December last he had sent a sloop to Providence with the King's proclamations relating to the pirates, where they were accepted with great joy, there being near 300 of the pirates on the island.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 30, 1717-1718, America and West Indies: February 1718, 1-15, item 345, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 3 February 1718, calendar page 170 (library file csp-col-v30-pp168-186.txt, lines 143-146)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  509. The printed trial of Charles Vane carries a deposition that about the latter end of March 1718, being then at Providence, Vane surrendered to a naval commander who had His Majesty's proclamation for the pardoning of pirates on board, in order to obtain the benefit of that proclamation, which he received, and that he afterwards turned pirate again.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), the deposition read at the trial of Charles Vane (library file rackham_tryals_1721.txt, lines 2941-2945)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  510. The dispatch from the town of Nassau of 11 November 1718 reports that Charles Vane, who commanded the pirates, caused a French ship he had taken to be set on fire in order to drive out the man of war that had come into the road, which was obliged to cut her cables and warp out in the night.
    Official printed dispatchThe London Gazette, issue 5706, Saturday 13 December to Saturday 27 December 1718, the dispatch from the town of Nassau on the island of Providence of 11 November 1718, page 1, right column (library file gaz_5706.txt, lines 98-102)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  511. The same dispatch reports that the next morning H.M. ship the Milford and the Delicia, on board which was the Governor, being seen at some distance standing in for the harbour, Vane and about 90 of his men made off in a sloop, and that two sloops sent after them could not get up with them.
    Official printed dispatchThe London Gazette, issue 5706, Saturday 13 December to Saturday 27 December 1718, the dispatch from the town of Nassau on the island of Providence of 11 November 1718, page 1, right column (library file gaz_5706.txt, lines 103-108)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  512. The same dispatch reports that at the Governor's first coming in his own ship and the Milford running aground he deferred landing, and that he then took possession of the fort and caused His Majesty's commission to be read in the presence of the officers, the soldiers and the people found there.
    Official printed dispatchThe London Gazette, issue 5706, Saturday 13 December to Saturday 27 December 1718, the dispatch from the town of Nassau on the island of Providence of 11 November 1718, page 1, right column (library file gaz_5706.txt, lines 109-113)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  513. The same dispatch reports that the fort was put into the best repair it was capable of, the ground within gun-shot of it cleared of brushwood and shrubs, and palisadoes cut to be placed round it, so that the place might be defended from all insults of pirates or enemies.
    Official printed dispatchThe London Gazette, issue 5706, Saturday 13 December to Saturday 27 December 1718, the dispatch from the town of Nassau on the island of Providence of 11 November 1718, page 1, right column (library file gaz_5706.txt, lines 143-147)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  514. The same dispatch reports that the Governor caused a small fort of eight guns to be built at the eastermost entrance into the harbour, where a watch was kept.
    Official printed dispatchThe London Gazette, issue 5706, Saturday 13 December to Saturday 27 December 1718, the dispatch from the town of Nassau on the island of Providence of 11 November 1718, page 1, right column (library file gaz_5706.txt, lines 165-167)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  515. The same dispatch reports that there had been a sickness upon the island about a fortnight before the Governor came in, imputed to a great number of raw hides put on shore near the town, that the inhabitants were soon freed from the distemper, and that several of the soldiers, passengers and seamen who came with the Governor sickened and died.
    Official printed dispatchThe London Gazette, issue 5706, Saturday 13 December to Saturday 27 December 1718, the dispatch from the town of Nassau on the island of Providence of 11 November 1718, page 1, right column (library file gaz_5706.txt, lines 151-157)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  516. Samuel Buck's memorial of 4 December 1719 states that on the arrival of Governor Rogers there were 200 destitute inhabitants and 5 or 600 pirates who surrendered to him and about four score who made their escape with Vane, a lower figure than the about 90 given by the report from Nassau printed in the London Gazette.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 31, 1719-1720, America and West Indies: December 1719, item 473, Samuel Buck to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Whitehall, 4 December 1719, calendar page 273 (library file csp-col-v31-pp272-292.txt, lines 200-204); The London Gazette, issue 5706, the Nassau dispatch of 11 November 1718 (library file gaz_5706.txt, lines 103-107)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  517. Writing to Secretary Craggs from Nassau on 24 December 1718, Rogers reported that the fort was by then made tenible, and in the manner laid down in the draught sent with the letter, and that the people had worked vigorously for 14 days, seldom less than 200 men a day.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 30, 1717-1718, America and West Indies: December 1718, 11-31, item 807, Governor Rogers to Mr. Secretary Craggs, Nassau on Providence, 24 December 1718, calendar pages 437-438 (library file csp-col-v30-pp424-446.txt, lines 734-737)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  518. Writing to the Council of Trade and Plantations from Nassau on 29 May 1719, Rogers said that he could never have got the fort into any posture of defence had he not taken the method of eating, drinking and working with the people himself, with his officers, soldiers, sailors and passengers, and watching at the same time while they were drunk and drowsy.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 31, 1719-1720, America and West Indies: May 1719, item 209, Governor Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Nassau on Providence, 29 May 1719, calendar page 101 (library file csp-col-v31-pp85-101.txt, lines 786-790)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  519. In the same letter Rogers said that it was as bad as treason is in England to declare that the design of fortifying was to keep out the pirates, if they were willing to come in and say they would be honest and live under government.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 31, 1719-1720, America and West Indies: May 1719, item 209, Governor Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Nassau on Providence, 29 May 1719, calendar pages 100-101 (library file csp-col-v31-pp85-101.txt, lines 795-798)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  520. In his letter to Secretary Craggs of 24 December 1718 Rogers reported that he had equipped a sloop with sufficient men and arms under the command of Captains Hornigold and Cockram, who had themselves been pirates but had accepted the King's Act of Grace and whose behaviour since his arrival had given him full confidence of their sincerity, and that they apprehended pirates to the number of 13.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 30, 1717-1718, America and West Indies: December 1718, 11-31, item 807, Governor Rogers to Mr. Secretary Craggs, Nassau on Providence, 24 December 1718, calendar page 438 (library file csp-col-v30-pp424-446.txt, lines 742-747)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  521. In the same letter Rogers enclosed the proceedings of the court and reported that he had reprieved one George Rounsivell under the gallows until the King's pleasure should be known.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 30, 1717-1718, America and West Indies: December 1718, 11-31, item 807, Governor Rogers to Mr. Secretary Craggs, Nassau on Providence, 24 December 1718, calendar page 438 (library file csp-col-v30-pp424-446.txt, lines 755-756)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  522. The dispatch from the town of Nassau of 11 November 1718 reports that in July last, in the evening, His Majesty's ship the Rose, which had come in company with Mr Woodes Rogers, Governor of the Bahama Islands, came into the road.
    Official printed dispatchThe London Gazette, issue 5706, Saturday 13 December to Saturday 27 December 1718, the dispatch from the town of Nassau on the island of Providence of 11 November 1718, page 1, right column (library file gaz_5706.txt, lines 95-98)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  523. In his letter to Secretary Craggs of 24 December 1718 Rogers reported that nothing but the people's innate thirst of revenge on the Spaniard could have prompted them to such zeal, and that the zeal was so strong that they forgot they were at the same time strengthening a curb for themselves.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 30, 1717-1718, America and West Indies: December 1718, 11-31, item 807, Governor Rogers to Mr. Secretary Craggs, Nassau on Providence, 24 December 1718, calendar page 438 (library file csp-col-v30-pp424-446.txt, lines 736-739)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  524. In the same letter Rogers reported that of the pirates apprehended to the number of 13, three died of their wounds.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 30, 1717-1718, America and West Indies: December 1718, 11-31, item 807, Governor Rogers to Mr. Secretary Craggs, Nassau on Providence, 24 December 1718, calendar page 438 (library file csp-col-v30-pp424-446.txt, lines 749-751)On: Woodes Rogers Takes Nassau (1718)
  525. Lieutenant Governor Benjamin Bennett reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations from Bermuda on 30 July 1717 that he was advised from Boston that on 27 April a pirate ship of twenty-six guns commanded by one Bellemy took a ship bound for New England from the Madeiras near Cape Codd.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 677, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 30 July 1717 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 1699-1702)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  526. Bennett's despatch of 30 July 1717 names the pirate ship the Widdaw and reports that Bellamy had taken her from Captain Prince of Bristol as he was turning through the Bahama Islands homeward from Jamaica.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 677, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 30 July 1717 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 1710-1714)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  527. Bennett's despatch reports that the master of the prize and all his men except one man and a boy were taken out of her, and that seven of the pirates were put aboard her with orders to keep company.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 677, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 30 July 1717 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 1702-1704)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  528. Bennett's despatch reports that the crews of both vessels drank so liberally of the Madeira that they all got drunk, and that the pirates ran their own vessel ashore at a place called Nossetts Bay to the southward of the Cape.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 677, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 30 July 1717 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 1704-1707)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  529. Governor Samuel Shute reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations from Boston on 23 July 1717 that pirates had infested the coast but done no great damage, and that one of their ships was cast away about thirty miles from Cape Cod with a hundred and thirty of the pirates drowned, naming neither the ship nor her commander.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 666, Governor Shute to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 23 July 1717 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 949-954)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  530. Bennett's despatch reports that a hundred and twenty men were on board the pirate ship when she ran ashore and that only two of them were saved.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 677, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 30 July 1717 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 1704-1707)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  531. Bennett's despatch reports that the man and boy left aboard the prize, seeing the seven pirates drunk and asleep on deck, stood in for the land and ran her fast aground.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 677, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 30 July 1717 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 1707-1709)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  532. Governor Shute wrote to the Council of Trade and Plantations from Boston on 26 June 1718 that he had sent home, with the militia numbers of both his provinces, the trial of the pirates tried there by the power invested in him.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), America and West Indies: June 1718, item 575, Governor Shute to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 26 June 1718 (library file csp-col-v30-pp264-287.txt, lines 1121-1124)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  533. The trial enclosed with that letter was the printed Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy held at Boston on 18 October 1717, naming Simon van Vorst, John Brown, Thomas Baker, Hendrick Quintor, Peter Cornelius Hoof, John Shuan, Thomas South and Thomas Davis, the last two acquitted and the rest found guilty.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30 (1717-1718), America and West Indies: June 1718, item 575 i, Governor Shute to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 26 June 1718 (library file csp-col-v30-pp264-287.txt, lines 1145-1150)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  534. Bennett's despatch reports that the inhabitants secured the seven pirates put aboard the prize and carried them to Boston.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 29 (1716-1717), America and West Indies: July 1717, 17-31, item 677, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 30 July 1717 (library file csp-col-v29-pp344-364.txt, lines 1707-1709)On: The Wreck of the Whydah Gally (1717)
  535. The Act granting further duties upon stamped vellum, parchment and paper charged sixpence on every skin, piece of vellum or parchment or sheet of paper on which a charter party, policy of assurance, passport, bond, release, contract or other obligatory instrument was engrossed or written, and the same sixpence on any protest, procuration, letter of attorney or other notarial act whatsoever.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, 1695-1701: William III, 1697-8, An Act for granting to His Majesty His Heires & Successors further Duties upon Stampt Vellum Parchm[en]t. & Paper (chapter XXV), pp. 386-393On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  536. Those duties were to be raised, collected and paid from and after the first day of August 1698 throughout the kingdom of England, the dominion of Wales and the town of Berwick upon Tweed.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, 1695-1701: William III, 1697-8, An Act for granting to His Majesty His Heires & Successors further Duties upon Stampt Vellum Parchm[en]t. & Paper (chapter XXV), pp. 386-393On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  537. The charter of 1698 to the company trading to the East Indies gave its courts of judicature power to hear and determine all policies and acts of insurance, together with bills, bonds, promises for payment of money, mercantile and trading contracts, charter parties and the wages of mariners.
    Royal charterCharters granted to the East-India Company from 1601, the charter of 1698 to the Company trading to the East-Indies, the clause erecting courts of judicature, p. 155On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  538. The Council of Trade and Plantations told the King on 24 July 1724 that the charge of insurance, with debentures, Custom House fees, demurrage occasioned by Custom House holidays and the other charges incident to shipping, very much discouraged the carrying of sugar to a foreign market.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, no. 291 i, Council of Trade and Plantations to the King, Whitehall, 24 July 1724, pp. 168-185On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  539. The same report of 24 July 1724 named the ships coming from Africa with enslaved people as the particular prey of pirates and Spanish guarda costas, said that on their safe arrival the very being of the plantations depended, and attributed to those depredations an excessive rise in the rates of insurance.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, no. 291 i, Council of Trade and Plantations to the King, Whitehall, 24 July 1724, pp. 168-185On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  540. The same report states that from those depredations the ships freighted home were obliged for their own security to come in fleets, which made them reach foreign markets later and much dearer than the French, by the addition of demurrage to their other charges.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, no. 291 i, Council of Trade and Plantations to the King, Whitehall, 24 July 1724, pp. 168-185On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  541. The same report proposed that for the future all captains of the King's ships be instructed to receive orders from time to time from the governors and councils of the colonies in America where they were stationed, for the preservation and security of the British trade in those parts.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, no. 291 i, Council of Trade and Plantations to the King, Whitehall, 24 July 1724, pp. 168-185On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  542. The same report states that such an instruction duly complied with would abate the present excessive rates of insurance and would likewise save the colonies much expense, Jamaica in particular.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, no. 291 i, Council of Trade and Plantations to the King, Whitehall, 24 July 1724, pp. 168-185On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  543. The London Gazette of 14 to 17 September 1717 gave notice that a subscription to incorporate a company for insurance of ships and merchandizes had been opened on 12 August, begun by an eminent merchant of the City and subscribed by several others, and had then been shut until some alterations were made.
    Official gazetteThe London Gazette, numb. 5573, from Saturday September 14 to Tuesday September 17, 1717, the advertisementsOn: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  544. At the sitting of 1 June 1720 a message from the House of Commons, by Mr. Farrer and others, brought up to the Lords a bill for better securing certain powers and privileges intended to be granted by His Majesty by two charters.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, vol. 21, 1718-1721, June 1720, pp. 342-360On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  545. That bill was read the first time on 1 June 1720 and ordered to be read a second time the next day, the Lords to be summoned.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, vol. 21, 1718-1721, June 1720, pp. 342-360On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  546. On 3 June 1720 the Earl of Clarendon reported from a committee of the whole House that they had gone through the assurance bill and directed him to report it without any amendment.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, vol. 21, 1718-1721, June 1720, pp. 342-360On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  547. On 7 June 1720 the question was put whether the bill should pass and was resolved in the affirmative, and Mr. Meller and Mr. Lightboun were sent to acquaint the Commons that the Lords had agreed to it without any amendment.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, vol. 21, 1718-1721, June 1720, pp. 342-360On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  548. At the sitting of 11 June 1720 the Clerk of the Crown read second in the list of bills to be passed the title 'An Act for better securing certain Powers and Privileges, intended to be granted by His Majesty by Two Charters, for Assurance of Ships and Merchandizes at Sea, and for lending Money upon Bottomry; and for restraining several extravagant and unwarrantable Practices therein mentioned', and the royal assent was pronounced severally to the bills numbered 2 to 14 in that list.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, vol. 21, 1718-1721, June 1720, pp. 342-360On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  549. That statute secured powers and privileges intended to be granted by the Crown by two charters, rather than itself incorporating any company.
    Parliamentary journalJournal of the House of Lords, vol. 21, 1718-1721, June 1720, pp. 342-360On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  550. John Clark wrote from Barbados in April 1697 that before the ship he was in left her convoy the master pretended a leak and would not send for a carpenter from the man of war just ahead, that Clark believed her considerably insured upon her owners, and that he was in consequence taken into Martinique.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16, 1697-1698, no. 431 iv, letter from John Clark to Mr. Fitzgerald, Barbados, 22 April 1697, p. 195On: The Atlantic Insurance Markets
  551. Salt was made on Anguilla by the later 1660s: Under-Secretary Williamson's memorandum on the West Indies records salt made on the island, entering it under the heading for the French island of St Martin's.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5, 1661-1668, item 1661, Mem. by Under-Sec. Williamson, relating to the West Indies, [1667?], p. 534On: Anguilla
  552. Governor Sir Nathaniel Johnson reported from Nevis on 20 February 1688 that the poorer inhabitants and all the settlers in Anguilla and Tortola had petitioned him for liberty to go and settle on Crab Island, that those at Anguilla wanted water and had suffered much of late from droughts, and that they produced nothing which paid revenue to the King.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 12, 1685-1688, item 1639, Governor Sir Nathaniel Johnson to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Nevis, 20 February 1688, pp. 505-506On: Anguilla
  553. Anguilla had been settled by the English for years and its deputy governor was named in the commissions of the Leeward Islands governor and of his predecessor.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 83, Sir Nathaniel Johnson to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Antigua, 20 April 1689, p. 26On: Anguilla
  554. Governor Hamilton reported on 15 March 1718 that the poor people of Anguilla, Spanish Town and Tortola were still very pressing to remove to the island of Santa Cruz, and that he had desired them to have patience until the King's commands and the Council of Trade's directions reached him.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, 1717-1718, item 442, Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, St. Christophers, 15 March 1718, p. 214On: Anguilla
  555. Governor Hamilton reported in the same despatch that those poor people were almost famished for want of food and that such a long spell of dry weather had not been known in the memory of man.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, 1717-1718, item 442, Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, St. Christophers, 15 March 1718, p. 214On: Anguilla
  556. Governor Hamilton reported on 14 June 1720 that it had been so excessively dry for the past five months, and particularly in Anguilla, that several of the inhabitants had deserted the island and more would follow.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32, 1720-1721, item 107, Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Antigua, 14 June 1720, pp. 49-50On: Anguilla
  557. Deputy Governor Abraham Howell wrote from Anguilla on 31 December 1688 that on the 21st the island was attacked by a sort of people under the notion of Spaniards, among whom were English, Irish, French, Turks, mulattos, negroes and others, and that Captain Bear was said to be with them, which he could not tell.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 83.v, Deputy-Governor Howell to Sir Nathaniel Johnson, Anguilla, 31 December 1688, pp. 28-29On: Anguilla
  558. The settlers of Anguilla were not above seventy or eighty fighting men, of whom the deputy governor could not collect above twenty.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 83, Sir Nathaniel Johnson to Lords of Trade and Plantations, Antigua, 20 April 1689, p. 26On: Anguilla
  559. The raiders of December 1688 landed where there were few inhabitants, took a man and a woman and forced them to pilot them to a place called the Road, where about two hours before daylight they took prisoners and wounded two men, who broke through them and escaped.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 83.v, Deputy-Governor Howell to Sir Nathaniel Johnson, Anguilla, 31 December 1688, pp. 28-29On: Anguilla
  560. About eight in the morning Howell met the raiders with a small party, whereupon they retreated and re-embarked, leaving their prisoners on shore together with ten French prisoners taken elsewhere, whom the islanders sent to St Martin's.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 83.v, Deputy-Governor Howell to Sir Nathaniel Johnson, Anguilla, 31 December 1688, pp. 28-29On: Anguilla
  561. Two ships had brought the raiders, one of twenty-six guns and the other of sixteen, with about two hundred and fifty men, and Howell closed his letter asking for a barrel of powder for his guns, his men being so few that they dared trust no visitors.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 83.v, Deputy-Governor Howell to Sir Nathaniel Johnson, Anguilla, 31 December 1688, pp. 28-29On: Anguilla
  562. Sir Francis Watson reported from Jamaica on 15 March 1689 that he had sent the Drake to claim the prisoners brought from Anguilla, and that Captain Bear, an Englishman protected by the Spaniards, was a chief in all these villainies.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 52, Sir Francis Watson to Lords of Trade and Plantations, [Jamaica], 15 March 1689, p. 16On: Anguilla
  563. Governor Hart, having visited Anguilla in 1724, reported that the first inhabitants of the island and of Spanish Town were such as had fled from Barbados and the greater islands of his government for debt or to avoid the punishment of their crimes, and had since been increased by pirates who came in upon acts of grace and were married and settled there.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, item 260, Governor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, St. Christophers, 12 July 1724, pp. 143-144On: Anguilla
  564. Governor Hart found at Anguilla in 1724 a very fierce contention for property and no form of justice, and appointed six justices of the peace, a secretary and a provost marshal and gave commissions to officers of the militia.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34, 1724-1725, item 260, Governor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, St. Christophers, 12 July 1724, pp. 143-144On: Anguilla
  565. Early in 1720 the crew of a pirate ship called amongst themselves the Royal Rover, which had committed a great many depredations upon the coast of Guinea, came to a separation, some of them resolving to steal ashore; six were landed upon Anguilla pretending to be shipwrecked, where they were detected, brought up to Governor Hamilton, tried, found guilty and sentenced to death.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32, 1720-1721, item 28, Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Nevis, 28 March 1720, pp. 11-12On: Anguilla
  566. The Council of Nevis reported to William Blathwayt on 18 May that Kidd had touched at Anguilla some twenty days earlier and, being refused succour, had gone on to St Thomas, and that they had sent H.M.S. Queenborough in pursuit of him.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 136, the Council of Nevis to William Blathwayt, Nevis, 18 May, p. 41; the volume covers 1689 to 1692, but the item describes Kidd's homeward voyage from Madagascar, which the calendared papers of volume 17 date to 1699, and the year of the item is not settled thereOn: Anguilla
  567. Deputy Governor Thomas Hill reported from Saint Christopher's on 8 January 1689 that several piratical vessels had lately been seen near the Leeward Islands, that he had appointed guards, patrols and grand rounds against an attack, and that they had assaulted Anguilla by night but were beaten off by Captain Abraham Howell; he gives the assault itself no date beyond the date of his own letter.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 13, 1689-1692, item 4, Deputy Governor Thomas Hill to Lords of Trade and Plantations, St. Christopher, 8 January 1689, p. 3On: Anguilla
  568. Execution Dock was the usual place for the execution of pirates.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the closing note after the judgment.On: Execution Dock
  569. Richard West reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 20 June 1720 that piracy was a capital crime only by the civil law, which was the rule of proceeding in the Admiralty courts, and was not cognisable at all by the common law.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32, item 117, 20 June 1720, Mr. West to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Report upon the Admiralty Jurisdiction and Piracies in the Plantations.On: Execution Dock
  570. West reported on 20 June 1720 that under the civil law no man could be condemned to death unless he confessed his crime or was convicted by witnesses who saw him commit the fact, by which means many offenders escaped punishment.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 32, item 117, 20 June 1720, Mr. West to the Council of Trade and Plantations.On: Execution Dock
  571. The sessions that tried Henry Every's men in 1696 were held for the jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey, in the suburbs of the City of London.
    Printed trial reportThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Admiralty Sessions begun at the Old-Baily on the 29th of October, 1696 (London, printed for John Everingham, 1696), the session heading printed at the head of the proceedings.On: Execution Dock
  572. The Act for the more effectual suppression of piracy of 1698 required that persons attainted by the courts of admiralty it commissioned be put to death in such place upon the sea, or within the ebbing or flowing thereof, as the president or the major part of the court appointed by warrant to a provost marshal.
    StatuteStatutes of the Realm, vol. 7, pp. 590-594, William III, 1698-9, An Act for the more effectuall Suppressions of Piracy (chapter VII), section V.On: Execution Dock
  573. The bills for the ship Blessing, signed 25 May 1671, included payments to a shipwright, a brewer and an apothecary in Wapping, to a ropemaker and a cooper in Shadwell, to a boatmaker in Ratcliffe, to a fishmonger at the Hermitage and to a ship chandler in Tower Street.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7, item 541, 25 May 1671, List of bills for the ship Blessing (Shaftesbury Papers, Section IX, Bundle 48, No. 74).On: Execution Dock
  574. Theophilus Turner deposed that about Christmas 1698 he sailed into the Port of St. Mary, a small island belonging to Madagascar, inhabited by negroes under the command of Edward Welch, who came from New England thither when he was a boy.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, Copy of deposition of Theophilus Turner, enclosed in Governor Blakiston's letter of 8 June 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp283-291.txt, line 92)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  575. Theophilus Turner deposed that there were no fortifications at St. Mary's, and that the six guns Edward Welch kept at his house had no command of the place where the shipping lay.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, Copy of deposition of Theophilus Turner, enclosed in Governor Blakiston's letter of 8 June 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp283-291.txt, line 92)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  576. Otto van Toyle, examined by the Lieutenant Governor of New York on 14 June 1699, said that there were above 170 privateers at St. Maries, who had fortified themselves there with palisades and great guns.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: August 1699, 21-25', pp. 395-412, item 740. XII, Examination of Otto van Toyle by the Lieutenant Governor of New York, 14 June 1699 (library file csp-col-v17-pp395-412.txt, line 505)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  577. Theophilus Turner deposed that Captain Culliford and Captain Sivers, who pretended to be a Dutchman, lived at the place of St. Mary's fort, and that John Swann, a great consort of Culliford's, lived with Culliford.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, Copy of deposition of Theophilus Turner, enclosed in Governor Blakiston's letter of 8 June 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp283-291.txt, line 92)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  578. Theophilus Turner deposed that the Moco, the ship he sailed in, was a ship of 400 tons mounted with 40 guns which by then went by the name of the Resolution, and that Captain Sivers had with him at St. Mary's a bigger ship of 22 guns taken from the Turks.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, Copy of deposition of Theophilus Turner (library file csp_v17_pp283-291.txt, line 92)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  579. Theophilus Turner deposed that a ship lay on the ground at Port St. Mary's, said to have been brought in there by Captain Kidd and reputed taken from the Moors or Turks, commanded at the time of her capture by a Dutchman.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, Copy of deposition of Theophilus Turner, enclosed in Governor Blakiston's letter of 8 June 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp283-291.txt, line 92)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  580. Theophilus Turner deposed that the Adventure galley, in which Captain Kidd sailed from New York, lay at Port St. Mary's, with the ribs of one other Turkish ship taken either by Captain Hoare or Captain Glover.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, Copy of deposition of Theophilus Turner, enclosed in Governor Blakiston's letter of 8 June 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp283-291.txt, line 92)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  581. Kidd's narrative of his voyage states that on 6 May 1698 the lesser of his prizes was hauled into the careening island at St. Mary's and there ransacked and sunk by his mutinous men.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. Kidd (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 93)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  582. Kidd's narrative of his voyage states that after plundering his ships his men went four miles off to Edward Welche's house, where his chest was lodged, broke it open and took out gold and money, his journal and many papers belonging to him and to the people of New York that fitted them out; his examination of 3 July 1699 says instead that the journal was destroyed by his crew at St. Mary's.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. Kidd (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 93)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  583. William Jenkins of Bow, examined at Boston on 6 July 1699, stated that the company carried the Quidah Merchant into St. Mary's and there shared her, Captain Kidd having forty shares.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XI, Examination of William Jenkins of Bow, Boston, 6 July 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 68)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  584. The articles of agreement set up at New York, a copy of which was produced at Kidd's trial in 1701, divided the prize into 169 parts, of which Kidd was to have 40 shares and the rest whole shares or half shares according to the merit of each party.
    Trial pamphletThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, for Murther and Piracy, upon Six Several Indictments (London, 1701), the evidence on the division of the cargo (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, lines 3730-3732)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  585. Edward Buckmaster, examined by the Lieutenant Governor of New York on 6 June 1699, said that he left Captain Kidd on 31 May 1698 and that he and other pirates came home on the Nassau, Giles Shelley master, paying 100 pieces of eight for his passage, which was the common rate.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: August 1699, 21-25', pp. 395-412, item 740. XI, Copy of Examination of Edward Buckmaster by the Hon. John Nanfan, Lieutenant Governor, 6 June 1699 (library file csp-col-v17-pp395-412.txt, lines 497-499)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  586. Bellomont wrote to the Council of Trade and Plantations from Boston on 24 August 1699 that Kidd told him, when he examined him in Council, that Baldridge was the occasion of the insurrection of the natives in St. Mary's near Madagascar and of the death of the pirates there.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: August 1699, 21-25', pp. 395-412, item 740, Governor the Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 24 August 1699 (library file csp-col-v17-pp395-412.txt, line 417)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  587. Bellomont's letter of 24 August 1699 reports that Baldridge, having inveigled a great number of the natives on board ship, carried and sold them for slaves to a French island called Mascarine, and that the natives revenged the treachery on the pirates by cutting their throats.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: August 1699, 21-25', pp. 395-412, item 740, Governor the Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Boston, 24 August 1699 (library file csp-col-v17-pp395-412.txt, line 417)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  588. Kidd's narrative of his voyage states that he arrived at St. Mary's on 1 April 1698.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. Kidd (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 93)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  589. Kidd's narrative of his voyage states that a pirate ship, the Moca frigate, lay at anchor at St. Mary's with Robert Culliford her commander, and that Culliford and his men left her at Kidd's coming in and ran into the woods.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. Kidd (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 93)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  590. Kidd's narrative of his voyage states that 97 of his men deserted and went into the Mocha frigate, and sent into the woods and brought Culliford and his men on board again.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. Kidd (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 93)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  591. Kidd wrote in his letter of 24 June 1699 that ninety-five men went away from him in one day and went on board the Moca, Captain Robert Cullifur.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, printed p. 372, Captain Kidd to Lord Bellomont, 24 June 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 61)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  592. Abel Owen, cook, and Samuel Arris, steward, of the Adventure galley deposed at Boston on 4 July 1699 that ninety of the crew deserted at St. Mary's and went on board the Mocco frigate.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXIII, Depositions of Abel Owen, cook, and Samuel Arris, steward, of the Adventure galley, Boston, 4 July 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 86)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  593. Kidd's narrative of his voyage states that about 15 June the Mocha frigate went away from St. Mary's, manned with about 130 men and 40 guns, bound out to take all nations, and that he was left with only 13 men.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. Kidd (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 93)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  594. Kidd's narrative of his voyage states that, the Moors he had to pump being carried away, the Adventure galley sank in the harbour at St. Mary's.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. Kidd (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 95)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  595. Kidd's narrative of his voyage states that he and his men went on board the Adventure prize, where he was forced to stay five months for a fair wind.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. Kidd (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 95)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  596. Kidd, examined before the Governor and Council at Boston on 3 July 1699, said that his journal had been destroyed by his crew at St. Mary's, but that if granted time he would prepare a narrative in writing; that narrative says instead that the journal was taken out of his chest at Edward Welche's house, so that his two accounts of its loss do not agree.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXIV, Examination of Capt. Kidd before the Governor and Council, 3 July 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp366-380.txt, line 87)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  597. Theophilus Turner deposed that near a hundred English, French and Dutch used the island of St. Mary.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 17 (1699 and Addenda 1621-1698), ed. Cecil Headlam (London, 1908), 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, Copy of deposition of Theophilus Turner, enclosed in Governor Blakiston's letter of 8 June 1699 (library file csp_v17_pp283-291.txt, line 92)On: Ile Sainte-Marie (Nosy Boraha)
  598. Joseph Palmer deposed at Kidd's trial that the boat was to get an account what ships lay there, and that it went twice and brought no news.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), the evidence of Joseph Palmer (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, lines 2649 to 2652)On: Mocha
  599. The summing-up of the evidence at Kidd's trial states that intelligence was brought that there were fourteen or fifteen ships lay in the river or harbour there, and were ready to sail.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), the summing-up of the evidence and the evidence of Robert Bradinham (library files kidd-tryal-1701.txt, lines 3107 to 3108, and kidd_trial_1701.txt, lines 2069 to 2075)On: Mocha
  600. The summing-up of the evidence at Kidd's trial states that they had to go into the Red Sea, and had expectations of the Moco fleet that lay at Moco.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, upon six several indictments, at the Admiralty Sessions held at the Old Bailey, May 1701 (London, 1701), the summing-up of the evidence (library file kidd_trial_1701.txt, lines 3736 to 3737)On: Mocha
  601. Ogle reported that the ten ships he found in Whydah Road had all ransomed at the rate of eight pounds weight of gold each.
    Officer's report printed with a trial accountA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of All the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), Captain Chaloner Ogle's report printed at the head of the Tryals (library file ogle-tryals-1723.txt, line 92)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  602. Captain Chaloner Ogle reported that an English ship had been burnt at Whydah by the pirates for refusing to ransom, with a considerable number of enslaved Africans aboard.
    Officer's report printed with a trial accountA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of All the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), Captain Chaloner Ogle's report printed at the head of the Tryals (library file ogle-tryals-1723.txt, line 94)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  603. Ogle found ten sail of ships in Whydah Road, two of them English, three French and five Portuguese, all of which had ransomed.
    Officer's report printed with a trial accountA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of All the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), Captain Chaloner Ogle's report printed at the head of the Tryals (library file ogle-tryals-1723.txt, line 92)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  604. Ogle was informed on his arrival at Whydah that two pirate ships, one of forty and another of twenty-four guns, commanded by one Roberts, had been there and had sailed about twenty-six hours before.
    Officer's report printed with a trial accountA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of All the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), Captain Chaloner Ogle's report printed at the head of the Tryals (library file ogle-tryals-1723.txt, line 90)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  605. The French prisoners tried at Cape Coast Castle said that the pirates, having seized their ship at Whydah in January, forced them on board with them.
    Trial printA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of All the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, on Board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea (London, 1723), the proceedings of 5 April 1722 (library file ogle-tryals-1723.txt, line 1264)On: Whydah (Ouidah)
  606. Henry Morgan's calendared account says his 1670 expedition sailed from Port Royal with eleven vessels and six hundred men for the Isle of Ash as its rendezvous.
    Period primary source or printed calendarCSP Colonial vol. 7, item 504, Henry Morgan's account, calendar p. 197, library line 92On: Ile a Vache
  607. The Jamaica Council resolved in March 1688 to send a warship to demand the English subjects among pirates who had fortified themselves in the Isle of Ash, and to attack if they refused.
    Period primary source or printed calendarCSP Colonial vol. 12, Jamaica Council minutes, 20 March 1688, calendar p. 520, library line 123On: Ile a Vache
  608. Governor Albemarle wrote in 1688 that the Isle of Ash had once depended on Jamaica, was valuable for turtle fishing, and had for two years been held by French forces under the pirate Laurens.
    Period primary source or printed calendarCSP Colonial vol. 12, item 1858, Albemarle to the Lords of Trade and Plantations, 1688, calendar p. 579, library line 60On: Ile a Vache
  609. Albemarle warned that the Isle of Ash was important and would be harmful to Jamaica in French hands during a war.
    Period primary source or printed calendarCSP Colonial vol. 12, item 1858, Albemarle to the Lords of Trade and Plantations, 1688, calendar p. 579, library line 60On: Ile a Vache
  610. Hender Molesworth wrote in April 1689 that Jamaica lay close to Tortudos, Petit Guavos and the Isle of Ash, where French privateers abounded and could reach Jamaica in two days.
    Period primary source or printed calendarCSP Colonial vol. 13, item 74, Molesworth to Shrewsbury, 17 April 1689, calendar p. 22, library line 63On: Ile a Vache
  611. Adam Baldridge swore his own account at New York on 5 May 1699 before Abraham de Peyster, opening it "I, Adam Baldridge" and signing it "ADAM BALDRIDGE".
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; printed in Jameson (1923) as document 68; also N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 518-526)On: Adam Baldridge
  612. When Baldridge first stayed at St Mary's in 1691 the rest of his company left or died and his apprentice John King alone remained with him: "none continued with me but my Prentice John King".
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; printed in Jameson (1923) as document 68; also N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 518-526)On: Adam Baldridge
  613. From 1691 to 1697 Baldridge victualled and supplied the returning Red Sea crews at St Mary's, selling cattle and provisions to Raynor, Coats, Tew, Wake, Hore and others in exchange for guns, powder, shot, iron and goods, the vessels named in his account including the Batchelors Delight, the Nassaw, the Amity, the Susanna and the John and Rebeckah.
    Sworn depositions and calendared state papersDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68); Deposition of Samuel Perkins (C.O. 323:2, no. 131; Jameson (1923) doc 65); Narrative of Henry Watson, in Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697 to 1698), entry 224 (14 Feb 1698), pp. 107-108On: Adam Baldridge
  614. From 1693 to 1697 Baldridge bought cargoes brought in by pirates, among them most of the Charming Mary's goods and Glover's brigantine goods, and sold them on to other crews and to the white settlers on Madagascar.
    Sworn depositionsDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68); Deposition of Samuel Perkins, relating to pirates in the East Indies (C.O. 323:2, no. 131; Jameson (1923) doc 65)On: Adam Baldridge
  615. Baldridge's own account records that he returned 34 slaves against the cargo of the Charles, brought back "and some slaves" from his war of 1691, and supplied the Madagascar slave and rice trade between 1691 and 1697.
    Sworn depositionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; printed in Jameson (1923) as document 68; also N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 518-526)On: Adam Baldridge
  616. Baldridge was never tried or convicted and gave his deposition of 1699 voluntarily as a settled New York citizen, Bellomont having at first "thought well of him" before the Board of Trade warned of his piracy connection and Kidd supplied fuller information.
    Sworn deposition and modern scholarly editionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68); editorial headnote and footnotes to documents 65, 68 and 73 in Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (Jameson (1923), quoting N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 333, 413, 518-526, 552, 766)On: Adam Baldridge
  617. The index to Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 18 (1700) enters "Baldridge (pirate)" and "Ball, Adam" at the same item, 851.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, volume 18 (1700), Index: BOn: Adam Baldridge
  618. Baldridge's sworn deposition of 5 May 1699 survives as C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II, printed by Jameson in 1923 as document 68 and in N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 518-526, and it is the single most important source for him, first-hand but self-serving.
    Sworn deposition and modern scholarly editionDeposition of Adam Baldridge (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II; Jameson (1923) doc 68; N.Y. Col. Doc. IV. 518-526); editorial notes to documents 65, 68 and 73 in Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative DocumentsOn: Adam Baldridge
  619. Charles Johnson's A General History of the Pyrates carries no Baldridge and no St Mary's Madagascar material, its single "St. Maries" being a Devonshire crewman's home parish.
    Period printA General History of the Pyrates (Gutenberg ebook 40580)On: Adam Baldridge
  620. An English buccaneer named Bartholomew Sharp led the South Sea expedition of 1680 to 1682 and became its principal commander, his existence and his leading role carried by two independent participant journals.
    Period narrative and reproduced journalsA New Voyage Round the World; History of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10)On: Bartholomew Sharp
  621. The voyage is anchored by two dated participant journals that agree on its pivots: the landing near Golden Island on 5 April 1680, the fight before Panama on 23 April 1680, Juan Fernandez about Christmas 1680, the repulse at Arica on 30 January 1681, the division at Plata on 17 April 1681, the return round Cape Horn and Barbados on 28 January 1682.
    Period narrative and reproduced journalsA New Voyage Round the World; History of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10)On: Bartholomew Sharp
  622. The forename Bartholomew is attested in the anonymous printed Narrative and in Sharp's own Journal as Burney reproduces them in his History of the Buccaneers of America of 1816, while Dampier's narrative gives only "Captain Sharp" and the surname "Sharp".
    Period narrative and reproduced journalsHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10); A New Voyage Round the WorldOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  623. Command of the expedition changed hands repeatedly: John Coxon first, then Richard Sawkins, then Sharp after Sawkins was killed, then John Watling after Sharp was deposed at Juan Fernandez, then Sharp again after Watling was killed at Arica.
    Period narrative and reproduced journalsA New Voyage Round the World; History of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10)On: Bartholomew Sharp
  624. Sawkins was killed at the assault on Pueblo Nuevo about the end of May 1680, and Sharp, who was second in command, ordered the retreat and became principal commander immediately after; Dampier's own words are that Sharp "was made chief commander upon Sawkins' being killed".
    Period narrative and reproduced journalsHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), Sharp's own Journal and Ringrose as reproduced there; A New Voyage Round the WorldOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  625. The company crossed the Isthmus of Darien and stormed the Spanish fort of Santa Maria on the march to the South Sea about April 1680, with Sharp present as a participant under Coxon's command.
    Period narrative and reproduced journalsA New Voyage Round the World; History of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10)On: Bartholomew Sharp
  626. On 23 April 1680 and the days after, the company fought the Spanish armadilla before Panama and took vessels in the roads, including the ship Trinidad among the isles of Perico, which became the buccaneers' principal ship and the ship Sharp later commanded round Cape Horn.
    Reproduced journals and period narrativeHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), Ringrose and Sharp as reproduced there; A New Voyage Round the WorldOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  627. The assault on Arica on 30 January 1681 was repulsed with 28 of the buccaneers killed or taken and 18 wounded, wounded prisoners being killed by the Spaniards; Sharp had been deposed and John Watling led the assault, in which Watling was killed.
    Reproduced journals and period narrativeHistory of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10), Ringrose as reproduced there; A New Voyage Round the WorldOn: Bartholomew Sharp
  628. Dampier's A New Voyage Round the World (1697) was read directly for this record, while Ringrose, John Cox and Sharp's own Journal were read only as Burney reproduces them in 1816; Ringrose's manuscript (Sloane 3820), John Cox's manuscript (Sloane 49) and the printed Bucaniers of America of 1685 were located but not read, and the Admiralty record of the 1682 trial was not reached at all.
    Period narrative and reproduced journalsA New Voyage Round the World; History of the Buccaneers of America (Chapters 9 and 10)On: Bartholomew Sharp
  629. The period spellings of the name are Hornigold, in the deposition of John Vickers (1716) and in Peter Heywood's Jamaica letter of 7 February 1718, and Hornygold, in Governor Woodes Rogers' letter of 31 October 1718 and in Johnson's General History (1724); a third form, Horngold, is reported in one account of Capt. Mathew Musson's letter of 5 July 1717 but was not found in the documents when searched for, and Hornagold appears only as a modern genealogical variant.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 29, July 1716, item 240.i (Deposition of John Vickers); vol 30, February 1718 1-15, item 357 (Peter Heywood to Council of Trade, 7 Feb 1718); vol 30, October 1718, item 737 (Gov Woodes Rogers to Council of Trade and Plantations, 31 Oct 1718); Capt. Mathew Musson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSP vol 29 item 635; A General History of the Pyrates (vol 1, Introduction and chapter Of Captain Teach alias Black-beard)On: Benjamin Hornigold
  630. The earliest naming of Hornigold in an official record is Thomas Walker's list of Eleuthera pirates, enclosed with his letter to the Council of Trade and Plantations of 14 March 1714/15; the raiding of the previous winter usually given him is reconstructed from later material rather than documented.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 28 (1714-1715), Thomas Walker to the Council of Trade and Plantations, item 276 with enclosures 276.i, 276.iii, 276.v (vol28 pp110-122)On: Benjamin Hornigold
  631. The deposition of John Vickers, enclosed with a letter of 3 July 1716, records Hornigold arriving at Providence in November 1715 in the sloop Mary of Jamaica belonging to Augustine Golding, which he had taken on the Spanish coast, sailing from Providence in January with 140 men, six guns and eight pattararas, returning in March in a captured Spanish sloop with near 200 men, declaring that all the pirates there were under his protection, and describing the company as the self-styled flying gang.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 29, July 1716, item 240 and enclosure 240.i (Deposition of John Vickers), C.O. 5, 1317 Nos. 45, 45 i.-iii. (vol29 pp139-159)On: Benjamin Hornigold
  632. Capt. Mathew Musson's letter to the Council of Trade and Plantations of 5 July 1717 names Hornigold as one of five pirate captains using Providence as a rendezvous, with a sloop of ten guns and about eighty men; the thirty-gun Ranger given him for that year by secondary accounts is not in the document.
    Calendared state papersCapt. Mathew Musson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Calendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 29 item 635, C.O. 5, 1265 No. 73 (vol29 pp336-344)On: Benjamin Hornigold
  633. Peter Heywood reported to the Council of Trade from Jamaica on 7 February 1718 that one of the two vessels he had sent out with the King's proclamation of pardon "came up with Hornigold, and one or two more his consorts, who sent me their resolution in the inclos'd copy", the enclosure reading "Wee embrace H.M. act of grace and return H.M. our hearty thanks for the same".
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 30, February 1718 1-15, item 357 (Peter Heywood to the Council of Trade, Jamaica, 7 Feb 1718) and enclosure 357.i, C.O. 137, 13. Nos. 5, 5 i. (vol30 pp168-186)On: Benjamin Hornigold
  634. Governor Woodes Rogers' despatch of 31 October 1718 records a sloop fitted out under Hornigold to scout Charles Vane and Hornigold seizing a vessel that had traded with Vane, which Rogers reckoned had disobliged Hornigold's old friends and left the governor stronger than he had expected.
    Calendared state papersGovernor Woodes Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 31 October 1718, Calendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 30 item 737, C.O. 23, 1 Nos. 10, 10 i.-viii. (vol30 pp359-381)On: Benjamin Hornigold
  635. Governor Woodes Rogers wrote to Mr Secretary Craggs from Nassau on 24 December 1718 that he had equipped a sloop under Capt. Hornigold and Cockram, "who had themselves been pirates, but accepted of H.M. Act of Grace", that they had apprehended pirates "to the number of 13, three whereof dyed of their wounds", and that he was "glad of this new proof Capt. Hornigold has given the world to wipe off the infamous name he has hitherto been known by".
    Calendared state papersGovernor Woodes Rogers to Mr Secretary Craggs, Nassau, 24 December 1718, Calendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies vol 30 item 807, C.O. 23, 13 ff. 20-24v. (vol30 pp424-446)On: Benjamin Hornigold
  636. Johnson supplies no forename: the chapter is headed 'Of Captain Lewis' and the text calls him only 'Lewis' or 'Captain Lewis', so the modern form 'William Lewis' has no basis in the 1728 source.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. II, the chapter 'Of Captain Lewis. And his Crew'On: Captain Lewis
  637. Johnson's chapter is entirely undated: it gives no calendar year, month or day for any event of Lewis's career, from the escape at Havana to the death on the Guinea coast.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Vol. II, the chapter 'Of Captain Lewis. And his Crew'On: Captain Lewis
  638. The index to the Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, America and West Indies for 1700 enters 'Lewis , Captain (pirate), 395, 405; and see Guittar.' and so refers the reader on to Guittar.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers, Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 18 (1700), Index: LOn: Captain Lewis
  639. The name appears in period documents in three forms: Vane in the 1721 Jamaica trial print and in Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes' despatches, Vain in the Bermuda cruelty depositions of May 1718, and Vaine, whose carrier is given two ways in the surviving record, as Governor Woodes Rogers' despatch from Nassau of 31 October 1718 and as a Jamaica newsletter of 31 March 1721; the disagreement is not resolved here.
    Trial pamphlet and calendared state papersThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, printed by Robert Baldwin, 1721), CO 137/14/1; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol 30, October 1718, no. 737 (Governor Woodes Rogers to the Council of Trade and Plantations); vol 30, May 1718, item 551; and vol 32, April 1721, item 463.iii (CO 37/10 No 17.iii)On: Charles Vane
  640. The 1721 indictment styles him "Charles Vane, late of the Town and Parish of Port Royal, in the Island of Jamaica, Mariner", a legal formula that fixes a place of abode and a calling rather than a birthplace.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), the Vane articles at pp 37 to 40; CO 137/14/1On: Charles Vane
  641. Captain Vincent Pearce of HMS Phoenix deposed at the 1721 trial that about the latter end of March 1718, being then at Providence with the King's proclamation for the pardoning of pirates on board, Charles Vane surrendered to him in order to obtain the benefit of it, received it, and afterwards turned pirate.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), deposition of Capt. Vincent Pearce in Vane's trial; CO 137/14/1On: Charles Vane
  642. Between 29 March and 23 May 1718 Vane took four sloops in the Bahamas passages, the John and Elizabeth off Abaco, the Betty off Crooked Island, the Fortune and the Richard and John; the trial depositions name his vessel the Lark while the contemporary Bermuda depositions of May 1718 name her the Ranger, and both forms are period.
    Trial pamphlet and calendared state papersThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), articles I to IV and the depositions of Benjamin Lee and Joseph Cockran; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol 30, item 551 (CO 37/10 Nos 10, 10 i-x)On: Charles Vane
  643. Ten depositions taken before Lieutenant Governor Benjamin Bennett of Bermuda between 16 and 28 May 1718 name Charles Vain, commander of the pirate sloop Ranger, and record general beating and robbery of captives, Nathaniel Catling swearing that the pirates of the Ranger hanged him by the neck until they thought him dead and cut him with a cutlass when he revived.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol 30, May 1718, item 551 and enclosures 551.i to 551.x (CO 37/10 Nos 10, 10 i-x), pp 242-264On: Charles Vane
  644. John Shattock, master of the brigantine Endeavour, met Vane's company off Long Island in the Bahamas on 23 October 1718 and deposed that on 25 October he was "much beat and abused by the said Charles Vane, to force him to discover if he had any money on board his vessel".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), deposition of John Shattock in Robert Deal's trial; CO 137/14/1On: Charles Vane
  645. The Governor and Council of South Carolina reported on 21 October 1718 that two vessels under Vane lay off the bar at Charles Town, took a Guinea ship with enslaved people aboard and two inbound sloops, and attacked four outward-bound ships, and that Colonel William Rhett, sent out after him, took Stede Bonnet in the Cape Fear River instead.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol 30, October 1718, item 730 (CO 5/1265 No 121), pp 359-381On: Charles Vane
  646. Hosea Tisdell deposed at Robert Deal's trial that on or about 23 November 1718 Vane's company attacked a French man of war and was beaten off, then quarrelled and divided, made the quarter-master captain, and turned Charles Vane, Robert Deal and fifteen men more out into a small sloop.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), deposition of Hosea Tisdell in Robert Deal's trial; CO 137/14/1On: Charles Vane
  647. After the company divided, Vane kept the sea in a small sloop with Robert Deal and took the merchant sloop Pearl, Charles Rowling master, in the Bay of Honduras on 16 December 1718, the latest act charged against him.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), article VI and the deposition of John Hill; CO 137/14/1On: Charles Vane
  648. Vane was tried at a Court of Admiralty held at the town of St Jago de la Vega in Jamaica on Wednesday 22 March 1720/21, Sir Nicholas Lawes presiding, on six articles covering piracies committed between March and December 1718, and pleaded not guilty.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), the Vane trial at pp 37 to 40; CO 137/14/1On: Charles Vane
  649. The court convicted Vane on the first and second articles only, for taking the sloop John and Elizabeth about two leagues from Abaco on 29 March 1718 and the sloop Betty about a league off Crooked Island on 17 April 1718, and sentenced him to be hanged by the neck till he was dead; no court adjudicated the other four articles or any of the beatings.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), verdict and sentence in Vane's trial; CO 137/14/1On: Charles Vane
  650. Vane was hanged at Gallows Point, Port Royal, on Wednesday 29 March 1721 with John Hanson and Robert Hudson, and his body was afterwards hung in chains on a gibbet at Gun Key.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (Jamaica, 1721), the execution notice following Vane's trial; CO 137/14/1On: Charles Vane
  651. Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes reported Vane taken, tried and executed to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 20 April 1721 and sent the printed Tryals home as an enclosure on 12 June 1721, where it survives as CO 137/14; a Jamaica newsletter of 31 March 1721 names Vaine with Racum as though the two had been executed together, though Rackham had been hanged in November 1720.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol 32, April 1721, items 459 (CO 137/13 No 53) and 463.iii (CO 37/10 No 17.iii), pp 281-297; and June 1721, nos 523 and 523.i (C.O. 137, 14, ff. 6-7v, 8v-30v), pp 329-346On: Charles Vane
  652. Goffe's origins, birth, parentage and birthplace are established by no source read for this record, and no parish or baptismal entry for him has been located.
    Modern scholarshipThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630 to 1730 (the Goffe passage at pp. 30 to 32)On: Christopher Goffe
  653. The whole evidentiary base for Goffe read for this account is one modern edition, Dow and Edmonds (1923), which transcribes three Massachusetts Archives locations, Vol. CXXVII leaves 10 and 191 and Vol. XXXVII leaf 117; none of those manuscripts was directly consulted, and they are the first priority for verification because they carry the surrender, the commission and the only substantial quotations.
    Modern scholarship and colonial recordsThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730 (the Goffe passage at pp. 30-32), transcribing Massachusetts Archives, Vol. CXXVII, leaves 10 and 191, and Vol. XXXVII, leaf 117; the manuscripts not directly consultedOn: Christopher Goffe
  654. That chapter calls him only Captain Condent and supplies no forename anywhere in it.
    Period narrativeThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (1728), the chapter Of Captain Condent, and his CrewOn: Condent
  655. Jameson's Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period, read and searched through, contains no mention of Edward England, the Cassandra, Captain Mackra, the Cadogan or Skinner; the October 1720 pages of the Calendar of State Papers Colonial carry Caribbean piracy correspondence but nothing on England or the Indian Ocean pirates, and the relevant East India Company records for 1720 are not in that Colonial series and remain unread.
    Calendared state papers and an edited document collectionPrivateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (1923); Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 32 (1720 to 1721), October 1720 (pp. 165 to 187)On: Edward England
  656. Modyford's letter of 16 June 1666 reports that Mansfield arrived at Jamaica with one other ship on the 12th of that month and complained that the disobedience of several officers and soldiers was the cause of the fleet not proceeding on the design of Curacao.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100On: Edward Mansvelt
  657. The same letter records that Mansfield, whom Modyford calls "the old fellow", was resolved never to see the Governor's face until he had done some service to his Majesty, and that with 200 men, about 80 of them French, he resolved to attempt the island of Providence, which had been English until the whole Spanish armada took it in 1641 and had been garrisoned by Spain ever since.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100On: Edward Mansvelt
  658. The same letter calls Mansfield "an excellent coaster, which is his chief if not only virtue", and records that he brought his ships within half a mile of Providence by night through an unusual passage among rocks "where they say ship never came", landed early in the morning, marched four leagues, and surprised the Spanish governor, who was taken prisoner.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100On: Edward Mansvelt
  659. The same letter records that about 200 soldiers held the fort and yielded on conditions to be landed on the main; that 27 pieces of ordnance, 100 double jars of powder and shot were found in a work Modyford calls very strongly built; that the plunder acknowledged was 150 enslaved people, of whom 100 were carried off; that 35 men and Capt. Hattsell, keeper of the magazine, were left on the island, which was rendered to Modyford for the King's account; and that many of the guns were said to bear Queen Elizabeth's arms.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100On: Edward Mansvelt
  660. Modyford recorded that he had "yet only reproved Mansfield for doing it without orders", and that he dared not go further than rebukes without the King's express orders, "lest he should drive them from that allegiance which they make great profession of now more than ever".
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1216: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to Sec. Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 100On: Edward Mansvelt
  661. Jamaica and London converted the seizure into a Crown possession within months: Modyford wrote on 21 August 1666 that he had despatched Major Samuel Smith with a small supply of men to govern the Isle of Providence for his Majesty, and a commission of 10 November 1666 appointed Sir James Modyford Lieutenant-Governor of the island of Providence, also Santa Catarina, to govern by instructions from Sir Thomas Modyford at Jamaica.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1263: Governor Sir Thomas Modyford to the Duke of Albemarle, 21 August 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 133; and no. 1307: commission appointing Sir James Modyford Lieutenant-Governor of Providence, 10 November 1666; Col. Papers, Vol. XX., No. 166On: Edward Mansvelt
  662. In a deposition sworn on 19 August 1668 and read in Council that December, Henry Wasey, master of the Concord of 400 tons, stated that he had been seized with his ship at anchor in Portobello on 25 May 1666 and put in irons as a supposed spy, that he saw prisoners taken in Providence made slaves at Portobello, that a vessel of Capt. Mansfield's was brought in as prize at the Havannah, and that Capt. Mansfield the commander was clapped in irons and reported to have been put to death soon afterwards; the deposition does not say that this was the commander who took Providence.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1827: Deposition of Henry Wasey, master of the Concord, 19 August 1668, indorsed read in Council 19 December 1668; Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII., No. 43On: Edward Mansvelt
  663. A pirate whose surname was Spriggs served in the George Lowther and Edward Low companies, broke away from Low with a vessel of his own, and raided the Caribbean and the Bay of Honduras.
    Period narrative and sworn depositionsA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. XVI, Of Captain Spriggs, and his Crew; and the Spriggs passage within the Captain Low chapter), Gutenberg ebook 40580; and Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34 (1724-1725), entry 653 with enclosures 653 i and 653 ii (C.O. 23, 13. ff. 209-224)On: Francis Spriggs
  664. Spriggs was never tried, no court adjudicated his personal guilt, and no capture or execution is recorded, so no act attributed to him is proven.
    Period narrative and sworn depositionsA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. XVI, Of Captain Spriggs, and his Crew), Gutenberg ebook 40580; and Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34 (1724-1725), entry 653 with enclosuresOn: Francis Spriggs
  665. Spriggs's end is not documented and the versions of it compete: Johnson's loss of track after the horse ship, which he calls "the last Account we have had of Captain Spriggs", the escape from HMS Diamond, the dispersal of his men through consorts such as Philip Lyne, and a later marooning report.
    Period narrative and sworn depositionsA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. XVI, Of Captain Spriggs, and his Crew), Gutenberg ebook 40580; and Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34 (1724-1725), entry 653 with enclosuresOn: Francis Spriggs
  666. The original depositions in C.O. 23, 13 and C.O. 23, 1 beyond the calendar abstract, the logbooks of HMS Diamond and HMS Spence at The National Archives, and the Boston News-Letter and American Weekly Mercury reports of the 1724 raids were located but not read, and nothing on this page rests on them.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 34 (1724-1725), entry 653 with enclosures (C.O. 23, 13. ff. 209-224; C.O. 23, 1. Nos. 57, 57 i, ii); and Rare logbooks from HMS Diamond (blog post by Gregory N. Flemming), 1 December 2013On: Francis Spriggs
  667. Exquemelin supplies no calendar year anywhere in the l'Olonnais narrative, timing it only by season with phrases such as about the end of April and the last of July, so that the familiar birth about 1630, the Maracaibo raid of 1667 and the death about 1669 are later conventions the source does not carry.
    Period narrativeExquemelin, The Pirates of Panama, or The Buccaneers of America (the l'Olonnais chapters VI to VIII), Gutenberg ebook 26690On: Francois l'Olonnais
  668. l'Olonnais was never tried and no court record touching him has been read, so every act laid to him is alleged in a narrative rather than adjudicated and the word proven attaches to none of them.
    Period narrativeExquemelin, The Pirates of Panama, or The Buccaneers of America (the l'Olonnais chapters VI to VIII), Gutenberg ebook 26690On: Francois l'Olonnais
  669. George Lowther is named as a pirate captain by two independent sworn depositions, John Wickstead's naming him as the pirate who seized the Princess on 8 September 1723 and Walter Moore's naming Captain George Lowther among the men taken at Blanco, as well as by A General History of the Pyrates.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), No. 754: Governor Worsley (Barbados) to the Council of Trade and Plantations, with enclosure 754 iv, deposition of John Wickstead and others, pp. 355-372; CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34 (1724-1725), No. 102 and 102 i: Governor Hart (St Christopher's) to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 25 March 1724, with the deposition of Walter Moor, master of the sloop Eagle, pp. 71-76On: George Lowther
  670. The forename George is attested in period record rather than supplied by modern editors, the chapter heading of A General History of the Pyrates reading Of Capt. George Lowther, and his Crew and the two colonial depositions giving George Lowther and Captain George Lowther, and no variant spelling of the surname was located.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Chap. XII, Of Capt. George Lowther, and his Crew; CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33, No. 754 iv (Wickstead deposition); CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34, No. 102 i (deposition of Walter Moor)On: George Lowther
  671. John Wickstead, master of the Princess galley, swore with Blowers, Crawford and Flint that Lowther seized and plundered the ship on 8 September 1723 and that lighted matches were placed between the fingers of Blowers and Crawford to force the discovery of the gold, which fixes the late chronology of Lowther's career on primary evidence rather than on narrative.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33 (1722-1723), No. 754 and enclosure 754 iv: Governor Worsley (Barbados) to the Council of Trade and Plantations, with the deposition of John Wickstead and others, pp. 355-372On: George Lowther
  672. The record distinguishes forced men from volunteers: the Wickstead deposition separates two men detained by force, Gibbons and Sedgwick, from five who went voluntarily, and the St Christopher's court indicted Corp and Winn separately for desertion and acquitted three of the fourteen tried.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33, No. 754 iv (deposition of John Wickstead and others); CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34, No. 102 (Governor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 25 March 1724)On: George Lowther
  673. The sloop Eagle under Walter Moore surprised Lowther's sloop careened at Blanco in October 1723 and took twenty-four of the crew, sixteen of whom were later committed, while Lowther and a few others escaped ashore; Governor Hart's letter dates the capture to 5 October and Moore's own deposition to 15 October.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34 (1724-1725), No. 102 and 102 i: Governor Hart (St Christopher's) to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 25 March 1724, with the deposition of Walter Moor, master of the sloop Eagle, pp. 71-76On: George Lowther
  674. The Court of Admiralty at Old Road, St Christopher's, sat on 11 March 1723/4 and indicted fourteen men for robbing the Princess galley, finding eleven guilty and three not guilty, pardoning Winn and Watson and hanging eleven on 20 March, which corrects the date of 11 March 1722 and the count of thirteen guilty given in A General History of the Pyrates.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34 (1724-1725), No. 102: Governor Hart (St Christopher's) to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 25 March 1724, pp. 71-76On: George Lowther
  675. Lowther was never tried and no court adjudicated his personal guilt, since he died on Blanco in 1723, although his crew were convicted of robbing the Princess galley.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34 (1724-1725), No. 102 and 102 i: Governor Hart (St Christopher's) to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 25 March 1724, with the deposition of Walter Moor, pp. 71-76On: George Lowther
  676. No birthplace, parentage or nationality for Lowther is given by any source read for this record, A General History of the Pyrates opening with his sailing from the Thames and supplying no origin, and the full St Christopher's trial minutes with the list of the fourteen accused are not carried by the calendared despatch.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, Chap. XII, Of Capt. George Lowther, and his Crew; CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 33, No. 754 and 754 iv; CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34, No. 102 and 102 iOn: George Lowther
  677. By del Valle's complaint the two vessels anchored in the Canal of Bahama under Spanish colours, lay still till night, landed their people and marched them to the salvage camp under arms the next morning, where the Spanish commanding officer asked whether it was war and was told they came to fish for the wrecks; his offer of 25,000 pieces of eight was refused, and the raiders took all the silver, stripped the people and carried away four small cannon, two of them brass.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158 i, del Valle to the Marquis de Monteleon, Jamaica, 18 March 1715/16 (C.O. 137, 11. No. 16 i.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  678. Captain Balchen reported that the sloops went to sea and returned in a shorter time than could be expected with a considerable sum of money, a thing he could not forbear saying he thought to be the greatest of piracy, blamed by some of the island but thought just by those who had share of the money.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  679. Page deposed that Lord Archibald Hamilton answered del Valle's second memorial only by saying that the Florida shore was part of the King of England's dominions and that the Spaniards, having seized English vessels since the peace, owed the English more than those Spanish effects would answer, and that the sloops sailed again with the Governor's commission, well fitted with warlike stores.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  680. On 19 May 1716 Mr Secretary Stanhope directed that Hamilton's commission be annulled and superseded and Peter Heywood appointed in his place, on account of abuses committed under the covert of the commissions Hamilton had granted, to the prejudice of the treaties between England and Spain, Heywood being instructed to inquire into all such piracies and robberies committed upon the Spaniards in the Gulph of Florida or elsewhere, to seize those found guilty and to send them to England for trial.
    Calendared state papersCSP Colonial vol 29 no. 158, enclosing Balchen of HMS Diamond (iv) and Samuel Page (v) (C.O. 137, 11. Nos. 16, 16 i.-xv.), read on British History OnlineOn: Henry Jennings
  681. Henry Morgan was a Welsh privateer and buccaneer commander operating from Jamaica between the 1660s and the 1680s who led the buccaneers against Porto Bello, Maracaibo and Panama, and who was afterwards knighted and made Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica.
    Period narrativeThe Pirates of Panama; or, The Buccaneers of America (Broadway edition, ed. George Alfred Williams; reproducing the 1684 English translation of Exquemelin, here abridged for general readers), with the London Gazette of 8 June 1685 and the colonial record reproduced in The Life of Sir Henry MorganOn: Henry Morgan
  682. The principal narrative source for Morgan's raids is Alexandre Exquemelin's Buccaneers of America, written by a barber-surgeon present on the expeditions, which appeared in Dutch in 1678 and in two rival London editions in 1684.
    Period narrativeThe Pirates of Panama; or, The Buccaneers of America (Broadway edition, ed. George Alfred Williams; reproducing the 1684 English translation of Exquemelin, here abridged for general readers), with the publishing history set out in The Life of Sir Henry MorganOn: Henry Morgan
  683. The documents style Morgan by rising title, as Captain, Admiral, Colonel and Lieutenant-General, and the London Gazette of 1685 styles him Sir Henry Morgan of Jamaica, knight.
    Period newspaper reportLondon Gazette report of the libel judgment (Westminster, 1 June 1685), London Gazette, 8 June 1685, with Modyford's commission, the colonial record and the log-book of the Assistance as reproduced in The Life of Sir Henry MorganOn: Henry Morgan
  684. Exquemelin's English edition alleged that Morgan had been sold as a servant at Barbados, and William Crooke's printed apology of 1685 retracted it, stating that he had never been anybody's servant in his life except the late King's.
    Printed apologyWilliam Crooke's printed apology and corrections, prefixed to the corrected edition of The History of the Bucaniers of America (1685)On: Henry Morgan
  685. Richard Browne, surgeon to Morgan's fleet, wrote to Secretary Lord Arlington on 12 October 1670 that "Admiral Morgan has been in the Indies 11 or 12 years, and from a private gentleman by his valour has raised himself to now what he is".
    Calendared state papersRichard Browne to Secretary Lord Arlington, on board the Satisfaction frigate at Hispaniola, 12 October 1670, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7 (1669-1674), no. 293, calendar page 112On: Henry Morgan
  686. In the information he and six of his captains gave in at Port Royal on 7 September 1668, Morgan stated that Sir Thomas Modyford had commissioned him about eight months earlier "to draw together the English privateers, and take prisoners of the Spanish nation, whereby he might inform of the intentions of that enemy to invade Jamaica".
    Calendared state papersInformation of Admiral Henry Morgan and his officers, given in at Port Royal, 7 September 1668, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1838, calendar pages 610-612On: Henry Morgan
  687. Crooke's printed apology of 1685 states that Morgan never sailed except by commission from the governor of those parts.
    Printed apologyWilliam Crooke's printed apology and corrections, prefixed to the corrected edition of The History of the Bucaniers of America (1685)On: Henry Morgan
  688. The 1668 information states that Morgan's men, put ashore on Cuba, marched twenty leagues to Puerto Principe and possessed themselves of it "with little resistance", and that "On the Spaniards' entreaty they forbore to fire the town, or bring away prisoners, but on delivery of 1,000 beeves released all."
    Calendared state papersInformation of Admiral Henry Morgan and his officers, given in at Port Royal, 7 September 1668, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1838, calendar page 611On: Henry Morgan
  689. The same 1668 information states that the President of Panama came up to Porto Bello and was beaten off, and that "next day he proffered 100,000 pieces of eight for delivery of the town, castles, and 300 negroes, which being paid, they repaired on board leaving town and castles in as good condition as they found them".
    Calendared state papersInformation of Admiral Henry Morgan and his officers, given in at Port Royal, 7 September 1668, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1838, calendar page 611On: Henry Morgan
  690. The 1668 information records, "for the better vindicating themselves against the usual scandals of that enemy", that ladies of great quality taken prisoner at Porto Bello were offered their liberty to go to the President's camp and refused it.
    Calendared state papersInformation of Admiral Henry Morgan and his officers, given in at Port Royal, 7 September 1668, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 5 (1661-1668), no. 1838, calendar pages 611-612On: Henry Morgan
  691. Sir Thomas Modyford recorded in a letter to Lord Arlington endorsed 17 November 1671 that he had been assured "the proceeding was formal only to give satisfaction to the Spanish interest".
    Calendared state papersSir Thomas Modyford to Secretary Lord Arlington, endorsed 17 November 1671, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 7 (1669-1674), no. 655, calendar page 273On: Henry Morgan
  692. The London Gazette of 8 June 1685 reported the King's Bench judgment in Morgan's favour in his libel action and two hundred pounds damages, and the London publishers printed retractions of the passages complained of.
    Period newspaper reportLondon Gazette report of the libel judgment (Westminster, 1 June 1685), London Gazette, 8 June 1685, with William Crooke's printed apology and corrections (1685)On: Henry Morgan
  693. Morgan made his will on 17 June 1688 and died on 25 August 1688, his death and burial being entered in the log-book of H.M.S. Assistance.
    Ship's logLog-book entry of H.M.S. Assistance recording Morgan's death and burial (Public Record Office, log of the Assistance), with the last will and testament of Sir Henry Morgan, Knight (Jamaica Liber of Wills, 6, folio 8), both as reproduced in The Life of Sir Henry MorganOn: Henry Morgan
  694. The edition of Exquemelin read for this record is the Broadway edition edited by George Alfred Williams, which reproduces the 1684 English translation but is abridged, so the fuller passages Morgan sued over have not been seen.
    Period narrativeThe Pirates of Panama; or, The Buccaneers of America (Broadway edition, ed. George Alfred Williams; reproducing the 1684 English translation of Exquemelin, here abridged for general readers)On: Henry Morgan
  695. Johnson's Davis chapter records the company's article that whoever first espies a sail, if she proves a prize, is entitled to the best pair of pistols on board over and above his dividend, and that such a pair has sometimes been sold for thirty pounds.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew)On: Howell Davis
  696. Howell Davis was killed at Principe in 1719.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew)On: Howell Davis
  697. After Davis's death his company elected Bartholomew Roberts captain in his room.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew)On: Howell Davis
  698. Davis was never tried and no court adjudicated his personal guilt, since he was killed at Principe in 1719, so that none of his acts can be called proven.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VIII, Of Captain Howel Davis, and his Crew)On: Howell Davis
  699. Johnson placed Bowen's origin in an appendix because he "had not that Certainty of his Original" when the main life was printed, and says he had the birth from "one who personally knew, and often convers'd with him".
    Period narrativeThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (1728), the appendix Of Captain Bowen, pp. 371-372On: John Bowen
  700. Johnson describes a Malabar coast on which pirate plunder was openly traded, "it was made so much a Trade, that the Merchants of one Town never scrupled the buying Commodities taken from another", the same merchants furnishing the robbers at the same time with all necessaries.
    Period narrativeThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (1728), the chapter Of Captain Bowen, pp. 49-64On: John Bowen
  701. No primary or official record bearing on Bowen was read for this record: the Calendar of State Papers Colonial, the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland record of the Green trial, the printed 1705 trial pamphlets and the Company of Scotland records of the Speedy Return all remain unread.
    Period narrativeThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (1728), as the only source read for the life; the four bodies of official record named remain unreadOn: John Bowen
  702. Alexander Hamilton, a near-contemporary who sailed those seas, does not name Bowen or the Speedy Return in the passages read for this record, and supplies the Madagascar milieu only.
    Period narrativeA New Account of the East Indies (the Madagascar chapter, on the pirates of the island)On: John Bowen
  703. The whole surviving record of John Martel rests on four documents of unequal weight: a Boston News-Letter report of 12 November 1716 carrying a first-hand victim's account, a contemporary official colonial report of the naval action that destroyed his ship which names no captain, and the two Martel narratives in Charles Johnson's General History (Vol. I, 1724, and the contested Vol. II, 1728).
    Contemporary newspaper report, calendared state papers and period narrativeThe Boston News-Letter, Monday 12 November 1716, p. 2 (Col. John Cranston's account of being taken off Puerto Rico by Capt. John Martell); Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 29 (1716-1717), No. 484: Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Antigua; A General History of the Pyrates, Vol I, Chap. II 'Of Captain Martel, and his Crew'; The History of the Pyrates, Vol II (1728), 'Of Captain Martel. To Captain Johnson'On: John Martel
  704. Martel was never tried and no court adjudicated his guilt, so every act attributed to him is alleged and none of it is proven.
    Period narrative and calendared state papersA General History of the Pyrates, Vol I, Chap. II 'Of Captain Martel, and his Crew'; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 29 (1716-1717), No. 484: Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, AntiguaOn: John Martel
  705. John Quelch was tried for piracy, robbery and murder before a Court of Admiralty at Boston in June 1704, convicted, and executed on 30 June 1704.
    Printed trial record, contemporary diary and period newspaperThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704); Diary of Samuel Sewall, the volume covering 1704 (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections edition); The Boston News-Letter, 1704 issues reporting the Quelch case (arrival notice 15 to 22 May; report of 25 June; execution report early July)On: John Quelch
  706. The printed trial record names him throughout as "John Quelch" and "Capt. John Quelch", spelling the surname consistently, so that the forename John and the surname Quelch are both attested in the record itself.
    Printed trial record and contemporary diaryThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704); Diary of Samuel Sewall, the volume covering 1704 (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections edition)On: John Quelch
  707. On the voyage of the Charles his legal rank was lieutenant, the indictment styling him lieutenant of the brigantine Charles, of which Daniel Plowman, mariner, deceased, was late commander, and he took command only after Plowman's death, so that the title Captain is a courtesy.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  708. The Charles was a new brigantine of about eighty tons, fitted out by the Boston merchants Nicholas Paige, Charles Hobby, William Clarke, Benjamin Gallop and John Colman as a privateer, and Governor Joseph Dudley granted her privateering commission to Captain Daniel Plowman on 13 July 1703, to run six months and to authorise war only against France and Spain.
    Printed trial record and modern narrative historyThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704); The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630 to 1730 (Chapter VII, John Quelch and his Crew who were Hanged in Boston and their Gold Distributed)On: John Quelch
  709. Plowman, lying sick at Marblehead, wrote to his owners on 1 and 2 August 1703 urging that the vessel be laid up and warning them against sending her out under a new commander, telling them "it will not do with these people".
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  710. The Charles sailed from Boston on 4 August 1703 with about seventy men, as Governor Dudley recorded in his own letter.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  711. The crew shut Captain Plowman in his cabin, Anthony Holding being named as the man who ordered it, Plowman died on 6 August 1703, and Quelch then took command and shaped a course for the coast of Brazil; Holding escaped and was never tried.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  712. Nine captures of Portuguese vessels off the coast of Brazil between 15 November 1703 and 17 February 1703 Old Style were charged as separate articles, seven of them small takings of fish and salt worth about three pounds, Brazil sugar, molasses, rice and farine, earthenware, rum, linen, cloth and silk out of a boat that was sunk after plundering, about fifty pounds in Portuguese coined money with a parcel of gold and silver, and the enslaved boy Joachim, who was carried off and afterwards examined in court.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  713. The eighth article charged the seizure of a Portuguese brigantine from Spirito Santo on 15 January 1703 Old Style, from which the company took a hundredweight of gold valued at six thousand pounds and nine hundred pieces of coined gold, Quelch carrying the gold aboard the Charles himself and seeing it weighed.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  714. The ninth article charged the seizure of a Portuguese ship of about two hundred tons and twelve guns near the River of Plate on 17 February 1703 Old Style, in which her commander was killed and beef, guns, arms, powder, sails, an enslaved boy and pieces of eight were carried away, the witnesses being unable to agree which of the company had killed him.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  715. The Court of Admiralty opened at Boston on 13 June 1704 under a commission grounded on the Act of 11 and 12 William III, Joseph Dudley presiding, with Povey, Usher, Byfield, Sewall and others as commissioners.
    Printed trial record and contemporary diaryThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704); Diary of Samuel Sewall, the volume covering 1704 (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections edition)On: John Quelch
  716. The trial was held without a jury under that commission, and Crown counsel conceded in open court that putting an Englishman to death without a jury might be thought severe.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  717. Defence counsel James Meinzies objected that the approvers were incompetent witnesses for want of a pardon and that by the civil law which the Act invoked an accomplice could not be a witness, and the objections were overruled.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  718. The Crown pressed the Portuguese alliance as an aggravation, arguing that men holding a commission against France and Spain had instead "sheathed it in the Bowels of some of the best Friends and Allies", and two London Gazettes of May and July 1703 were produced to prove the treaty signed at Lisbon on 16 May 1703.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  719. The court held that the conviction did not depend on the alliance, the president ruling that had there been no alliance and no war between the two crowns the prisoner and his company would still have been guilty of piracy, and citing Kidd's hanging for robbing the Great Mogul.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  720. Quelch was convicted of the murder as a principal although he was not shown to be the killer, since by the statute of 28 Henry VIII all who were present and assisting at a murder on the high sea were principals.
    Printed trial recordThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704)On: John Quelch
  721. Quelch was brought to trial on Monday 19 June 1704, found guilty of all nine articles and sentenced to death the same day; Dow and Edmonds print the trial day as "Monday, June 9", a slip against the trial record, Sewall and the News-Letter of 25 June, which all give the nineteenth.
    Printed trial record, contemporary diary and period newspaperThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704); Diary of Samuel Sewall, the volume covering 1704 (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections edition); The Boston News-Letter, 1704 issues reporting the Quelch case (arrival notice 15 to 22 May; report of 25 June; execution report early July)On: John Quelch
  722. Six men were executed on Friday 30 June 1704, Quelch, John Lambert, Christopher Scudamore, John Miller, Erasmus Peterson and Peter Roach, and a seventh, Francis King, was brought out with them and reprieved at the gallows.
    Printed trial record, contemporary diary and period newspaperThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704); Diary of Samuel Sewall, the volume covering 1704 (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections edition); The Boston News-Letter, 1704 issues reporting the Quelch case (arrival notice 15 to 22 May; report of 25 June; execution report early July)On: John Quelch
  723. The printed trial record is the spine of the case, carrying the constitution of the court, the nine articles, the sworn examinations of the approvers Matthew Pymer, John Clifford and James Parrot, the arguments of counsel, the verdict, the sentence and an appendix of documents, while Samuel Sewall was both a commissioner of the court and an eyewitness of the execution, writing that "the River was cover'd with People, I was amazed".
    Printed trial record and contemporary diaryThe Arraignment, Tryal, and Condemnation, of Capt. John Quelch, and others of his company, &c. for sundry Piracies, Robberies, and Murder, committed upon the Subjects of the King of Portugal, Her Majesty's Allie, on the Coast of Brasil (Court of Admiralty, Boston, 13 to 21 June 1704); Diary of Samuel Sewall, the volume covering 1704 (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections edition)On: John Quelch
  724. Every narrative statement about the pirate captain Taylor read for this record comes from a single carrier, the Of Captain England chapter of Charles Johnson's A General History of the Pyrates of 1724, and no independent East India Company, colonial or Admiralty text was reached.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Of Captain England chapter, carrying Taylor, the Cassandra, and the letter of Captain Mackra dated Bombay 16 November 1720)On: John Taylor
  725. No source read for this record states Taylor's birthplace, nationality, origin or early life, and Johnson gives none.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Of Captain England chapter, carrying Taylor, the Cassandra, and the letter of Captain Mackra dated Bombay 16 November 1720)On: John Taylor
  726. Jameson's Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period, searched for this record as a possible independent documentary carrier, contains nothing on the Taylor of the Cassandra: its index lists a 1664 London merchant, a William Taylor of the Phillips crew and a John Taylor of the Revenge, none of them this man, and the ship name Cassandra does not occur in it at all.
    Period document collectionPrivateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative DocumentsOn: John Taylor
  727. The whole documentary record of Josiah Burgess read for this record is one contemporary official document that names him, Capt. Mathew Musson's report to the Council of Trade and Plantations of July 1717, and three brief mentions in the Introduction to Charles Johnson's General History of the Pyrates (1724), with no testimony by or against him and no named prize.
    Calendared state papers and period narrativeAmerica and West Indies: July 1717 (Capt. Mathew Musson to the Council of Trade and Plantations, calendar item 635), C.O. 5/1265, No. 73; A General History of the Pyrates (Introduction, on the pirates of Providence and their fates under Woodes Rogers), Gutenberg ebook 40580On: Josiah Burgess
  728. Lt. Governor Bennett of Bermuda reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 3 February 1718 that he had sent a sloop with the King's proclamations to Providence on 19 December, "where they were accepted of with great joy, there being near 300 of them".
    Calendared state papersAmerica and West Indies: February 1718, 1-15 (Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, calendar item 345), C.O. 37, 10. Nos. 7, 7 i.-iii.On: Josiah Burgess
  729. The surviving pardon correspondence of early 1718 names other Providence men and not Burgess: Bennett reports Henry Jennings, "who left off that way of liveing some months since", arriving at Bermuda "with seven others" and surrendering, and encloses both his form of certificate and a letter written at Providence on 10 January 1718 by Thomas Nichols saying "Some of us readily embrace the same", while Peter Heywood reported from Jamaica on 7 February that one of his vessels "came up with Hornigold, and one or two more his consorts" and that six of them came in.
    Calendared state papersAmerica and West Indies: February 1718, 1-15 (Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, calendar item 345, with enclosures 345. i and 345. ii), C.O. 37, 10. Nos. 7, 7 i.-iii.; America and West Indies: February 1718, 1-15 (Peter Heywood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, calendar item 357, enclosing Hornigold and other pirates' acceptance of the Act of Grace), C.O. 137/13, Nos. 5, 5.iOn: Josiah Burgess
  730. No despatch of Woodes Rogers reporting the death of Burgess has been located, and the place Abaco, the year 1719 and the rescue of George Rounsivell from the same loss are later additions that Johnson does not supply.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Introduction, on the pirates of Providence and their fates under Woodes Rogers), Gutenberg ebook 40580On: Josiah Burgess
  731. No court ever tried Burgess or adjudicated his guilt, so nothing attributed to him can be called proven.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Introduction, on the pirates of Providence and their fates under Woodes Rogers), Gutenberg ebook 40580On: Josiah Burgess
  732. The deposition of John Vickers (C.O. 5/1317, 1716) and Capt. Vincent Pearse's returns of those who took certificates of protection at Providence in early 1718 are the key primary documents that could confirm Burgess's associations and his pardon by name, and neither has been read.
    Modern scholarshipPirates and Privateers: Benjamin HornigoldOn: Josiah Burgess
  733. The Council of Trade and Plantations reported to the King on 24 July 1724 that Spanish guarda costas committed frequent acts of piracy on British subjects under the colour of lawful commissions and in violation of the treaties then subsisting, and that the ships coming from Africa with enslaved people were their particular prey, driving up the rates of insurance.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34 (1724-1725), no. 291 i, Council of Trade and Plantations to the King, Whitehall, 24 July 1724 (pp. 168-185)On: Nicholas Brown
  734. The Assiento factors at Havana reported in April 1724 that the Spanish governor there refused to give up English deserters, holding their becoming Catholics a sufficient motive for their remaining, and that with the garrison long short of men all French and English renegades were immediately taken into Spanish pay.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 34 (1724-1725), no. 245 ii, W. Nicholson and J. Calder to Governor Phenney, Havana, 2 April 1724 (pp. 126-143)On: Nicholas Brown
  735. Jameson's Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (1923) was searched in full and contains no mention of La Bouse, La Buse, Le Bouse, la Bouche or Levasseur, and nothing of the Nossa Senhora do Cabo, the Conde de Ericeira or the Cassandra episode.
    Edited collection of primary documents (negative search)Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative DocumentsOn: Olivier Levasseur
  736. Robert Livingston the Elder, first lord of Livingston Manor, was the Albany merchant and colonial officer who backed the Kidd privateering venture of 1695 and 1696, and his period legal name form is Robert Livingston Esqr., as he is named in the articles of 7 February 1695/6.
    Articles of agreementA secret agreement between pirate hunters, 1696 (articles of agreement, Livingston-Kidd-Bellomont-Blackham), GLC03107.00239On: Robert Livingston
  737. In London in October 1695 Livingston introduced Kidd to Bellomont, drew up the articles of agreement for the privateering venture and sealed them on 10 October, Livingston and Kidd of the one part and Richard, Earl of Bellomont, of the other; the four Whig lords named in the syndicate, Somers, Russell, Shrewsbury and Romney, do not appear in the articles themselves.
    Articles of agreementA secret agreement between pirate hunters, 1696 (articles of agreement, Livingston-Kidd-Bellomont-Blackham), GLC03107.00239; Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (Case of William Kidd)On: Robert Livingston
  738. By a separate agreement of 7 February 1695/6 Livingston and Kidd each sold a third of their shares in the venture to the investor Richard Blackham, repayable by 25 March 1697 barring loss at sea or Kidd's death.
    Articles of agreementA secret agreement between pirate hunters, 1696 (articles of agreement, Livingston-Kidd-Bellomont-Blackham), GLC03107.00239On: Robert Livingston
  739. Petitioning the Speaker of the House of Commons, William Kidd named Livingston the projector, promoter and chief manager of the design and asked that he be examined and confronted; the petition's date is unresolved, Jameson placing it in April 1701 and warning that a calendar has conflated it with the petition of 12 May 1701, which does not name Livingston.
    Published primary documentsPrivateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents, document 87, petition of William Kidd to the Speaker of the House of CommonsOn: Robert Livingston
  740. At Boston in early July 1699, on news of Kidd's arrival, Livingston came down from Albany and in a peremptory manner demanded up his bond and the articles he had sealed for Kidd's expedition, as Bellomont reported to the Board of Trade on 8 July 1699; Bellomont refused, had Kidd arrested, and Livingston himself escaped prosecution.
    Published primary documentsPrivateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents, document 77, Lord Bellomont to the Board of Trade, Boston, 8 July 1699 (PRO C.O. 5:860, no. 62); Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol 17 (1699), no. 680On: Robert Livingston
  741. The largest surviving original body of Robert Livingston the Elder's manuscripts is the Gilder Lehrman collection GLC03107, catalogued as letters and documents of the Livingston-Redmond family of New York, 1637-1850, comprising 5,445 items and holding his correspondence, accounts and instruments.
    Archive finding aidLetters and documents of the Livingston-Redmond family of New York (decimalized), GLC03107On: Robert Livingston
  742. The surviving Kidd-venture instrument in the Livingston corpus is GLC03107.00239, the articles of 7 February 1695/6 among Livingston, Kidd and Richard Blackham, which recite the principal articles of 10 October 1695 and are published in full transcript; the venture bond itself was not located, and the one Gilder Lehrman record titled a financial bond to Robert Livingston, GLC03107.01809, is an unrelated debt bond of 18 October 1727 binding John Chissim to him.
    Manuscript catalogue recordsA secret agreement between pirate hunters, 1696 (Livingston-Kidd-Blackham articles), GLC03107.00239; Financial bond to Robert Livingston, GLC03107.01809On: Robert Livingston
  743. No Livingston manuscript image or manuscript-level transcription was read for this record except the GLC03107.00239 transcript of the Kidd articles; the rest of the manuscript core is mapped from finding aids, catalogue records and a documentary-history index rather than from the documents themselves.
    Archive finding aidsLetters and documents of the Livingston-Redmond family of New York (decimalized), GLC03107; Historical Materials in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library; Robert Livingston papers, ARMS 1974.018On: Robert Livingston
  744. The printed record of the Boston trial of the Whydah survivors names him as Capt. Samuel Bellamy and gives him the command of the ship it prints as the Whido.
    Printed trial recordThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy &c., Boston Court of Admiralty, October 1717 (Evans/TCP N01688)On: Samuel Bellamy
  745. Cyprian Southack's salvage note, written across his chart of the New England coast in 1717, spells the name Bellame.
    Period map annotationAnnotation on Cyprian Southack's chart (later in The New England Coasting Pilot)On: Samuel Bellamy
  746. The pink Mary Anne, laden with Madeira wine and bound from Boston to New York, was taken on the morning of 26 April 1717 between St George's Bank and Nantucket Shoals.
    Printed trial recordThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy (Evans/TCP N01688), on the sworn testimony of Fitzgerald and MackconachyOn: Samuel Bellamy
  747. Samuel Bellamy was never tried and no court adjudicated his personal guilt for any act.
    Printed trial recordThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy (Boston), Evans/TCP N01688On: Samuel Bellamy
  748. Cyprian Southack, sent by Governor Shute to salvage the wreck, buried a hundred and two drowned men by the count in his own chart annotation, while the total lost is given elsewhere as between a hundred and forty-two and a hundred and forty-four and Cotton Mather's account of 1717 speaks only of above one hundred pirates cast away.
    Period map annotation and period pamphletAnnotation on Cyprian Southack's chart (later in The New England Coasting Pilot); The Wreck of the Whydah off Cape Cod, Historical Journal (Winter 2006); X Marks the Spot: Searching for Pirate Treasure on Cape Cod (Leventhal Map and Education Center); Instructions to the Living from the Condition of the Dead, Cotton Mather's pamphlet, Boston, John Allen for Nicholas Boone, 1717On: Samuel Bellamy
  749. Stede Bonnet, late of Barbados, mariner, is a securely documented person who was named as a defendant in a sworn record of the Court of Vice-Admiralty at Charles Town in 1718 and reported by name in the Governor of South Carolina's official despatch, and whose guilt on two counts of piracy was adjudicated by a court rather than merely alleged.
    Trial pamphlet and calendared state papersThe Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 30, October 1718, No. 730 (Gov. Robert Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations), C.O. 5, 1265. No. 121; and 5, 1293. pp. 173-175On: Stede Bonnet
  750. Lieutenant Governor Bennett of Bermuda, writing to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 31 May 1718, listed among the pirates then at sea "one Tatch with whom is Major Bonnett of Barbados in a ship of 36 guns and 300 men".
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, no. 551, Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Bermuda, 31 May 1718; C.O. 37, 10. Nos. 10, 10 i.-x.On: Stede Bonnet
  751. Lieutenant Governor Spotswood of Virginia reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 22 December 1718 that he had received advice from North Carolina "that Major Bonnett who was one of Tach's associates and surrendered with him, was gone out again in a sloop".
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, no. 800, Lt. Governor Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, Virginia, 22 December 1718; C.O. 5, 1318. Nos. 61, 61 i.-vi.On: Stede Bonnet
  752. The Governor and Council of South Carolina, writing on 12 December 1718, referred back to their despatch of 21 October reporting "the action of taking Majr. Stede Bonnet, and his crew at Cape Fear, by Collo. William Rhett", which is contemporary official corroboration of the capture independent of the trial print.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 30, no. 787, Governor and Council of South Carolina to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 12 December 1718; C.O. 5, 1265. No. 119; and 5, 1293. pp. 166, 167; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 30, October 1718, No. 730 (Gov. Robert Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations), C.O. 5, 1265. No. 121On: Stede Bonnet
  753. The first indictment charged him with piratically seizing the merchant sloop Francis, Peter Manwaring commander, off Cape James alias Cape Inlopen on 2 August 1718 and carrying her away with her lading; Johnson spells the sloop Frances and the reproductions give Francis.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758; A General History of the Pyrates, Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew; The Charleston Pirate Trials of 1718 (Charleston Time Machine)On: Stede Bonnet
  754. The second indictment charged the piratical seizure of the merchant sloop Fortune, Thomas Read commander, on 31 August 1718; he was convicted by jury verdict on the first indictment and confessed guilt on the second.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758; A General History of the Pyrates, Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew; The Charleston Pirate Trials of 1718 (Charleston Time Machine)On: Stede Bonnet
  755. The casualty figures for the Cape Fear action do not agree: Trott charged that Bonnet had killed no less than eighteen of those sent against him by lawful authority, while Johnson's own tally is twelve killed, ten aboard the Henry and two aboard the Sea Nymph.
    Trial pamphlet and period narrativeStede Bonnet and the Golden Age of Piracy, Part Two (In Custodia Legis blog); A General History of the Pyrates, Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his CrewOn: Stede Bonnet
  756. The force of his sloop is reported two ways: Johnson gives ten guns and seventy men at the fitting out, while Governor Robert Johnson's despatch describes the captured vessel as of eight guns and fifty men.
    Period narrative and calendared state papersA General History of the Pyrates, Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 30, October 1718, No. 730 (Gov. Robert Johnson to the Council of Trade and Plantations), C.O. 5, 1265. No. 121On: Stede Bonnet
  757. The Court of Vice-Admiralty opened on 28 October 1718 and Bonnet was executed on 10 December 1718, dates given Old Style as the 1718 records give them.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758; Stede Bonnet and the Golden Age of Piracy, Part Two (In Custodia Legis blog)On: Stede Bonnet
  758. The printed trial record, The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, was printed for Benjamin Cowse at London in 1719 in folio, vi and 50 pages, and is held in the Law Library of the Library of Congress, formerly in the Peter Force Collection.
    Library catalogue recordLibrary of Congress catalogue record for The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, LoC item 33008758; page-image set llscd.201000158861859On: Stede Bonnet
  759. The continuous text of the 1719 printing was not read for this record; its wording reaches this page through page-cited excerpts reproduced by the Law Library of Congress and a Charleston County Public Library feature, and through Johnson's General History of 1724, which prints the arraignment, the form of the indictment and Trott's sentencing speech verbatim.
    Modern scholarship and period narrativeStede Bonnet and the Golden Age of Piracy, Part Two (In Custodia Legis blog); The Charleston Pirate Trials of 1718 (Charleston Time Machine); A General History of the Pyrates, Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet, and his Crew, Gutenberg ebook 40580On: Stede Bonnet
  760. Items located but not read for this record are the Boston News-Letter reports of 1718, David Herriot's deposition and the Rhett account prefatory to the Tryals, the Library of Congress page images of the 1719 printing and the Barbados baptismal records, and no fact on this page rests on any of them.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates, LoC item 33008758On: Stede Bonnet
  761. Thomas Green was an Englishman and commander of the Worcester, an English East India ship freighted by Captain Thomas Bowrey of Wellclose Square, London.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  762. Green was tried and convicted of piracy, robbery and murder, and that conviction is a legal event of record.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  763. The interlocutor and verdict in Green's trial fell on 16 March 1705 and the doom on 21 March 1705.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  764. The printed record repeatedly styles him Captain Thomas Green, Commander of the Ship the Worcester, and in shorter form Capt. Tho. Green; the doom carries the print error Captain Thomas Greer, and he bore no assumed name or pirate byname.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  765. Green had sailed from England in the Worcester on an East India voyage, which the libel describes as upon pretence of merchandising towards the East-Indies.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  766. The Worcester was seized at Leith in August 1704 in reprisal by the Company of Scotland for the English seizure of the Company's ship Annandale, in the aftermath of the Darien failure, and not as a piracy arrest.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  767. The printed libel charges an attack on another ship or vessel bearing a red flag and having English or Scots aboard, elsewhere called Captain Drummond's ship belonging to the Scots African Company, and does not use the name Speedy Return.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  768. The prosecution used the freighters' instructions found in Green's books, letters from Captain Thomas Bowrey directing that correspondence be written in a cipher alphabet and that the names of any men who died be set in cipher after the writer's own, and Sir David Dalrymple's speech to the jury turned upon them.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  769. The assize found one clear witness as to the piracy, robbery and murder libelled, together with accumulative and concurring presumptions.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  770. Green stood as the principal panel alongside fourteen of his crew, among them the chief mate John Madder and the gunner James Simpson.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  771. The doom set three execution dates, 4, 11 and 18 April, for different groups of the condemned, and acquitted only John Reynolds.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  772. The core source for the case is the official printed proceedings of 1705, which carry the preface, the indictments, the libel, the depositions, the interlocutor, the verdict, the doom and the freighters' cipher letters.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryal of Captain Thomas Green and his Crew, pursued before the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty of Scotland and the Assessors appointed by the Lords of Privy Council, at the instance of Mr. Alexander Higgins Advocat, Procurator-fiscal, for Piracy, Robbery and Murder (Edinburgh, printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, 1705, published by authority)On: Thomas Green
  773. A real man named Thomas Pound (rendered 'Pounds' in the contemporary documents) turned pirate off the Massachusetts coast in August 1689, was captured after a fight at Tarpaulin Cove in October 1689, was tried and condemned at Boston in January 1689/90 and was reprieved; his existence and this arc are attested first-hand by Samuel Sewall (read directly) and by Massachusetts court and council records reproduced in Dow and Edmonds
    Period narrative; Modern scholarshipDiary of Samuel Sewall, 1674-1729, Volume I, pages 309 to 310 (entries of January 1689/90); The Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730, Chapter IV (Thomas Pound, Pilot of the King's Frigate, who became a Pirate and Died a Gentleman)On: Thomas Pound
  774. The surname is spelled 'Pounds' in the contemporary sources read this session (Sewall writes 'pray'd with Pounds' and 'reprieving Pounds and Buck'; the reproduced deposition reads 'Captain Pounds standing on the quarter deck'), while Dow and modern usage give 'Pound'
    Period narrative; Modern scholarshipDiary of Samuel Sewall, 1674-1729, Volume I, pages 309 to 310 (entries of January 1689/90); The Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730, Chapter IV (Thomas Pound, Pilot of the King's Frigate, who became a Pirate and Died a Gentleman)On: Thomas Pound
  775. Attested name forms this session are 'Thomas Pound' and 'Captain Thomas Pound' (Dow and Edmonds), 'Pounds' and 'Captain Pounds' (Sewall and the reproduced Boston court deposition); no false personal alias is attested, though Pound repeatedly used disguise, posing as an English privateer or man of war
    Modern scholarship; Period narrativeThe Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730, Chapter IV (Thomas Pound, Pilot of the King's Frigate, who became a Pirate and Died a Gentleman); Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674-1729, Volume I, pages 309 to 310 (entries of January 1689/90)On: Thomas Pound
  776. Sewall dates the trial and reprieve entries under the year 1689 in Old Style reckoning (the year then beginning on 25 March), so the events fall in January 1690 by modern reckoning; the Archive renders such dates as 1689/90
    Period narrativeDiary of Samuel Sewall, 1674-1729, Volume I, pages 309 to 310 (entries of January 1689/90)On: Thomas Pound
  777. Thomas Tew, commander of the sloop Amity, is named in the sworn examination of John Dann (1696), the depositions of Adam Baldridge (1699) and Samuel Perkins, and the Earl of Bellomont's despatch of 18 May 1698, and those four documents carry between them the vessel, the two voyages, the New York commission and the death.
    Depositions and calendared state papersExamination of John Dann of Rochester, mariner, printed as document 63 in J. F. Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (C.O. 323:2, no. 25 IV); Deposition of Adam Baldridge, document 68 (C.O. 5:1042, no. 30 II); Deposition of Samuel Perkins, document 65; Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697-1698)On: Thomas Tew
  778. The name is attested consistently as "Thomas Tew" by Dann and Baldridge, as "Captain Tew" by Perkins and Bellomont, and in full by Charles Johnson.
    Depositions and calendared state papersExamination of John Dann, document 63 in Jameson; Deposition of Adam Baldridge, document 68; Deposition of Samuel Perkins, document 65; Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16; A General History of the Pyrates (the digression on Captain Thomas Tew)On: Thomas Tew
  779. Bellomont reported that Tew, Glover and Hore "received commissions from him when they had no ship within the Government of New York", and were permitted to raise men in the city "with the open design of being bound to the Red Sea".
    Calendared state papersEarl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697-1698), calendar page 225On: Thomas Tew
  780. The bond given for Tew's commission was signed by Coates, "a notorious pirate", by "John Feny (a Popish tailor of this city and a beggar)" and by Daniel Honan himself.
    Calendared state papersEarl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697-1698), calendar page 227On: Thomas Tew
  781. The bonds were left in Daniel Honan's custody, and about three months before Bellomont's arrival Honan "blotted out his name and tore off his seal from them".
    Calendared state papersEarl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697-1698), calendar page 227On: Thomas Tew
  782. A General History of the Pyrates as read for this record carries only a first-voyage digression on Tew inside the Avery and Madagascar material, with no standalone chapter and no death account, and the articles, the motto and the disembowelling detail commonly attributed to Tew appear in none of the documents read.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (the digression on Captain Thomas Tew), Gutenberg ebook 40580; Examination of John Dann, document 63 in Jameson; Deposition of Adam Baldridge, document 68On: Thomas Tew
  783. No parish, baptismal or family record of Tew's birthplace, parentage or date of birth was located for this record, and his origins are unestablished.
    Documented absenceExamination of John Dann, document 63 in Jameson; Deposition of Adam Baldridge, document 68; Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16; A General History of the Pyrates (the digression on Captain Thomas Tew)On: Thomas Tew
  784. The Fletcher commission and its bond, the New York colonial documents and the fuller Bellomont enclosures, and Edward Randolph's own report of the riches carried into Rhode Island were all located but not read for this record, and the calendar abstract that stands in for the commission gives it no date.
    Calendared state papers and editorial apparatusEarl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations, entry 473, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 16 (1697-1698); Editorial notes to Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period (footnote 16 to document 63)On: Thomas Tew
  785. Attested name forms this session are 'Valentine Ashplant' and 'Val. Ashplant' (1723 pamphlet and Johnson 1724); the register's 'John Ashplant' is otherwise unattested
    Printed trial recordA Full and Exact Account of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, lately taken by Captain Ogle, on board the Swallow Man of War, on the Coast of Guinea; A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates (the Bartholomew Roberts chapter, with the Cabo Corso trial appendix)On: Valentine Ashplant
  786. William Dampier sailed and published under his own name, which stands on the title page of A New Voyage Round the World, printed at London in 1697.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (London, 1697), the introduction placed before chapter I, and chapter IOn: William Dampier
  787. Dampier set out with the buccaneers shortly after Christmas 1679, in the company of Coxon, Sawkins and Sharp, and went ashore on the Isthmus of Darien on 5 April 1680 to cross to the South Sea.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (London, 1697), the introduction placed before chapter I, and chapter IOn: William Dampier
  788. Dampier remained in Sharp's South Sea company until 17 April 1681, when he left it with a party to recross the Isthmus.
    Printed participant narrativeWilliam Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World (London, 1697), the introduction placed before chapter I, and chapter IOn: William Dampier
  789. The South Sea raids of 1680 and 1681 and the Cygnet cruise of 1686 to 1688 were buccaneering carried on without a clear English commission, while the St George and the Rogers voyages sailed under privateering commissions, so that only the buccaneering approaches piracy.
    Printed participant narrative and editors' introductionsA New Voyage Round the World; Introduction accompanying a reproduction of Dampier's A New Voyage Round the World; editorial introduction to the collected Dampier's VoyagesOn: William Dampier
  790. A New Voyage Round the World (1697) is the foundation of the documented record of Dampier's life, and because the corpus is largely his own work much of what is known rests on his own self-presenting testimony, the Vindication above all.
    Printed participant narrative and editors' introductionsA New Voyage Round the World; Introduction accompanying a reproduction of Dampier's A New Voyage Round the World; editorial introduction to the collected Dampier's VoyagesOn: William Dampier
  791. William Fly's documented career as a pirate runs from the mutiny of 27 May 1726 to his execution on 12 July 1726, a span of about seven weeks.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726; and Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726)On: William Fly
  792. Both the sworn Boston trial record and Cotton Mather's near-contemporary account name the pirate leader William Fly throughout, and the two are independent of one another.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726; and Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726)On: William Fly
  793. Neither the Boston trial record nor Mather gives any birth, parentage, nationality or account of William Fly's life before the 1726 voyage.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726; and Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726)On: William Fly
  794. At about one in the morning of 27 May 1726 Fly and others seized Captain John Green and mate Thomas Jenkins aboard the snow Elizabeth and threw them overboard, and both were drowned.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, articles exhibited by Robert Auchmuty against William FlyOn: William Fly
  795. The articles against William Fly name Alexander Mitchell, Henry Hill, Samuel Cole and Thomas Winthrop as acting with him in the rising of 27 May 1726.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, first article against William FlyOn: William Fly
  796. The articles charge the seizure of the snow Elizabeth herself, about seventy tuns with a cargo valued at two thousand pounds sterling, and describe her throughout as "the Snow then called the Fames-Revenge (formerly called the Elizabeth) and then under the Command of William Fly".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, articles of piracy against the several prisonersOn: William Fly
  797. After the mutiny Fly acted as captain of the snow, and Capt. William Atkinson deposed that Fly said he and his company "were Gentlemen of Fortune", a phrase Mather also records.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, declaration of Capt. William Atkinson; and Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726)On: William Fly
  798. Between 3 and 11 June 1726 Fly's company took the sloop John and Hannah off Cape Hatteras bar, where she bilged and sank and her master John Fulker was whipped at the geers; the ship John and Betty, robbed of sails, clothes and small arms under the black flag and released after about two days; and the sloop Rachel off Delaware Bay, from which James Benbrooke was forced before she was let go.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, third, fourth and fifth articles; and Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726)On: William Fly
  799. The articles leave the latitude of several of the captures blank, reading "in the Latitude of--", so the positions are not recoverable from the record.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, articles of piracy against the several prisonersOn: William Fly
  800. On 23 June 1726 the forced men aboard the snow, led by Capt. William Atkinson, retook her, Benbrooke and Walker seizing Fly at the windlass and putting him in irons, and she was brought into Boston on 28 June.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, declaration of Capt. William Atkinson; and Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726)On: William Fly
  801. Sixteen persons were tried for piracy at the Special Court of Admiralty held at Boston on Monday 4 July 1726, of whom four were found guilty and the rest acquitted.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, title pageOn: William Fly
  802. Opening the case against Fly, Advocate-General Robert Auchmuty attacked in advance "that Hackney Defence made by every Pirate upon Trial, namely, That he was a forced Man".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, speech of the King's Advocate on the trial of William FlyOn: William Fly
  803. William Atkinson, who had piloted for Fly under threat and then organised the retaking of the snow, was voted not guilty with no dissenting voice and discharged without paying fees or costs.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, verdict on William AtkinsonOn: William Fly
  804. Fly admitted the piracy but denied the murder, telling Mather "I can't charge my self with Murder. I did not strike and wound the Master or Mate! It was Mitchel did it!"
    Execution sermon with appended narrativeCotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726), the first conference in the prison, 6 July 1726On: William Fly
  805. The court voted William Fly guilty of every article exhibited against him, and the President sentenced him to be carried to the place of execution and there hanged by the neck until dead.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, verdict and sentence on William FlyOn: William Fly
  806. Samuel Cole and Henry Greenvill were convicted of the murder as consenting parties although they denied any hand in the killing, while George Condick was acquitted of the murder, convicted on the other five articles, and recommended by the court for a twelve-month reprieve.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, verdicts on Samuel Cole, George Condick and Henry Greenvill, and the vote of the court after sentenceOn: William Fly
  807. The court voted that Fly, Cole and Greenvill be executed on Tuesday 12 July 1726 at the usual place for the execution of pirates in or near Charles River, and that Fly, being the chief leader, should afterwards have his body carried to an island called Nicks-Mate near the entrance of Boston harbour and there hung up in chains.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726, votes of the court on the execution and the disposal of the bodyOn: William Fly
  808. Mather records that Fly went to the gallows with a nosegay in his hand, reproached the hangman "for not understanding his Trade", refused to forgive the man who had brought him to justice, and was seen by spectators to tremble in his hands and knees.
    Execution sermon with appended narrativeCotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726), The Execution, pages 48 to 49On: William Fly
  809. The two sources for the case are the printed proceedings of the Special Court of Admiralty of 4 July 1726, printed at Boston for Joseph Edwards, and Cotton Mather's The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea, printed at Boston by T. Fleet for N. Belknap in the same year.
    Trial pamphlet and execution sermonThe Tryals of sixteen persons for piracy, &c. (Boston, printed for Joseph Edwards, 1726), Special Court of Admiralty at Boston, 4 and 5 July 1726; and Cotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726)On: William Fly
  810. Mather frames his account in his own theology, opening on Fly as a "Cockatrice crush'd in the Egg" and closing on him as an instance of impenitency, which is the minister's reading and not a finding of the court.
    Execution sermon with appended narrativeCotton Mather, The Vial Poured Out upon the Sea (Boston, printed by T. Fleet for N. Belknap, 1726)On: William Fly
  811. The 1718 articles open by charging that Howard "not having the Fear of God before his Eyes nor Regarding the Allegiancy due to his Majesty nor the Just Obedience he Ow'd to the Laws of the Land did some time in the Year of our Lord 1717 Join and Associate him self with one Edward Tach and other Wicked and desolute Persons"; the wording is the document's, and the association it alleges is a prosecution charge.
    Court indictmentArticles (indictment) exhibited against William Howard for piracy and robbery on the high seas, 1718On: William Howard
  812. Two distinct men are conflated under the name William May: a common seaman of Henry Every's Fancy, indicted at the Old Bailey in 1696 and hanged that November, and Captain William Maze or Mace of the Pearl, named in the 1695 commission issued to William Kidd among the pirates to be apprehended.
    Trial pamphlet and commission textThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357); English Letter of Marque Against Pirates, 1695 (Kidd commission), the text naming Too, Ireland, Wake, and Capt. William Maze or MaceOn: William May
  813. May was one of the Charles the Second's own seamen and a willing party to the rising at Corunna: Lord Chief Justice Holt told the jury "W. May and I. Sparks were Seamen then on board this Ship", and David Creagh testified that the ship's carpenter named May among the men he could trust, "this Man, and old May, and Knight, I can trust with any thing, they are true Cocks of the Game, and old Sports-men".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  814. David Creagh swore that when he refused the plot May told him "God damn you, you deserve to be shot through the Head" and held a pistol to his head, while the Solicitor General's summing-up in the same print attaches the remark to Gravet and Gravet's own testimony contains no threat at all.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  815. At the taking of the Ganj-i-Sawai May was still weak from his illness, and John Dann's evidence of his part in it was that "He could do but little then; he had his share".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  816. May faced three separate adjudications at the 1696 sessions, which must not be collapsed into one: acquitted on the Ganj-i-Sawai indictment on Monday 19 October 1696, convicted of the Charles the Second mutiny on Saturday 31 October, and convicted on the two Danish ships and the Moorish Fateh Muhammed on Friday 6 November; the title leaf's "29th of October" is a misprint for the 19th.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  817. May was acquitted of one great Moorish prize and convicted of the other: the sentence names the crimes as committed "upon the Ships and Goods of Indians, of Danes, and your own Fellow-Subjects", the Indians of that phrase being the Fateh Muhammed, with the Ganj-i-Sawai absent from the heads of sentence altogether.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  818. May's illness was genuine and corroborated by John Dann and Philip Middleton, but under Lord Chief Justice Holt's doctrine of consent it was no defence, Holt putting it to him that "you had a share of the Prize; you drank an Health to the success of your Voyage".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  819. In arrest of judgment May said: "My Lord, I being a very sickly Man, never acted in all the Voyage. I have served my King and Countrey this thirty Years, and am very willing to serve the East-India Company where they please to command me; and desire the honourable Bench to consider my Case, and if I must suffer, I desire to be sent into India to suffer there." The print contains no "I am an old man" plea; the phrase does not occur in it.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  820. The only homicide anywhere in the trial print is Philip Middleton's evidence that aboard the Ganj-i-Sawai "they killed several Men aboard", attributed to the company with no killer named and belonging to the one prize on which May was acquitted; the only violence attributed to May personally is the pistol threat to Creagh, in which nobody was hurt.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  821. May was sentenced to death and hanged at Execution Dock, Wapping, on Wednesday 25 November 1696, the print recording that "Edward Foreseth and the rest were Executed, on Wednesday, November the 25th 1696, at Execution-Dock, that being the usual Place for the Execution of Pirates".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357)On: William May
  822. The commission of 26 January 1695 (Old Style 1695/6) issued to William Kidd names as pirates to be apprehended "Capt. Thomas Too, John Ireland, Capt. Thomas Wake, and Capt. William Maze, or Mace", the spelling being Maze or Mace and not May.
    Commission textEnglish Letter of Marque Against Pirates, 1695 (Kidd commission), the text naming Too, Ireland, Wake, and Capt. William Maze or MaceOn: William May
  823. The consort captain named May at the mouth of the Red Sea is a separate man from the prisoner: he is Captain William Mayes, or Mues, of the Pearl of Rhode Island.
    Trial pamphlet and sworn examinationsThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed in the company of Every the grand pirate, Admiralty sessions at the Old Bailey ended 6 November 1696 (A63217; Wing T2252; ESTC R38357); Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents, no. 63 Examination of John Dann (3 August 1696) and no. 64 Affidavit of Philip Middleton (11 November 1696)On: William May
  824. Neither manhunt proclamation names William May: the proclamation of 17 July 1696 names only Henry Every, and that of 10 August 1696 lists roughly two dozen of the crew, including three of May's co-defendants, without him.
    ProclamationsBy the Lords Justices of England, A Proclamation (for apprehending Henry Every alias Bridgeman), Whitehall 17 July 1696 (Wing A39488); By the Lords Justices, A Proclamation (naming Every's crew, offering pardon and reward), Whitehall 10 August 1696 (Wing A39489)On: William May
  825. The two sworn out-of-court documents of the manhunt do not name him: the Examination of John Dann of 3 August 1696 does not name William May individually, and the Affidavit of Philip Middleton of 11 November 1696 does not contain the name at all.
    Depositions and examinationsThe Examination of John Dann of Rochester, Mariner, 3 August 1696 (C.O. 323/2 no. 25 IV), and the Affidavit of Philip Middleton, Mariner, 11 November 1696 (C.O. 5/1257 no. 47 I), both transcribed in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period, nos. 63 and 64On: William May
  826. The vessel Blackbeard was aboard when he was killed was a sloop named the Adventure, so named in the depositions before the Virginia Court of Admiralty and in Tobias Knight's letter of 17 November 1718, which is directed to Capt Edward Thache on board his sloop Adventure.
    Colonial court recordsDepositions and evidences before the Virginia Court of Admiralty against the crew of Edward Thache and against Tobias Knight (incl. Knight's letter of 17 November 1718), pp. 341-345On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  827. The Adventure was a single-masted sloop and a different vessel from the Queen Anne's Revenge, Blackbeard's earlier ship-rigged flagship of about forty guns, which was lost at Topsail Inlet.
    Deposition and colonial official letterThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (in The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and other Pirates, 1719); Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to Lord Cartwright (a Lord Proprietor of Carolina), pp. 324-327On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  828. A letter in Tobias Knight's hand dated 17 November 1718 was found among Thache's papers aboard the Adventure after his death, Knight being secretary to Governor Charles Eden and a receiver of part of the French cargo.
    Colonial court records and official letterDepositions and evidences before the Virginia Court of Admiralty against the crew of Edward Thache and against Tobias Knight (incl. Knight's letter of 17 November 1718), pp. 341-345; Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Lords Commissioners of Trade, pp. 337-341On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  829. On 22 November 1718, Old Style, two hired sloops carrying fifty-five men from HMS Pearl and HMS Lyme, under Lieutenant Robert Maynard and with Captain Ellis Brand in overall command, came up with the Adventure at Ocracoke Inlet, and after an obstinate resistance Blackbeard and nine of his men were killed, nine were taken alive, three white men and six Black men, all much wounded, and the sloop was taken.
    Colonial official letterLieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to Lord Cartwright (a Lord Proprietor of Carolina), pp. 324-327; Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSP Colonial vol. 30, no. 800, 22 December 1718On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  830. Johnson's General History does not name the Ocracoke sloop the Adventure and gives no figure for her guns; both the name and the eight-gun figure come from the colonial records.
    Period narrative and colonial recordsA General History of the Pyrates (chapter on Edward Teach called Black-beard); Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood to Lord Cartwright (a Lord Proprietor of Carolina), pp. 324-327; Depositions and evidences before the Virginia Court of Admiralty against the crew of Edward Thache and against Tobias Knight, pp. 341-345On: Adventure (Blackbeard's sloop)
  831. Fletcher reported to the Council of Trade and Plantations on 22 June 1697 that Tew "brought in no ship to this port", came "as a stranger", told him "he had a sloop well manned", and "gave bond to fight the French at the mouth of Canada river, whereupon I gave him a commission and instructions accordingly", naming no vessel.
    Calendared state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 15 (1696-1697), no. 1,098, Governor Fletcher to the Council of Trade and Plantations, New York, 22 June 1697, p. 518On: Amity
  832. The Cassandra was an East India Company East Indiaman, taken up for the Bombay service and sailing to India in 1720 under Captain James Macrae.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  833. The ship's name is stable in the sources as Cassandra, the long-s printings of the period setting it as Caffandra, and the vessel the pirates afterwards sailed under that name is the same ship.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  834. The pirates kept the Cassandra in the room of the disabled Fancy, and she thereby became a pirate ship.
    Printed letterA Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (printed in A General History of the Pyrates)On: Cassandra
  835. The vessel was an English merchant ship named the Charles the Second, so named in the indictment and in the prosecution's opening at the 1696 Old Bailey Admiralty sessions.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696)On: Charles II
  836. Her designed voyage was to the Spanish Indies, and it was never made under the name Charles the Second, the mutiny cutting it off.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696)On: Charles II
  837. The same indictment prices the ship herself, with her tackle, apparel and furniture, at one thousand pounds.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the indictment read at the Admiralty sessions of Saturday 31 October 1696, print p. 10On: Charles II
  838. The indictment lays the taking about three leagues from the Groyne, within the jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the indictment read at the Admiralty sessions of Saturday 31 October 1696, print p. 10On: Charles II
  839. The trial names John Gravet as her second mate and William May and John Sparks as 'of this Ships Crew'; David Creagh came aboard at the Groyne on 7 May 1694 and is not established as a standing member of her company, and the other three men tried in 1696, William Bishop, James Lewis and Edward Foreseith, belonged to the consort James.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the evidence of John Gravet, Thomas Druit and John Dann at the trial of 31 October 1696On: Charles II
  840. David Creagh told the court that when he came aboard he found Every, the ship's carpenter and some others drinking a bowl of punch, and that May drank a health to the captain and prosperity to their voyage.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the evidence of David Creagh at the trial of 31 October 1696, print p. 15On: Charles II
  841. Thomas Druit, mate of the consort James, was told the Charles the Second was going to be run away with and went with ten men to recover her.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the evidence of Thomas Druit at the trial of 31 October 1696, print p. 14On: Charles II
  842. The men in Druit's boat refused his order to put back and went away to the Charles, about five and twenty of them.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the evidence of Thomas Druit at the trial of 31 October 1696, print p. 14On: Charles II
  843. Creagh said sixteen of them came into the boat, that they were given four oars in the pinnace, and that they were set adrift and put aboard the James.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the evidence of David Creagh at the trial of 31 October 1696, print p. 16On: Charles II
  844. Gravet said about seventeen went off in the boat and that it would have held more.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the evidence of John Gravet at the trial of 31 October 1696, print p. 13On: Charles II
  845. John Dann said about fifteen went, and that the men in the boat cried that there was water in her and were given a bucket to heave it over.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the evidence of John Dann at the trial of 31 October 1696, print p. 17On: Charles II
  846. Nobody who wished to leave the ship was stopped except her doctor.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696), the evidence of David Creagh at the trial of 31 October 1696, print p. 16On: Charles II
  847. No contemporary builder's certificate, tonnage, build place or build year for the Charles the Second has been located.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes... in the company of Every the grand pirate (Old Bailey Admiralty Sessions, 1696)On: Charles II
  848. The Cygnet's tonnage is not established: Dampier records none, and no contemporary document giving her burden was located for this record.
    Documented absenceA New Voyage Round the World (1697), the whole of the Cygnet chaptersOn: Cygnet
  849. No physical remains and no archaeological identification of the Cygnet have been located, and her wreck at St. Augustin Bay is known only from Dampier's documentary report.
    Documented absenceA New Voyage Round the World (1697), chapter XX, page 511On: Cygnet
  850. Where and when the Duke was built is not established in the primary sources read for this record, which record only that she was fitting out at Bristol in 1708.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712); A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1711, by the Ships Duke and Dutchess of Bristol, Volume 1On: Duke
  851. The ultimate fate and disposal of the Duke's hull after the voyage ended in 1711 is not established in the primary sources read for this record, and no physical or archaeological remains of the vessel have been identified.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Seas, thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope (this copy the 1718 second edition, text as 1712); A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World, Perform'd in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710, and 1711, by the Ships Duke and Dutchess of Bristol, Volume 1On: Duke
  852. The Dutchess is not a located or excavated wreck, and no archaeological or material evidence of the ship has been identified.
    Period narrativeA Cruising Voyage Round the World, read in the 1928 Seafarers' Library reprint of the 1712 textOn: Dutchess
  853. The 1696 Old Bailey trial print never uses the name Fancy; the ship is called the Charles the Second, or the Charles, throughout.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696)On: Fancy
  854. William Bishop told the court that he belonged to the ship James and that at the Groyne the men began to complain about wages.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the defence of William Bishop at the trial of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  855. John Dann told the court that the ship's company had been about eight months out of England and three or four months at the Groyne, lying for wages, and that there were no wages to be got.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of John Dann at the trial of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  856. The indictment for the taking of the Charles the Second itemises forty pieces of ordnance, valued at five hundred pounds, among the goods carried away with her.
    Trial indictmentThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the indictment read at the sessions of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  857. The same indictment values fifteen tun of bread at one hundred and fifty pounds and lists two hundred pairs of woollen stockings among the goods carried away with the ship.
    Trial indictmentThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the indictment read at the sessions of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  858. The ship's second mate told the court that at the seizure the carpenter took him by the throat and clapped a pistol to his breast.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of John Gravet at the trial of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  859. Philip Middleton told the court that on the coast of Guinea the company took the gold of the Africans who came aboard to trade, tied them with chains and put them in the hold, and gave seven of them away for slaves at the Island of Princes.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of Philip Middleton at the trial of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  860. Told the next day that the Mocha fleet had gone by them, the company called a council, agreed to follow, and came up with a vessel of about 250 tons.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the abstract of the trial of 6 November 1696On: Fancy
  861. Philip Middleton told the court that the company wrote ahead to the governor of Providence for leave to come in, offering twenty pieces of eight and two pieces of gold a man, and forty pieces of eight and four of gold from the captain, who had a double share.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), the evidence of Philip Middleton at the trial of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  862. A memorial of Edward Randolph read by the Council of Trade and Plantations on 31 December 1696 complains that the proprietors of the Bahamas had recalled Trott and appointed Captain Nicholas Webb in his place without the King's previous approval.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 15 (1696-1697), no. 542, memorial of Edward Randolph, endorsed Recd. Read 31 Dec., 1696On: Fancy
  863. The charge on which the five were convicted was the seizure of the ship herself, the Lord Chief Justice directing the jury that the force put on the captain and the carrying away of the Charles the Second was the piracy then charged.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several Piracies and Robberies committed in the company of Every the grand Pirate (London, 1696), Lord Chief Justice Holt's summing-up at the trial of 31 October 1696On: Fancy
  864. The 1728 chapter gives the ship herself no tonnage, no gun-count and no crew figure, and counts guns only for her prizes, a Dutch East-Indiaman of 26 guns, a Portuguese man of war of 70 guns and a French ship of 18 guns; the figures of 20 to 30 guns and a crew of 100 to 150 given by later writers are uncited and appear in no source read for this record.
    Period narrativeThe History of the Pyrates (vol. II), chapter 'Of Captain Condent', digital.lib.ecu.edu item 17002, internal book pp. 140 to 143On: Flying Dragon
  865. The ship is known essentially only through the second volume of the General History of the Pyrates, with scattered contemporary corroboration for the name Dragon and for a 1720 presence in the Indian Ocean; no ship's register, log or prize-court paper for her has been located.
    Period narrativeThe History of the Pyrates (vol. II), chapter 'Of Captain Condent', digital.lib.ecu.edu item 17002, internal book pp. 140 to 143; Edward Congdon, the Misunderstood Pirate!; Le Mercure (Mercure de France); Deposition of Richard MoorOn: Flying Dragon
  866. The name Fortune is very common in this period; Johnson's reproduced Bonnet indictment names an unrelated merchant 'Sloop Fortune, Thomas Read Commander', a victim vessel, which is not Roberts' ship
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (the chapter on Captain Bartholomew Roberts, and the reproduced trial of Bonnet's crew)On: Fortune
  867. The ship called the Gunsway in the 1696 Old Bailey trial and the Ganj-i-Sawai in Khafi Khan's chronicle is one and the same vessel, the great Mughal ship of Surat taken by Henry Every's company.
    Trial print and Mughal chroniclePrinted 1696 trial record (A63217), where the indictment and the King's evidence name the ship Gunsway; Khafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, vol. 7, pp. 350-351. The English Gunsway is a phonetic rendering of the Persian Ganj-i-Sawai.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  868. The Ganj-i-Sawai was a royal ship belonging to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and his subjects.
    Trial print and Mughal chroniclePrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): the prisoners were indicted for robbing and plundering the ship Gunsway, which the indictment describes as belonging to the Great Mogul and his subjects. Khafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350-351, calls her the royal ship.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  869. Every's ship was the former Charles the Second, seized by mutiny at Corunna, the Groin, in May 1694 and renamed the Fancy.
    Trial printPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): the indictment for piratically taking the merchant ship Charles the Second from her commander Charles Gibson near the Groin in May 1694, with the evidence of John Dann and David Creagh.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  870. The 1696 indictment for the taking of the Gunsway values the ship, her tackle, apparel and furniture at a thousand pounds and her goods at a hundred and ten pounds, besides the hundred thousand pieces of eight and hundred thousand chequins laid in the same bill.
    Trial printPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): the bill found by the grand jury at the Admiralty sessions begun on 29 October 1696, print p. 3. The sums are the prosecution's pleading and not an appraisal, and they are the only period valuation of the vessel herself.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  871. Khafi Khan attributes the attack to the English of Bombay, conflating Every's pirates with the East India Company, and cites coins minted by the English at Bombay as proof.
    Mughal chronicleKhafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350-351. What the chronicle alleges is beyond doubt as its text; the allegation itself is wrong, the attackers being Every's independent pirates and not the Company.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  872. Six of Every's men were tried at the Old Bailey in 1696, John Dann and Philip Middleton giving the King's evidence; the first jury acquitted them on the piracy charge, and after a retrial they were convicted of piratically running away with the Charles the Second.
    Trial printPrinted 1696 trial record (A63217): the acquittal on the Gunsway indictment, the retrial on a fresh indictment and the convictions that followed, John Dann and Philip Middleton being the King's witnesses.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  873. No wreck site, tonnage, builder's record or material remains of the Ganj-i-Sawai have been located, and her history after her release to Surat is not recorded in the sources read for this record.
    Documented absencePrinted 1696 trial record (A63217) and Khafi Khan, Muntakhab al-Lubab, in Elliot and Dowson, vol. 7, pp. 350-351, both of which end with the ship released. No archaeology and no build data have been found for her; she was not wrecked.On: Ganj-i-Sawai
  874. No wreck, salvage site, artefact or archaeological evidence associated with the Good Fortune has been identified, and her history is documentary only.
    Corpus-level negative findingA NEGATIVE FINDING across the material read for this record, A General History of the Pyrates (1724) and Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33 (1722-1723), no. 576, neither of which records any wreck, salvage or physical remainsOn: Good Fortune
  875. The body of the Newport trial print could not be reached for this record, and both the Boston News-Letter account and Solgard's report were read only through modern carriers rather than from the originals.
    Note on the sourcesthe Newport trial print of 1723, Evans N29929, whose host refused access at every attempt; the Boston News-Letter account and Captain Peter Solgard's report, both read only as quoted in modern writersOn: Greyhound
  876. No instance of this Mermaid capturing, sinking or exchanging fire with a pirate vessel was located this session; her one documented piracy connection is the 1723 near-engagement she was prevented from pressing
    Period narrative; Colonial state paperA General History of the Pyrates; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33 (1722-1723)On: HMS Mermaid
  877. No contemporary Admiralty log, muster book or Calendar of State Papers Colonial entry naming this Mermaid in an anti-pirate action was read this session; the entire piracy relevance rests on one passage in Johnson (capped Possible)
    Colonial state paper; Period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 33 (1722-1723); A General History of the PyratesOn: HMS Mermaid
  878. The ship Kingston is distinct from the town of Kingston, Jamaica (a records imprint reads 'Church Street, Kingston'; Rackham's own crew were executed partly at the town of Kingston in 1720) and from at least one other ship named Kingston ('The Kingston, Captain Estwick' in Johnson's General History)
    Council minutes; Period narrativeGovernor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations (Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 31, doc. 132); A General History of the Pyrates (Chap. VII, Of Capt. John Rackam and his Crew)On: Kingston
  879. Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes of Jamaica is the single authority for both the loss and the recovery of the Kingston; both rest on his letters to the Council of Trade and Plantations and are therefore capped at Highly Probable
    Council minutesGovernor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations (Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 31, doc. 34); Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations (Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, vol. 31, doc. 132)On: Kingston
  880. Theophilus Turner, who had sailed in her, deposed in 1699 that the Moco 'now goes by the name of the Resolution'.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698, 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, deposition of Theophilus TurnerOn: Mocha Frigate
  881. The printed record of Kidd's 1701 trial calls the Resolution 'formerly the Morca-Frigat' and states that 'there have been formerly Tryals and Convictions in this place' for the piratical seizing of her, naming Culliford, then in custody, as her commander.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, Admiralty Sessions at the Old Bailey, 8 and 9 May 1701 (London, 1701), Dr. Newton's recital following the murder verdictOn: Mocha Frigate
  882. Turner's 1699 deposition describes the ship he sailed in, the Moco, as 'a ship of 400 tons mounted with 40 guns'.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698, 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, deposition of Theophilus TurnerOn: Mocha Frigate
  883. Kidd's narrative states that he arrived at St. Mary's on 1 April 1698 and that the Moca frigate lay at anchor there with Culliford her commander, who left her and ran into the woods with his men when Kidd came in.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698, 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. KiddOn: Mocha Frigate
  884. Kidd proposed to his men that they take the Moca frigate and they refused, telling him by his own account that they would rather fire two guns into him than one into the other, and Gabriel Loff deposing that they said they would sooner shoot him than go into the Mocha frigate.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698, 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, items 680. XXV and 680. VIIIOn: Mocha Frigate
  885. The number of Kidd's men who deserted to the ship is given as ninety in Duncan Campbell's memorial, as ninety-five in Kidd's letter to Lord Bellomont of 24 June 1699 and as ninety-seven in the narrative Kidd wrote for the Governor and Council at Boston, while Gabriel Loff's examination says only that most of the men deserted.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698, 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, items 680. IV, 680. VI, 680. VIII and 680. XXVOn: Mocha Frigate
  886. The deserters sent into the woods and brought Culliford and his men back on board; Duncan Campbell's memorial alone states that they obliged 'one Capt. Culliver, the then commander of her, to go along with them' to the Red Sea.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698, 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, items 680. XXV and 680. IVOn: Mocha Frigate
  887. Robert Bradinham, the Adventure Galley's surgeon, testified at Kidd's trial that the canoe which came off to them at Madagascar came 'From the Moco Frigate, Capt. Culliford was the Commander'.
    Trial printThe Arraignment, Tryal and Condemnation of Captain William Kidd, Admiralty Sessions at the Old Bailey, 8 and 9 May 1701 (London, 1701), evidence of Robert BradinhamOn: Mocha Frigate
  888. Kidd's narrative states that about 15 June the Mocha frigate went away, 'manned with about 130 men and 40 guns, bound out to take all nations', leaving him with only thirteen men.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698, 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. XXV, Narrative of the voyage of Capt. KiddOn: Mocha Frigate
  889. Kidd wrote to Lord Bellomont on 24 June 1699 that the men who left him went on board the Moca under Capt. Robt. Cullifur, 'who went away to the Red Seas and committed several acts of piracy'.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698, 'America and West Indies: July 1699, 26-31', pp. 366-380, item 680. VI, Kidd to Bellomont, 24 June 1699On: Mocha Frigate
  890. Theophilus Turner deposed that about Christmas he was at Port St. Mary in the Moco, in company with Capt. Chivers in a bigger ship of 22 guns taken from the Turks.
    Calendared state papersCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 17, 1699 and Addenda 1621-1698, 'America and West Indies: June 1699, 12-20', pp. 283-291, item 530. VI, deposition of Theophilus TurnerOn: Mocha Frigate
  891. Charles Johnson's General History of the Pyrates (1724) contains no ship 'New Year's Gift'; the single occurrence of the word 'Gift' is 'a generous Deed of Gift of the Ship and Cargoe, to Davis and the Crew', which is not a ship name
    Period narrativeA General History of the PyratesOn: New Year's Gift
  892. The Oxford was destroyed by an explosion at the Ile a Vache in early January 1669; the bare fact is attested independently by the buccaneer narrative and by the colonial report
    Period narrative; StatuteThe Buccaneers of America (English translation), the Morgan section; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7 (1669-1674), January 1669On: Oxford
  893. Exquemelin describes the ship as 'an English ship newly come from New England, well mounted with thirty-six guns'; this New England origin contradicts the Deptford-built Royal Navy Oxford and is treated as his single-source error or conflation
    Period narrativeThe Buccaneers of America (English translation), the Morgan sectionOn: Oxford
  894. The loss was reported to Whitehall within a fortnight: the calendar of John Style's letter of 14 January 1669 records 'the blowing up of the Oxford frigate and men'
    StatuteCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7 (1669-1674), January 1669On: Oxford
  895. The fate of the ship Pearl after the December 1683 seizure is not established by any source read this session
    StatuteCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Volume 11 (1681-1685), entry 1425 (December 1683)On: Pearl
  896. The register entity Providence is a ship, the 'Providence galley' of 1699, not the island of New Providence (Nassau); the island appears in the record only as a landmark
    Colonial state paperThe Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade, with enclosed depositions (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 746, encl. X, XVI, XVII); Samuel Day (Bermuda) to the Council of Trade, forwarding the account of the brigantine Larke (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 802); Index to CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 17 (entry Alexander, cross-referencing Providence, ship)On: Providence galley
  897. Under John James the ship was renamed the Alexander; the two names are one vessel
    Colonial state paperThe Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade, with enclosed depositions (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 746, encl. X, XVI, XVII); Index to CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 17 (entry Alexander, cross-referencing Providence, ship)On: Providence galley
  898. On 26 July 1699 (Old Style) the ship entered Lyn-Haven (Lynnhaven) Bay, Virginia, took the merchantman Maryland Merchant, and fought H.M.S. Essex Prize (a frigate of 16 guns and 70 men, Capt. Aldred) about four hours, the guardship disengaging
    Colonial state paperMinutes of the Council of Virginia (CSP Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 17, no. 693); The Earl of Bellomont to the Council of Trade and Plantations (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 740); Account of Richard Burgess, master of the Maryland Merchant of Bristol (CSP Colonial, Vol. 17, no. 711)On: Providence galley
  899. This entity (ship code RAN) is the pirate sloop Ranger commanded by Charles Harris, consort to Edward Low, taken by HMS Greyhound (Capt. Peter Solgard) off the east end of Long Island on 10 June 1723; it is distinct from Charles Vane's Ranger and from Bartholomew Roberts's Ranger (RAN2)
    Period newspaper; Printed trial record; Period narrativeBoston News-Letter, 20 June 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI); New England Courant, 24 June 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI); Proceedings of the Court of Admiralty at Newport, 10 to 12 July 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI)On: Ranger
  900. On 10 June 1723, off the east end of Long Island, the Ranger and the Fancy gave chase to HMS Greyhound, mistaking her for a merchantman, and engaged her
    Period newspaper; Period narrativeBoston News-Letter, 20 June 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI); A General History of the Pyrates, chapter on Edward LowOn: Ranger
  901. After a running fight of several hours the Ranger's main-yard was shot down and she called for quarter; Low in the Fortune bore away and abandoned her, escaping near Block Island
    Period newspaper; Period narrativeBoston News-Letter, 20 June 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI); A General History of the Pyrates, chapter on Edward LowOn: Ranger
  902. The vessel is named in the New England Courant of 24 June 1723 as 'the Pirate Sloop called the Ranger' taken by HMS Greyhound
    Period newspaper; Printed trial recordNew England Courant, 24 June 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI); Proceedings of the Court of Admiralty at Newport, 10 to 12 July 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI)On: Ranger
  903. The Ranger was a Bermuda-built sloop
    Period newspaperBoston News-Letter, 20 June 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI)On: Ranger
  904. At her capture the Ranger mounted eight guns: 'a Pirate Sloop of 8 Guns, Barmudas built'
    Period newspaper; Printed trial recordBoston News-Letter, 20 June 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI); Proceedings of the Court of Admiralty at Newport, 10 to 12 July 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI)On: Ranger
  905. At her capture the Ranger's company was 48: 42 white men and 6 black men
    Period newspaper; Printed trial recordBoston News-Letter, 20 June 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI); Proceedings of the Court of Admiralty at Newport, 10 to 12 July 1723 (reprinted in Dow and Edmonds ch. XVI)On: Ranger
  906. The printed record of the Charles Town trials names Stede Bonnet's vessel as the sloop Revenge, alias Royal James, and names Bonnet as her commander; she was a sloop, and a different vessel from Blackbeard's Queen Anne's Revenge.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and Other Pirates (London: printed for Benj. Cowse, 1719), llscd.201000158861859; The Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding PlaceOn: Revenge, later Royal James
  907. The Revenge was renamed the Royal James: the Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell has the Revenge afterwards called the Royal James, and Johnson's General History says the crew renamed her.
    Sworn information and period narrativeThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJP; Testimony of Ignatius Pell in the Tryal of Stede Bonnet (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks; A General History of the Pyrates, chapter IV, 'Of Major Stede Bonnet and His Crew'On: Revenge, later Royal James
  908. Bonnet's Royal James is a separate vessel from the Royal James that Edward England re-christened in 1719, the ship Pearl of Captain Tyzard, which England fitted out and renamed; the shared name is a coincidence of naming and not one ship.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew; and the Capt. England chapter), EBook 40580On: Revenge, later Royal James
  909. The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and Other Pirates was printed at London for Benjamin Cowse in 1719, the proceedings having been held at Charles Town in October and November 1718; the frequently seen printing date of 1721 is erroneous.
    Trial pamphlet and catalogue recordThe Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and Other Pirates (London: printed for Benj. Cowse, 1719), llscd.201000158861859; Catalogue record for The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet (imprint), record 1256062On: Revenge, later Royal James
  910. Johnson's General History corroborates the trial record on the consortship with Thatch, Richards's command of the sloop, Bonnet's reassumption of her, the renaming to Royal James and the leaky Cape Fear refit; the Barbados origin, the ten guns, the seventy men and the payment of wages are carried by Johnson alone.
    Sworn information and period narrativeThe Information of David Herriot and Ignatius Pell (from the 1719 Tryals), transcribed on B. C. Brooks, A Writer's Hiding Place, Information sworn 24 October 1718 to Richard Allen and Thomas Hepworth JJP; A General History of the Pyrates, chapter IV, 'Of Major Stede Bonnet and His Crew'On: Revenge, later Royal James
  911. No contemporary builder's certificate, certificate of registry or survey of the sloop has been located, so her dimensions, tonnage and rig in the Royal James phase rest on the trial narrative and on Johnson rather than on a ship's document.
    Documented absenceA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew; and the Capt. England chapter), EBook 40580; The tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and other pirates (Charles-Town admiralty sessions 28 October to 12 November 1718), KF223.B594 B594 1719On: Revenge, later Royal James
  912. No wreck, archaeological site or material remains of the Royal James have been identified; she was captured whole and carried into Charles Town rather than lost, and the later fate of the hull is not recorded in the sources read for this account.
    Documented absenceA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew; and the Capt. England chapter), EBook 40580; The Pirate Hunting Expeditions of 1718, Charleston Time MachineOn: Revenge, later Royal James
  913. No contemporary builder's certificate, certificate of registry or survey of the sloop has been located, so her dimensions, tonnage and rig under the name Royal James rest on the trial narrative and on Johnson rather than on any ship's document.
    Period narrative and catalogued trial printA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew); The tryals of Major Stede Bonnet and other pirates (Charles-Town admiralty sessions 28 October to 12 November 1718), Library of Congress KF223.B594 B594 1719, catalogued and not readOn: Royal James
  914. No wreck, archaeological site or material remains of the Royal James have been identified; she was not lost but taken whole and carried into Charles Town, and what became of the hull after October 1718 is not recorded in any source read for this record.
    Period narrative and public historyA General History of the Pyrates (Chap. IV, Of Major Stede Bonnet and his Crew); Nic Butler, The Pirate Hunting Expeditions of 1718, Charleston Time MachineOn: Royal James
  915. The 1720/1721 Tryals of Captain John Rackam does NOT name the sloop; the indictment calls it 'a certain Pirate Sloop, of an unknown Name' and 'a certain Sloop of an unknown Name'
    Printed trial recordThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721)On: Sloop William
  916. The sloop was commanded by John Rackham; the two women Ann Fulford alias Bonny (Anne Bonny) and Mary Read were aboard, and a deposed witness swore 'the two Women, Prisoners at the Bar, were then on Board Rackam's Sloop'
    Printed trial record; Modern scholarshipThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721); Proclamation by Woodes Rogers against Rackham and his company, printed in the Boston GazetteOn: Sloop William
  917. Rackham and eight of his men (George Fetherston, Richard Corner, John Davies, John Howell, Patrick Carty, Thomas Earl, James Dobbin and Noah Harwood) were found guilty and condemned at St. Jago de la Vega on 16-17 November 1720
    Printed trial recordThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721)On: Sloop William
  918. The sloop's attested prizes are seven fishing boats about two leagues from Harbour Island (early September), two merchant sloops about three leagues off Hispaniola (1 October), Thomas Spenlow's schooner off Porto Maria Bay (19 October) and Thomas Dillon's sloop Mary at Dry Harbour Bay (20 October 1720)
    Printed trial recordThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721)On: Sloop William
  919. The sloop was taken by the privateer Jonathan Barnet near Negril Point at the west end of Jamaica; Barnet's broadside and volley 'carried away the Enemy's Sloops Boom, and then they called to Barnet for Quarter, which he gave them'
    Printed trial recordThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721)On: Sloop William
  920. The Calendar of State Papers Colonial (America and West Indies) for 1716-1723, both the printed indexes and the full calendar bodies, records no vessel named Snapper (an OCR-tolerant search was used)
    Colonial state paperCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, January 1716 - July 1717; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, August 1717 - December 1718; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, January 1719 - February 1720On: Snapper
  921. Charles Johnson's General History of the Pyrates names no vessel Snapper anywhere in the text
    Period narrativeA General History of the PyratesOn: Snapper
  922. The National Archives (UK) Discovery catalogue holds no Golden Age vessel named Snapper; the only Snapper vessels catalogued are Royal Navy and dated 1813-1815, described as 'Ships' musters Ship: SNAPPER Type: Sloop (1815 Apr - Sept)'
    Catalogue recordThe National Archives (UK) Discovery catalogue, search for a vessel named SnapperOn: Snapper
  923. No voyage, route or purpose of any Golden Age vessel Snapper was located
    Colonial state paper; Period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, January 1716 - July 1717; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, August 1717 - December 1718; A General History of the PyratesOn: Snapper
  924. No capture, engagement or cargo involving a Golden Age vessel Snapper was located, whether as a pirate vessel, a prize, or a pirate-hunting sloop
    Colonial state paper; Modern scholarship; Period narrativeCalendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, August 1717 - December 1718; The Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730; A General History of the PyratesOn: Snapper
  925. No damage, repair, loss, wreck or fate of any Golden Age vessel Snapper was located
    Catalogue record; Colonial state paperThe National Archives (UK) Discovery catalogue, search for a vessel named Snapper; Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, January 1716 - July 1717On: Snapper
  926. No wreck site, artefact or material evidence associated with a Golden Age vessel Snapper was located; there is no archaeological record to assess
    Catalogue record; Modern scholarshipThe National Archives (UK) Discovery catalogue, search for a vessel named Snapper; Colonies, Ships, and Pirates (thematic index of Atlantic vessels and pirates, 1680-1740)On: Snapper
  927. The wreck was located and worked archaeologically by Patrick Lize, reported in 1984, and revisited by a 2021 mission at Grande Riviere Sud-Est which recovered 32 cannon, predominantly 4 to 8 pounders, three of four anchors, iron shot clusters, Chinese porcelain, glass beads and lead musket balls.
    Archaeological reportsThe wreck of the pirate ship Speaker on Mauritius in 1702, 13.2: 121-132; Speaker 1702 (project page and 2021 mission report)On: Speaker
  928. No contemporary builder's certificate, ownership papers, East India Company survey or naval survey of the Speaker was located, so her tonnage, exact armament and build history rest on the period narrative and on later accounts of it.
    Period narrativeThe History of the Pyrates, Vol. II (Of Captain Bowen; the Life of Captain North; the seizure of the Speaker in the Life of Captain Thomas White)On: Speaker
  929. The name Victory for the second ship of Edward England's and John Taylor's Indian Ocean squadron rests on A General History of the Pyrates alone; the two first-hand accounts read for this record, Captain Macrae's letter from Bombay and A Compendious History of the Indian Wars, name only the Fancy and the Cassandra.
    Period narrative and first-hand accountsA General History of the Pyrates (Chapter of Captain England); A Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (as printed in Johnson); A Compendious History of the Indian Wars... Also the Transactions of a Squadron of Men of War under Commodore MatthewsOn: Victory
  930. No contemporary ship's register, builder's certificate, survey or muster for the Victory was located, and her Bristol origin, her tonnage and her gun figure all rest on later narrative rather than on primary documentation.
    Period narrative and printed letterA General History of the Pyrates (Chapter of Captain England); A Letter from Captain Mackra, dated at Bombay, Nov. 16, 1720 (as printed in Johnson)On: Victory
  931. The ship taken from Capt. Lawrence Prince and commanded by Samuel Bellamy is spelled Whido in the 1718 Boston trial print and by Cyprian Southack, and Wedaw in the sworn deposition of two of the Fisher's men; these are one vessel.
    Printed trial record and sworn depositionsThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy (Boston, 1718), N01688; Cyprian Southack to Governor Samuel Shute (Jameson doc 107), vol. 51, pp. 287, 287a; Deposition of Ralph Merry and Samuel Roberts (Jameson doc 111), no. 11945, paper 3On: Whydah Gally
  932. At her capture from Capt. Lawrence Prince the Whydah mounted eighteen guns and carried fifty men, the trial print describing a ship of 300 tons with that fit, which is her armament as a merchantman before Bellamy rearmed her.
    Printed trial recordThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy (Boston, 1718), N01688; Examination of John Brown (Jameson doc 108), no. 11945, paper 5 (a fragment)On: Whydah Gally
  933. The Whydah's master before her capture was Capt. Lawrence Prince, who was given Bellamy's Sultana loaded with goods and above twenty pounds in silver and gold in exchange for her.
    Printed trial record and sworn examinationsThe Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy (Boston, 1718), N01688; Examination of John Brown (Jameson doc 108), no. 11945, paper 5 (a fragment)On: Whydah Gally
  934. On 26 April 1717 off Cape Cod the Whydah took the sloop Fisher, Robert Ingols master, and the pink Mary Anne of Dublin, putting a seven-man prize crew aboard the pink.
    Sworn depositionsDeposition of Thomas FitzGerald and Alexander Mackonochie (Jameson doc 109), no. 11945, paper 9; Deposition of Ralph Merry and Samuel Roberts (Jameson doc 111), no. 11945, paper 3On: Whydah Gally
  935. The Whydah drove ashore on the outer arm of Cape Cod in the Wellfleet area at about midnight on 26 April 1717, Old Style, in a gale.
    Official correspondence and printed documentsCyprian Southack to Governor Samuel Shute (Jameson doc 110), vol. 51, pp. 289, 289a; Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents (The Pirates of the Whidah), EBook 24882On: Whydah Gally
  936. Cyprian Southack buried the drowned and wrote the count onto his salvage chart, a hundred and two men drowned and buried, the running counts in his letters being lower interim tallies.
    Official correspondence and period map annotationCyprian Southack to Governor Samuel Shute (Jameson doc 107), vol. 51, pp. 287, 287aOn: Whydah Gally
  937. Southack found the wreck beaten to pieces over four miles and already stripped by at least two hundred wreckers, and expected to recover goods only to the value of about two hundred pounds.
    Official correspondenceCyprian Southack to Governor Samuel Shute (Jameson doc 107), vol. 51, pp. 287, 287aOn: Whydah Gally
  938. The printing of Charles Johnson's General History read for this record carries no Samuel Bellamy narrative, referring only to the West African port of Whydah Road and listing a Charles Bellamy in passing, so no fact about this ship rests on Johnson.
    Period narrativeA General History of the Pyrates, EBook 40580On: Whydah Gally
  939. The 1721 printed Tryals never name Rackham's sloop; the indictments call her "a certain Pirate Sloop, of an unknown Name" and "a certain Sloop of an unknown Name".
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721)On: William
  940. The proclamation that describes the sloop was issued by Woodes Rogers, governor of New Providence, at Nassau on 5 September 1720, and not by Sir Nicholas Lawes of Jamaica, who presided over the court that tried her company.
    Proclamation (via later transcription)By his Excellency Woodes Rogers, Esq; Governour of New Providence, &c. A Proclamation, Boston Gazette, 10-17 October 1720On: William
  941. The four articles charge four takings by the sloop: seven fishing boats about two leagues from Harbour Island in early September 1720; two merchant sloops about three leagues off Hispaniola on 1 October, stolen and carried away with their apparel and tackle at the value of one thousand pounds current money of Jamaica; Thomas Spenlow's schooner off Porto Maria Bay on 19 October, at twenty pounds; and Thomas Dillon's sloop the Mary about one league from Dry Harbour Bay on 20 October, at three hundred pounds.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721)On: William
  942. Dillon's captured sloop the Mary was a prize in Rackham's custody, distinct from the William, and was retaken by Barnet alongside her.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica)On: William
  943. Barnet's broadside and volley of small shot "carried away the Enemy's Sloops Boom, and then they called to Barnet for Quarter, which he gave them"; the men were put ashore at Davis's Cove and delivered to Major Richard James.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721), deposition of James SpatchearsOn: William
  944. Anne Bonny and Mary Read were aboard the sloop when she was taken, Thomas Spenlow deposing that "the two Women, Prisoners at the Bar, were then on Board Rackam's Sloop"; after conviction both informed the court that they were "quick with Child" and execution was stayed.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721), deposition of Thomas Spenlow at the trial of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, 28 November 1720On: William
  945. Rackham and eight of his men were found guilty and condemned at a Court of Admiralty at St. Jago de la Vega on 16 and 17 November 1720, and Mary Read and Anne Bonny were tried separately on 28 November 1720.
    Trial pamphletThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721)On: William
  946. No wreck, hull remains, gun or other material object has been identified as belonging to the sloop.
    Documented absenceThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica); no archaeological record of the vessel was locatedOn: William
  947. Charles Johnson's General History of 1724 narrates the cruise and the capture, never names the sloop, and reduces the fight to a very small dispute.
    Period narrativeA General History of the PyratesOn: William
  948. No builder, place of building, year of building, survey or contemporary register entry for the sloop has been located.
    Documented absenceThe Tryals of Captain John Rackam and Other Pirates (St. Jago de la Vega, Jamaica, 1720/1721); Proclamation by Woodes Rogers against Rackham and his company, printed in the Boston GazetteOn: William